Dusan Fiala

Detailed multi-node model of human physiology to predict dynamic thermal comfort responses
Dusan FIALA, PhD IBBTE University of Stuttgart Germany

dfiala@ibbte.uni-stuttgart.de
IBBTE
Contents
Model Systems Validation examples Physiological modelling of thermal comfort
CIBSE Seminar - Thermal Comfort for Building Occupants Cibse Natural Ventilation Group
Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008
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Model of human thermoregulation: Passive System
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Model of human thermoregulation: Active System
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Active System: System coefficients

2.5
0
50 40
coefficient b sw,sk [g min K ]
-1
-1 coefficient b sh,sk [W K ]
2.0
-5
coefficient bdl,sk [W K- ]
-1
30 20 10 0 -10
1.5
-10
1.0
-15
0.5
-20
0.0 -10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-25 -14
-12
-10
Tsk,m,t [K]
-8 -6 Tsk,m,t [K]
-4
-2
-8
-6
-4
-2
Tsk,m,t [K]
Regression
14
Regression
80 70
b sw,sk
0
Regression
bsh,sk
bdl,sk
coefficient bcs,sk [K -1 ]
60 50 40 30 20 10
-1
-20
coefficient b sw,hy [g min K ]
coefficient bdl,hy [W K ]
-1
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
-40
-60
-80
-0.5
Thy,t [K]
0.5
1.5
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Tsk,m,t [K]
Thy,t [K]
bcs,sk
Regression
bdl,hy
Regression
Regression
bsw,hy
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rectal temp. [ C]
Transient conditions
37
37.5
37.0
mean skin temp. [ C]
36.5
36 28C 35 Ta=Tw=48 C 28 C
Ta=43C Ta=17C
Ta=43C
36
38
33
rectal temperature [ C]
34
34 32
200
30 28
evaporation [W]
37
150 100 50
evap. heat loss [W]
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
36
200 0 150
time [min] experiment simulation

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
100
time [min] experiment simulation Stolwijk model
Ta=Tw, va<0.1m/s, rh=30%, Icl=0.1clo, act=1met, n=3
Ta=Tw, va=0.1m/s, rh=30%, Icl=0.1clo, act=1met, n=3
metabolism [W]
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Validation: Principal human thermal behaviour

38
36
34
36 34 32 30 28
mean skin temp. [C]
32 30 28 26 24 22
38
38
rectal temp. [C]
37
140
37
300
36
evaporation [W/m]
120 100 80 60 40 20
metabolism [W]
200
100
10
15
20
27
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
ambient temperature [ C] experiment: mean SD simulation
ambient temperature [ C] experiment : mean SD simulation
t=60min, Tw=Ta, va=0.1m/s, rh=30%, Icl=0.1clo, act=1met, n=3

t=60min, Tw=Ta, va=0.3m/s, rh=50%, act=0.8met, Icl=0.1clo, n=44
rectal T [ C]
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Radiant Temperature Asymmetry
40
35 Temperature [ C]
30
25
Neck Pos Forehead Foot instep Leg LowPost Mean Skin Temp Rectal Temp Mean Rad Temp Air Temp Sim.
20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Radiant temperature asymmetry [K]

CIBSE Seminar - Thermal Comfort for Building Occupants Cibse Natural Ventilation Group Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008
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Field measurements Hiking: Boundary conditions

Air temperature
12.0 10.0
air temperature [ C]
Wind speed
1.4
1.2
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
Simulation Experiment
air speed [m/s]
1.0
Sim. 1 Experiment
0.8
0.6 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
Solar Radiation
90 80
Solar Radiation [W/m2]
Activity / Metabolic rate

700 600 500
Qmet [W]
Sim. 1 Experiment
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
400 300 200 100 0 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
Simulation Experiment
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Field measurements Hiking: Body temperatures

Mean skin temperature
40 38
39 40
Body core temperature
36 Tskm [ C]
Sim. 1
Trectal [ C]
34 32 30
Sim. 2 Sim. 3 Experiment
38
Sim. 1 Sim. 2 Sim. 3
37
Experiment
36
28 26 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

35 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Time [min]
Skin temperature: Chest

40 38 Tsk, chest [ C] Tsk, back [ C] 36 34 32 30 28 26 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
Sim. 1 Experiment
Skin temperature: Back

40 38 36 34 32 30 28 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
Sim. 1 Sim. 2 Sim. 3 Experiment
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Field measurements Hiking: Skin temperatures

Skin temperature: Upper arm
40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
Skin temperature: Lower arm

40 38 Tsk, forearm [ C] 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
o
Tsk, arm [ C]
Skin temperature: Upper Leg

40 38
Skin temperature: Lower leg

40 38 36
36
Tsk, calf [ C]
Tsk, leg [ C]
34 32 30 28 26 24 22
34 32 30 28 26 24 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
20 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
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Field measurements Hiking (Test VI)

Air temperature
12.0
Solar Radiation [W/m2]
Solar Radiation
350 300 250 200 150 100 50
Sim. 1 Experiment
10.0
air temperature [ C]
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0 -2.0 Time [min] 30 60 90 120 150 180
Sim. 1 Experiment
0 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
Skin temperature: Chest

40 38 Tsk, chest [ C] 36
Sim. 1
Mean skin temperature

40 38 36 Tskm [ C]
Sim. 1
34 32 30 28 26 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
34 32 30 28 26 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180
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Thermal Comfort: modelling approaches

Existing models
Nevins et al.: Fanger Model (iso7730): Gagge Model: Nishi et al Model: Aser & Hsu Model: TS = f (To,rh) TS = f (Q), i.e.heat flux TS = f (Ta,pa) f (wsk) Physilogical TS = f (Tsk) approach TS = f (KS)
Question: What physiological parameters do actually govern the human Thermal Sensation?
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Simulation and analysis of TC experiments

3 Thermal Sensation 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 msw [g/min] 3 TSV = f (Sw) 4 5 6 -20 TSV = f (Qsk) 0 20 40 60 80 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Thermal Sensation Thermal Sensation
Qsk - Qsk,0 [W]
3 Thermal Sensation 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 TSV = f (Thy) 0.2 0.4 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 TS = f (Tsk) 2 3
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Thy - Thy,0 [K]
Tsk,m - Tsk,m,0 [K]
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Effect of body core temperature (exercising subjects)

= gsk x ghy
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1.5
1.0
gsk [ ]
ghy [ ]
0.5
0.0
Tsk,m - Tsk,m,0 [K]
Thy - Thy,0 [K]
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Dynamic components of Thermal Sensation

Dynamic Thermal Senstation (DTS)
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
sk,m f (- dT ) dt sk,m f (+ dT ) dt
Ta=28 C (82.4 F)
Ta=18 C (64.4 F)
Ta=28 C (82.4 F)
Thermal Sensation
time [min] experiment static TS dynamic TS (DTS)
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Validation examples: Ramps
3 Thermal Sensation [ ] 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 time [min] experiment DTS (Ta)
30 29 28 27 26 25 240
Tw=Ta va=0.1m/s Tdew=12 C Icl=0.5clo act=1.2met n=12
Air temperature Ta [ C]
31
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Validation examples: Step changes in Ta
Thermal Sensation [ ]
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
time [min]
exp.: To = 27/22C (sW/N) DTS: To = 27/22 C exp.: To = 21/17 C (N/s C) DTS: To = 21/17C
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Validation examples: Transient exercise

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 1 2 3
experiment activity level [met] simulation (activity)
Thermal Sensation
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
time [min]
Ta =Tw =10 C va = 0.1m/s rh = 52% Icl=1.2clo n =10
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Validation examples: Periodic changes
Thermal Sensation [ ]
2 28 1 0 -1 -2 -3 26 24 22 20
15
30
45 60 75 time [min] exp.: female
90 DTS
105 120 (Ta)
exp.: males
Tw=Ta va=0.25m/s rh=50% Icl=0.7clo n=11
Air temperature Ta [ C]
30
IBBTE
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Detailed multi-node model of human physiology to predict dynamic thermal comfort responses

Dusan FIALA, PhD IBBTE University of Stuttgart Germany

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Model of human thermoregulation: Passive System

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Model of human thermoregulation: Active System

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Active System: System coefficients

coefficient b sw,sk [g min K ]

coefficient b sw,hy [g min K ]

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

mean skin temp. [ C]

evap. heat loss [W]

time [min] experiment simulation

time [min] experiment simulation Stolwijk model

Ta=Tw, va<0.1m/s, rh=30%, Icl=0.1clo, act=1met, n=3

Ta=Tw, va=0.1m/s, rh=30%, Icl=0.1clo, act=1met, n=3

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

mean skin temp. [ C]

Validation: Principal human thermal behaviour

mean skin temp. [ C]

mean skin temp. [C]

rectal temp. [C]

ambient temperature [ C] experiment: mean SD simulation

ambient temperature [ C] experiment : mean SD simulation

t=60min, Tw=Ta, va=0.1m/s, rh=30%, Icl=0.1clo, act=1met, n=3

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Radiant Temperature Asymmetry

20 0 5 10 15 20 25 Radiant temperature asymmetry [K]

Field measurements Hiking: Boundary conditions

air speed [m/s]

0.6 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

Activity / Metabolic rate

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

400 300 200 100 0 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Field measurements Hiking: Body temperatures

Body core temperature

Sim. 2 Sim. 3 Experiment

Sim. 1 Sim. 2 Sim. 3

28 26 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

Skin temperature: Chest

Skin temperature: Back

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Field measurements Hiking: Skin temperatures

Skin temperature: Lower arm

Sim. 1 Sim. 2 Sim. 3 Experiment

Skin temperature: Upper Leg

Skin temperature: Lower leg

34 32 30 28 26 24 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

Sim. 1 Sim. 2 Sim. 3 Experiment

20 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Field measurements Hiking (Test VI)

0 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

Skin temperature: Chest

Mean skin temperature

34 32 30 28 26 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

34 32 30 28 26 0 30 60 90 Time [min] 120 150 180

Sim. 2 Sim. 3 Experiment

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Thermal Comfort: modelling approaches

Dusan Fiala 18.11.2008

Simulation and analysis of TC experiments