COLONIAL AMERICA

1. Chesapeake Colonization * Charter of the Virginia Company - guarenteed colonists the same rights as those back in England. Most felt they had the same rights as Englishmen. * Jamestown - Virginia Company sends out three ships that land at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay - attacked by Indians and move on to Jamestown along the James River - easily defended but swampy and full of disease. * Settlers died by the dozens, males wouldn't work, wasted time looking for gold instead of fishing, farming, or hunting * English Migration - From 1610-1660, majority go to the West Indies, followed by Chesapeake, then New England, then Bermuda. * high mortality rates due to large male mortality leaves widows with unusual automony, power, and wealth. * Powatan Confederacy - Chief Powhaton, dominated several tribes in Jamestown Area. saw the English initially as allies in his struggle to control all other tribes in the region. * Indian relations grew worse due to general mistrust thanks to different cultures and languages. * English raided Indian food supplies during starving times * First Anglo-Powhatan War - De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians - raided villages, burned their fields, etc. * 1614-1622 - peace between Indians and English sealed by marriage of Pochahantas and John Rolfe * When Indians kill Rolfe in '22, Virginia Company calls for wars against the Indians * Second Anglo-Powhatan War - 1644-1646 - last efforts of Indians to defeat the English - they are defeated instead. * Peace Treaty of 1646 - Powhatans removed from their origional land, English and Indian settlements formally separated. * Tobacco - started by John Rolfe, becomes cash crop of the Chesapeake region. Vital role in putting Virginia on firm economic footing. Ruined the soil when continuously planted, chained Virginia's economy to a single crop. Promoted the use of the plantation system. * Headright System - Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid - their Indentured Servants served for 5-7 years, promised "freedom dues" after service (land, money), forbidden to marry, majority of them died before their contracts were up * House of Burgesses - 1619, assumed the role of the House of Commons in England - controlled finances, militia, etc. By 1700, was able to initiate legislation * Council appointed by the royal govenor - maily leading planters, functioned like the house of lords, rapid turnover of members due to high mortality. * James I - becomes hostile to VA - hated tobaco, distrusted House of Burgesses. 1624, revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company - VA becomes a royal colony under the king's direct control. * Africans - first arrived in Jamestown in early 1610's. Status was either of slaves or indentured servants - slavery not that important until end of 1600's. * Colonial Slavery - Begins 1662 with slave codes - made blacks and their children property, or "chattel" for life of white masters. In some colonies itw as a crime to teach a slave to read or right. Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom. * Bacon's Rebellion 1676 - led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion aginst Govenor Berkley - resented Berkelys close relations with the Indians. He also monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area and refused to retaliate for their attacks on frontier settlements. * Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not. Berkely driven from Jamestown, rebels went on rampage of plundering and burned the capital. Bacon suddenly dies, Berkely crushes the rebellion and hangs 20 rebels. * Results - exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former indentured servants against the gentry on costal plantations - socio-economic clashes. Upperclass planters now look for laborers less likely to rebel slaves. * Maryland - 1632, royal charter granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. Created proprietary colony in 1634. Healthier location than Jamestown, but tobacco is still main crop. * Plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship, granted huge tracts of land to his Catholic relatives.

Baltimore permits high degree of freedom of worship to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Portestants - the high number of Protestants become threatened due to overwhelming rights given to Catholics * Toleration Act 1649 - supported Catholics in Maryland, guarenteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS, decreed death to those who denied divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists), MD. 2. New England Colonization * Puritanism: 1. Calvanism - predestination, good works could not save you, no one is sure of their spiritual status. 2. Puritans - want to totally reform the Church of England, grew impatient with the slow process of the Protestant Reformation back in England * Separatists - Because the Church of England enrolled all the king's subjects, they felt they had to share churches with the "damned," and therefore wanted a total break from the Church of England. * Mayflower - 1620, negotiated with the Virginia company to settle in its jurisdiction. Some members, including Captain Myles Standish, were non-separatists. Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of the VA CO, so settlers became squatters without legal right ot the land and specific authority to establish a government. * Mayflower Compact - written and signed before Pilgrims got off the ship. Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude government and submit to a majority rule. Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings. * Covenants: 1. Covenant of Grace - between Puritan communities and God. 2. Social Covenant - between community members and eachother. Required mutual watchfulness and no toleration of disorder, no privacy * First Year - none chose to leave when Mayflower went back to England, less than half survived the first year, colony survived with fur, fish,and lumber. Plymouth remains small and economically unimportant. later merges with Massachusettes Bay Colony. * William Bradford - govenor of Plymouth for 30 years - elected. Worried about settlements of non-Puritans nearby would corrupt Puritan society. * Massachusettes Bay Colony - 1629, non-Separatists got a royal charter to form MA Bay Co. Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England - didn't want to leave the Church, just it's "impurities." Established a colony with Boston as its capital. * Great Migration of 1630's - turmoil leading to English Civil War sends Puritans to Ameriaca, but not all are puritan. * John Winthrop - Manor lord in England, becomes first govenor of Massachusettes - "city upon a hill." * New England Settlement Characteristics - low mortality (high life expectancy was around 70 years old), many extended families, lots of kids, women married very young, men married in late 20's. * Patriarchy - authoritan male figures controlled each household. Patriarchial ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs. * Puritan Rebels - 1. Roger Williams - popular minister in Salem, argued for a full break with the Anglican Church and condemned the MA Bay Charter for not giving fair compensation to Indians. Denied authority of government to regulate religion. Exiled to Rhode Island in 1635 even though the MA Bay Puritans wanted to exile him to England. * Rhode Island becomes a sewer because it is a dumping ground for nonbelievers and religious dissenters - most liberal colony now. * 2. Anne Hutchinson - strong willed, threatened patriarchial control. Confounded Puritan leaders, bragged recieved beliefs directly from God. Banished by Puritan leaders to Rhode Island and later moves to New York. All killed by Indians but one - John Winthrop saw God's hand in this. * Puritans V. Indians - Indians weak in New England due to disease - most wiped out. Wampanoags, near Plymouth, befriended the settlers helped by Squanto. In 1621, Cheif Massasoit signed treaty with the settlers, later both groups celebrate first Thanksgiving. * Pequot Wars 1636-1637 - Pequots - very powerful tribe in CT river valley. First War - whites with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequots on the Mystic River. Whites set fire to homes and shot fleeing survivors. Pequot tribe virtually annihilated - uneasy peace lasted 40 years. * King Philip's War - Native Americans unite to resist white settlers. Metacom - King Phillip to white settlers. Massasoit's son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks throughout New England. Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston. * War ended in failure for the Indians - Metacom is beheaded and drawn and quartered. Wife and son sold into a slavery. Indians never a serious threat in NE again. 3. Middle and Southern Colonies

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New York - Old Netherlands/New Netherlands - Golden Age of Dutch history 1600's - major commercial and naval power, challenging England on the seas, major colonial power, mainly in East Indies. New Netherlands founded near Hudson River in 1623, established by Dutch West India Company for fur trade, doesn't pay much attention to the actual colony. New Amsterdam - Manhattan - purchased by DWI CO for pennies an acre. Aristocratic patroonships (feudal estates to promotes who settled 50 people on them), very cosmpolitan with a diverse population with many languages and cultures. New Sweden - settled near New Netherland. 1655, Dutch general Peter Stuyvesant attacks New Sweden, bloodless siege, New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland. New Netherlands becomes a British Royal Colony - King Charles granted the land to his brother, the Duke of York before he even controlled the area. English soldiers arrive, Stuyvesant surrenders without firing a shot due to little Dutch ammunition and poor defenses. Renamed "New York." England gains strategic harbor between northern and southern colonies, and now controls the Atlantic coast. Dutch Residue in New York - names Harlem, Brooklyn. Architecture. Customs: Easter Eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, golf, the New York City seal. Pennsylvania - Quakers, offended religious and secular leaders in England: refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England, met without paid clergy, believed all were God's children, refused to treat upper classes with deference addressed them as commoners. Pacifists, wouldn't take oaths, kept their hats on. William Penn - aristocratic Englishman, attracted to Quaker faith and embraced it after military service. 1681, recieved a grant from the king to establish a colony. This settled a debt the king owed his father. Penn sends out paid agents and advertised for settlers - attracted many immigrants beyond Quakers. Penn and Indians - BOUGHT land from Indians, friendly, no bloodshed. Non-Quakers in PA treated natives poorly, undermining actions of the Quakers. Penn government - Representative assembly elected by landowners, no tax-supported church, freedom of worship for all, forced to deny right to vote and hold office to catholics and jews by the English government. Death penalty only for treason and murder. PA Society - many different people, religious misfits, ethnic groups, other colonists from NE or South. No provisions for military defense, no immigration restrictions, no slavery. Blue Laws - no stage plays, no cards, no dice, no excessive hilarity, but gave citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, and religious freedom. New Jersey - aristocratic proprietors recieved the area from the Duke of York, many NE moved to NJ because of worn out soil. West NJ sold to the quakers, East eventually aquired by them too. East and West NJ combined in 1702 to create one colony. Delaware - Named after Lord De La Warr - military govenor of Virginia in 1610's. Closely associated with Pennsylvania. Granted its own assembly in 1703. Remained under PA control until after the American Revolution. The Carolinas - small group of English farmers from West Indies arrive in Carolinas 1670 because they were squeezed out by sugar barons. Brought black slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code with them. Named it after Charles II. King grants Carolina to 8 supporters (lord proprietors). Hoped to use carolina to supply plantations in Barbados with food and to export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe. Develops close economic ties to the West indies - most settlers were origionally from there. Used local savannah Indians to enslave other Indians to send to West Indies and NE. Savannah Indians decide to migrate to PA, which promised better relations with whites. Carolinas decides to thin them out before they leave and kills most of them by 1710. Charles Town - aristocratic feel, busiest port in the South, religious toleration attracts diverse population. Carolina Crops - Rice is primary export, still exotic food in England. It was gorn in Africa, so planters imported West African slaves with a genetic trait immune to Malaria. By 1710, black slaves were a majority of Carolina. Indigo - dye for spum cotton. North Carolina - shared a border with VA. Dissenters from VA moved into NC - mainly poor farmers and religious dissenters. North Carolinians - irreligious and hospitable to pirates, spirit of resistance to authority. officially separates from SC in 1712. Georgia - founded 1733, last of 13 colonies. Founded by James Oglethorpe. Chief purpose was a buffer state between

valuble Carolinas and Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. Exported silk and wine, haven for debtors thrown into prison. Savannah - port city with diverse community. all christians but catholics enjoyed religious toleration. Missionaries worked among debtors and Indians, most famous was John Wesley.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION
1. French and Indian War * First Clash - 1754 in the Ohio valley. The British at Fort Necessity with George Washington, the French at Fort Duquesne with the Delaware and Shawnee Indians. * Albany Plan of the Union - Ben Franklin and representatives from New England, NY, MD, and PA. Join or die. Albany Crongress failed - Iroquois broke off relations with British and threatened to trade with the French * British decides to eliminate French presence in North America. general Edward Braddock in charge of evicting the French from the Ohio Valley and Canada in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Attacks the Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley, and Acadia. Braddock is killed before reaching Ft. Duquesne. Only British success is expelling France from Louisiana. * War is formally declared 1756. Natives exploited on both sides. Colonials use Indian-style guerrila tactics, militas served under their own captains, no military deference or protocols observed, resistnace to rising taxes, casual, nonprofessional. British fight in formation, want to take charge of the colonists, drills and tough discipline, wanted colonists to pay for their own defense, Prima Donna officers with servants and tea times. * William Pitt - 1757, becomes foreign minister. Understood colonial concerns and offers them a compromise - colonial loyalty and military cooperation would lead to British reimbursement of colonia assemblies for theri costs. Colonial morale increases. * Spain becomes an ally of France - tide turns for England * Treaty of Paris - France loses Canadian possessions, most of Indian empire, but gets lands east of Miss. Rive. Spain got all French lands west of Miss. River and New Orleans, but loses Florida to England. England gets all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Carribean Slave trade, and commerical dominance in India. * Effects of War on England - increases colonial empire in Americas, enlargens Englands debt, British contempt for colonials create bitter tensions, feels that a major reorganization of American Empire is necessary. * Effects of War on Colonials - united them against a common enemy for the first time, created a socializing experience among colonists, creates bitter resentments towards British. * Aftermath - tensions along the frontier, Pontiac's Rebellion. British bring "gifts" of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt. * Proclamation Line - made by British 1763, colonists can't cross Appalacians. 2. Road to Revolution * Committees of Correspondence - warn neighboring colonies about incidents with the British, broadens the resistance movement. * Tea Act 1773 - British E. India Co - monopoly on British tea imports, many members of Parliament held shares. Permittedt he Co to sell tea directly to the colonies without colonial midddlemen - cheaper tea. North expected the colonies to eagerly choose the cheaper tea. In protest of unfairnesses, Boston Tea Party takes place. * Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts 1774 - Port Bill, Government Act, New Quartering Act, Administration of Justice Act. * First Continental Congress - 55 delegates, 12 colonies, how should they respond to the Intolerable acts, 1 vote per colony. * First shot fired Lexington and Concord 1775. * Second Continental Congress - olive branch petition. King doesn't even bother looking at it.

THE EARLY REPUBLIC

1. George Washington * Washinton's cabinet - Henry Knox - War, TJefferson - Sec of State, Alex Hamilton - Treasury, Edmund Randolph - Attny General. * Judiciary Act 1789 - establishes a Supreme Court with one chief justice and 5 associate justices. Empowered to rule on the constitutionality of state courts. Also provited 13 district courts and 3 circut courts of appeals * Hamilton - Report on Public credit - assumed the fed government would take over all the war debts that the states had

by taxing everyone. Pros say it would strengthen the national government, simplify things, and the war benefitted all the states. Cons said some states had paid their debts already, why should the pay again? Passes after the compromise that the nations capital would be placed in the South (TJ's dinner party). * Also felt it was important to protect US's industries and collect revenues by imposing high tariffs on imported goods. Supported by northern merchants. * National Bank - prevention against inflation, help develop manufacturing economy. TJ and Madison opposed - power to make a bank was not in the constitution, too much power in a few banker's hands. Bill is passed - Washington thinks strict interpretation of Constitution will make it obselete very quickly. * Whiskey Rebellion - PN frontier angry about whiskey tax - violence, protests. GW sends soldiers to put it down, no fighting necessary. Showsl aws must bechanged peacefully and the government will not allow lawlessness. * GW's Second Term - Growing political instability, GW wanted out but he knew he had to stay, he and Adams reelected. * Impact of French Revolution - conflict between France (our wartime ally) and Britain (most imp. trading partner). France later declares war on Britain, Spain, and Netherlands. Washington declares neutrality under Proclaimation of Neutrality 1793. Citizen Genet issue - makes Americans want to stay out even more. British start seizing US ships heading towards France and F. W. Indies. * Jays Treaty - Chief Justice John Jay sent to GB to talk GB out of its offensive practice of searching and seizing American ships and impressing seamen into the British Navy. GB agrees to evacuate posts on western front but says nothing about seizure of ships. Very unpopular, barely passed. * Pickney Treaty - Pickney - US minister to Spain, negotiates a treaty in which SP agrees to open the lower Miss. river and New Orleans to US trade, as well as the northern boundary of FL. * Domestic Concerns - Native Americans since Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio, Indians forced to cede the Ohio territoriy and promise to open it to settlement - population explodes. New states of VT KY and TN. * Federalism - Adams, Washington, Hamilton. Lose interpretation of the Const, strong central gov't, pro-british, favors business, nat'l bank, tariffs, northern businessmen and large landowners also support it. * Republicanism - Jefferson, Madison. Strict interpretation, weak central gov't, pro-french, favored agriculture, no national bank, opposed tariffs. Skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners support it. * GW's Farewell Address - warned US not to get involved in foreign affairs, no permanent allies in foreign affairs, don't form political parties, avoid sectionalism. 2. The Age of Jefferson * Election of 1800 - Federalists lose power, TJ vs. Burr, Hamilton actually helps TJ win over Burr. * Louisiana Purchase 1803 from Napoleon, get New Orleans and Miss River too, predicament for TJ because it wasn't in the constitution. * John Marshall - Chief Justice, ran a federalist court, Marbury v. Madison, Judicial Review. * Reelection - Aaron Burr, Federalist conspiracy - duels with Hamilton and kills him, on trial for treason. 3. War of 1812 * War Causes: -Napoleonic Wars - 1808-1811, Brits impressed over 6,000 US Sailors -Chesapeake-Leopard Affair - Br. Captain fired on USS Chesapeake, 3 dead, British foreign officer says it's a mistake. Jefferson forbids Br. ships to dock in US ports and ordered state governments to call up militamen. -Embargo Act 1807 * James Madison - President after TJ, wife is his greatest asset. * Non-Intercourse Act 1809 - replaced the Embargo Act, US policy until 1821, Americans can trade will all countries except for France and GB. * British meet with Indians including Tecumseah * Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 - General William Henry Harrison - govenor of Indiana terr. Invited Indian chiefs to Ft. Wayne, IN to sign away 3 mil acres of land to the US gov't. Tecumseah organizes confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their land but are defeated at Tippecanoe - Harrison is national hero. * War Hawks - Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun. * US Problems - Unprepared militarily, disliked the draft, financially unprepared, flood of paper $, revenue from import tariffs declined, regional disagreements. * WAR BATTLES:

-Battle of Fort McHenry - Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spgld. Banner Hartford Convention 1814-1815 - New England considers concession, Federalist party basically kills itself Treaty of Ghent - Signed December 24, 1814 - news didn't reach Hartford convention until after their secession ideas Federalists look ridiculous and crumble. 4. Era of Good Feelings 1815-24 * Election of 1816 - Democratic-Republican James Monroe wins, wins 1820 with almost all of the electoral votes (99.5% of them) against John Quincy Adams. * American System - Tariff of 1816, Second Bank of the US, Internal improvements at federal expense (national road) all Henry Clay "The Great Compromiser" * Marshall's Supreme Court - Marbury V. Madison, Fletcher V. Peck, Dartmouth College V. Woodward, McCulloch V. Maryland, Gibbons V. Ogden. * Westward Expansion: aquisition of Indian lands, economic pressures, improved transportation, large number of immigrants * Tallmadge Agreement - all slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be free at the age of 25. Passed in the Northern controlled Houes, but not in the Senate, which had enough power to block it. * Henry Clay's Proposal - Missouri Compromise - MO was to be admitted as a slave state, Maine was to be admitted as a free state, slavery prohibited north of the 36,30 line, preserved sectional balance for 30 years, Americans torn between nationalism and sectionalism. * Monroe Doctrine 1823 - Referred to as America's Self-Defense doctrine - keep Europeans out of W. Hemisphere affairs. 19th Century Industrialism * Transportation Revolution: First Turnpike - 1790 in PA, by 1832 nearly 2400 miles of road connected most major cities. Cumberland National Road 1811. Erie Canal system, Robert Fulton and the Steamboat, Iron Horse (train) * Railroad Revolution in 1850's. Built by immigrant labor in the north, slave labor in the south. * New Inventions - Americans first were copiers, then innovators. Cotton Gin and Interchangeable Parts Rifle - Eli Whitney. Authomated flour mill and train prototype - Oliver Evans. Steel Plow - John Deere. Mechanical Reaper - Cyrus McCormick. Telegraph - Samuel F. B. Morse. Transatlantic Cable - Cyrus Field. Sewing Machine - Elias Howe and Isaac Singer * Northern Industry - Business-friendly climate, Laissez faire system, but the government did a lot to assist capitalism. Supreme Court rulings ruled in favor of business and capitalism. * Widening gap between rich and poor * Samuel Slater - father of the factory system * Lowell System - first dual-purpose textile plant, Fancis Cabot Lowell. Mills. Workers were usually young women and girls from European countries that had recently immigrated. dangerous conditions and bad pay and health. Lots of Irish. Mainly in NE, the textile dominator of the country. * Early Union Movement - Workingman's party - founded by Robert dale Owen and others in NYC. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. * Commonwealth v. Hunt - worker political parties were innefective until post-Civil War. * Regional Specialization - NE is Industrial, S is cotton and slavery, W is the nations grain. * National Origion of Immigrants 1820-1860 - mainly Irish (famine, persecution from England), Germany (religious freedom, government issues) and Great Britian (more religious and government).

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REFORM AND MANIFEST DESTINY

1. Reform Movement * Most significant reform movements sought not to withdraw from society but to change it directly. * Temperance movement - undertook to eliminate social problems by curbing drinking. Led largely by the clergy. At first focused on drunkenness and did not opposed moderate drinking. Later, American Temperance Society founded and took voluntary abstinence as its goal. 500 local societies formed, annual capita of alcohol consumption drops sharply. * Educational Reform - in 1800, MA was the only state requiring free public schools supported by community funds. Middle class reformers called for tax-supported education and argued that business leaders needed educated workers. * Under Horace Mann's leadership in 1830's, MA created a state board of education and adopted a min. lenth school

year, provided teacher training, and expanded curriculum. By 1860, every state offered free public education to whites, very high literacy rate. * Used religious parables to teach American values, taught Protestant Ethic (hard work, etc), taught middle class morality and respect for order. female educators on the rise. * By 1850's, # of schools, attendance #'s, and school budgets all increased sharply. Greatest success in NE, least in S where planters opposed paying taxes to educate poor white children. * Educational opportunities for women also expanded - Oberlin becomes first Co-Ed college, first all female college founded soon after - Mount Holyoke. * Asylum Movement - isolated and separated the criminal, the insan, the ill, and the dependent on outside society - BAD. Goal in care of asylums shifted to the reform of personal character. Dorthea dix led in advocating state-supported asylums for the mentally ill. 28 states then maintained mental institutions by 1860. * Abolitionism - William Lloyd Garrison - symbolized the transition from a moderate antislavery movement to a more militant movement in the 1830's. Wrote "The Liberator." Reputated gradual emancipation and embraded immediatism slavery must end at once. Advocated racial euqality and argued slaveholders shouldnt be compensated for freeing slaves. * Free blacks also joined in - Frederick Doublass. To abolitionists, slavery was a moral, not economic, question. Denounced slavery as contrary to Christian teaching. * Methodist and Baptist churches each split into northern and southern organizations over the issue of slavery. Even abolitionists themselves split - conservative reformers wanted to wrok within established institutions, using churches and political action to end slavery. * Women - found it easy to identify with the situation of slaves. Senneca Falls Convention 1858. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Other reformers include Angelina grimke, Sarah Grimke, Lucy Stone. * Unable to vote, legal status of a minor, could only own property if single, no control over her children, could not initiate divorce, couldn't make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without husbands permission. 2. Revivalism and Transcendentalism * Second Great Awakening - Spiritual Reform from within - social reforms and redefining the Ideal of Equality temperance, asylum and penal reform, abolitionism, womens rights, education. * Religious Revivalism - society under Jackson was undergoing deep and rapid change - reformers sough stability and order in religion. Religion provided means of social control in a disordered society. Embraced values of hard work, etc. Revivals brought unity and strenth and sense of peace. * Second Great Results - the dominant form of Christianity in US becomes evangelical Protestantism - membership soars, Methodists -largest denomination on both N and S. * Evangelical Protestantism - stressed ability of everyone to bring their own salvation. Individualism. Catered to mass audience w/o social distinctions. Reinforced US belief in democracy and equality. Female converts outnumbered male. * Charles G. Finney - prays for sinners by name, encourages women to testify in public, places those struggling with conversion on the anxious bench at the front of the church, "soul-shaking" conversion. * Utopian Communities - Mormans - the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Joseph Smith in NY, announced he discovered the Book of Morman, gathered group of devoted followers. Introduced babtism for the dead, eternal marriage, polygamy. Murdered, Brigham Young succeedes him. Leads them to Utah to live w/o interference. * Shakers - Ann Lee 1774. Used dancing as worship practice. Practiced celibacy, separating the sexes as far as they could. Worked hard, built furnitures, impressed outsiders, membership declines due to lack of natural increase. * Oneida Community - Millenarianism - second coming of Christ had already happened. All residents married to one another. Carefully regulated free love. NY, John Humphrey Noyes.

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

1. American Civil War * N and S sections have developed into two very different cultural and economic regions. Also many differences in geography, climate, and religion. * South Before the War - rural plantation economy, relied on slave labor, feared loss of slavery would mean the loss of culture. * North Before the War - more diverse economy, industry flourished, openly opposed slavery in the south and new territories, more urbanized.

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California - issues of whether it would have slavery led to heated debates in Congress. Gold rush led to application for statehood in CA. S threatened to seceed over the issue. Henry Clay works out the Compromies of 1850 - CA would be admitted free, and S gets a more effective fugitive slave law. NM and UT residents get to choose for themselves. Fugitive slave law upset the Northerners and they didn't follow it at all - underground RR. Uncle Tom's Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stowe, stressed the moral evil of slavery, abolitionist protests increased, Southerners said it was all wrong, instant best seller. Kansas - After Stephen Doublas worked to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Kansas would vote to decide on whether or not to have slavery. This contradicted the 36,30 of the Missouri Compromise. Bleeding Kansas - supporters and opponents attempted to populate Kansas to win the vote. Pro-slavery border ruffians from MO attempted to cross into Kansas - vioence errupts - Bleeding Kansas is the legacy. KS enters as a free state. Douglas v. Lincoln - debates for US Senate in IL, concerning slavery in the territories, Douglas wanted popular soverignity and Lincoln wanted a Const. Amendment. Harpers Ferry - John Brown, plotted major slave revolt. Led band of 21 w and b men into Harpers Ferry, VA. Hoped to seize a large fed. arsenal, but troops put down the rebellion. Brown was tried and executed. 1860 Election - Republicans nominated Lincoln, Democratic party split. Lincoln wins with no southern electoral - south is not happy. Lincolns victory convinces south they need to act quickly - SC first in line to seceede in 1860. Formed Confederate States w/ Davis. Civil War - first battle was at Ft. Sumter, SC. South fires first, wants it's fort back. Virginia splits into WV (N) and V (S). North Advantages - more people, factories, food production, railroads, & communication South Advantages - first rate military leadership, highly motivated soldiers N Strategy - naval blockade, split Confed. by going down Miss. R., and capturing Confed. capital of Richmond in VA. Cobra Strategy. S had a defensive strategy. Bull Run - first major bloodshed, near DC. Made Stonewall Jackson Famous. Confederate victory. Antietam - Union Gen. George McClellan confronted Gen. Lee at Antietam, MD. Single bloodiest day in US History. Lee and Confed retreated, but McClellan doesn't follow and is fired by Lincoln. Emancipation Proclaimation - Lincoln uses powers to end slavery, authorizes army to emancipate slaves, becomes a weapon of war, does not apply to border states. Conscription - both sides dealt with social unrest, both presidents suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus, draft riots occur in NYC thinking the process was unfair - immigrants. African Americans fight for 10% of the Union army - segregated and lower wages. Heavy casualties worsened by disease, poor nutrition and poor medical care - disease is the number 1 killer and accounted for more than 3/4 of all C. W. deaths Women - worked as Union nurses, (Clara Baron - forms Red Cross) Gettysburg - PN, most decisive battle of the war, three day battle, staggering losses, Confeds retreat, Lee gives up any hope of invading the North and retreats back S. Gettysburg Address - dedicated cemetary in Gettysburg, Lincoln inspires the nation, address "remade America." Vicksburg - Gen. Grant fights to take Vicksburg, Miss. Orders two frontal attacks on Vicksburg. Splits the Confederate forces. After defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Confed. morale is destroyed. S soldiers deserted. Grant and Sherman now in control of the Union army. Want to destroy S will. Shermans March - begins march southeast through Georgia to the coast. Created path of destruction - burned homes, destoryed railroads and livestock. After reaching sea, turned Northward. Richmond - Union troops conquered Richmond, six days later in Appomattox, VA, Lee and Grant met to arrange S. Surrender - at Lincolns request, terms are generous. War Changes - deadliest war in US history, role of fed. gov't increased, economic gap between the N and S widened. N loses the most men 13th Amendment - Lincoln believes Const. Amendment was needed to ensure freedom for slaves - ratified in 1865. After the War and Reconstruction- Lincoln is assasinated 1865 - first president to ever be assasinated. Lincoln, VP Johnson, and Congress all had different ideas of Reconstruction Lincolns Plan - lenient reconstruction policy. 10% Plan - called for a pardon of all Confeds who would swear allegiance

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to Union - when 10% of the voting population took this oath, the state would be readmitted to the Union. Johnson's plan - excluded high ranking confeds and wealthy planters from the oath, but did pardon 13,000 while while saying that white men alone must manage the south Congress's Plan - worked hard to shift focus of recon. from the pres to congress. Congress overrode Johnson's veto and passed the Civil Rights Act, the Freedman's Bureau Act, and passed the 14th Amendment, and the Reconstruction Act 1867 Civil Rights Act - one of the most important acts passed by congress, gave african americans citizenship and forbade states from passing laws discriminating against former slaves (ie black codes, etc). Freemen's Bureau - provided much needed aid to African americans. Aid and money for education, hospitals, social services, churches, labor contracts and discrimination cases. 14th Amendment - provided legal backing to the Civil RIghts Act, prevented states from denying rights based on race, nullified Dred Scott decision. Reconstruction Act of 1867 - Congressional Republicans join forces to pass it, voided the state gov'ts formed in the south under the Presidential Plans and instead divided the south into 5 military districts. States were required to grant black men the right to vote and ratify the 14th amendment. Johnson - Radical republicans felt Johnson was blocking recon. efforts - looked for grounds to impeach him. Fount that he had fired a cabinet member in violation of the Tenure of Office act. He was impeached but not convicted, and served out his term. 15th Amendment - stated that no one could be kept from voting because of race, color, or previous servitude. South Changes - economy in ruins, thousands of young men lost. Republicans now dominated politically, but often with conflicting goals. 3 groups of Southern Republicans -Scalawags - white farmers -Carpetbaggers - Northerners who came S to look for opprotunities after the war -African Americans - former slaves, 90% Republican Blacks took an active role in the political process in the south - voted in record numbers and many ran for office - Hiram Revels is 1st black senator. Sharecroppers - a system where families were given a small plot of land to work in exhcance for some of the crops many were former slaves Some southern whites accepted blacks, others were very resentful and formed hate groups - most famous vigilante group was the KKK, which was founded by disgruntled Confed. Soldiers whos goals included destroying the Republican party, aiding the planter class, and preventing blacks from integrating into society. #'s peak in 1920's. Congress Support - passed the Amnesty Act, which returned voting rights to thousands of Confeds, allowed Freedmen's Bureau to expire - S. Democrats back in control. Lack of Republican unity in the South and an economic downturn that diverted attention from Southern issues caused Democrats to regain control of the South - called "Redeemers," out to reclaim southern culture and tradition - end of Recon Era.

THE GILDED AGE

1. BUSINESS, IMMIGRATION, AND URBANIZATION * Second Industrial Revolution - unskilled and semi-skilled labor abundance, railroads, labor saving inventions, abundant capital, new talented group of businessmen, entrepenuers, advisors, market growing as population increases, government willing to help stimulate economic growth, abundant natural resources. * Railroads - fueled growing economy, first big business in US, magnet for financial investment, key to opening the west, aided development of other industries. * New Business Culture - Laissez Faire, individual as moral and economic ideal, individuals should compete freely in the marketplace, the maket was not man-made or invented, no room for gov't in the market. Protestant Work ethic, American dream. * On Wealth - Anglo-Saxon race is superior, "Gospel of Weath," inequality is inevitable and good, wealthy should act as trustees for their "poorer bretheren." * Social Darwinism - Herbert Spencer - British Economist. Advocate of laissez-faire. Adapted Darwins ideas from the

Origion of Species to humans - survival of the fittest. Says individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed, or fail, therefore state intervention to reward society and economy is pointless. * Gospel of Wealth - Russell H. Conwell, wealth no longer looked upon as bad, viewed as sign of God's approval. Christian duty to accumulate help and should NOT help the poor * Growth of Labor Unions - Knights of labor, American Federation of Labor, could not get organized, slow to develop, mostly unsuccessful. Strikes turn public against unions. * Immigration - Millions entered in late 1800's and early 1900's. "new" immigrants now mainly from southern and eastern europe looking from opportunity. Chinese arrived on the West Coast, attracted by Gold Rush and work opportunities on railroads, farms, or domestic servitude. Chinese Exclusion Act by congress slowed immigration. Nativism. * Urbanization - rapid in Northeast and Midwest - most immigrants settled in cities because of the avaliable jobs and cheap housing. Housing become overcrowded and dirty, sanitation was disasterous - polluted air and uncollected garbage. * Cities struggled to provide adeuate transit systems, unsafe drinking water led to cholera and typhoid fever, crime and thieves flourished, limited water supply and wooden structures combined with use of candles let to major uban fires. * Reformers Mobilize - Jacob Riis - took pictures of urban poor and influenced many. Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor, Settlement homes established - provided stay, classes, heath care, etc. Jane Addams was the most famous member of Settlement Movement - founded Hull House in Chicago. 2. Gilded Age Politics * Belief in limited government, laissez-faire economics, Social Darwinism, Federal court decisions narrowly interpreted the government's powers to regulate business. Political parties also change. * Republicans - Remind vets of the war and blame the democrats, Abe Lincoln, businessmen, reformers, African Americans, middle class, Protestants, favored high tariffs for business. * Democrats - always won the South until mid 1950's, big city machines and immigrant vote. Catholics and Lutherans who objected to prohibition, states rights and limited fed * Half-Breeds - moderate republicans, agreed with some Civil Service Reform. Led by James G. Blaine. Republicans who did not play the patronage game were mugwumps for sitting on the fence. * Rutherford B. Hayes - 1876-1880 - ends Reconstruction, tries to reestablish honest gov't after Grant. * James Garfield - 1880-1881 - Republicans compromise and nominate him for president and Chestur Arthur for VP Garfield is a half-breed and appoints mainly HB's to office. Is assasninated, Chester Arthur becomes prez. * Chester Arthur - distanced himself from the Stalwarts and supported a bill reforming civil service. Began to question the high tariff - no renomination (obviously). * Grover Cleveland - wins against corrupted Blaine. Dirty election. Signs into law the Interstate Commerce Act (fed. gov'ts first effort to regulate business). * Money - Debtors, farmers, and small business owners wanted more soft money in circulation so they could borrow it at lower interest rates and pay off their loans easier. Bankers, creditors, investors, and lare businesses wanted money backed by gold. Congress removes greenbacks and silver. Silver discoveries in NV increase demand for silver, so Bland-Allison Act passed in 1878 allows for limited coinage of silver. * Tariffs - western farmers and eastern capitalists disagreed on whether tariffs should be low or high. Farmers think industry is getting rich at their expense. Clevland wanted lower tariffs, William Henry Harrison (R) wanted higher tariff and won the election. * Populism - the people's party. Direct popular election of senators. Unlimited coinage of silver. Graduated income tax. Public ownership of RR. Telegraph and telephone systems owned by the govt. Loans and federal warehouses for farmers, 8 hour workday. * Panic of 1893 - stock market cras as result of over speculation - farm foreclosures, unemployment, Clevland adopts a hands ff policy towards the economy, asks JP M for $ * Coxey's Army - march to DC by thousands of unemployed, demanded millions in public works projects to provide jobs all either arrested for trespassing or went home - no luck * Turning Point 1896 - Democrats divided , Chicago convention dominated by pro-silver forces, William Jenning's Bryan makes his "Cross of Gold" speech, populists fuse with the Democrats and support Bryan * William McKinley - Republican, favors high tariff and gold standard, friends pay for his expensive and expansive campaign - wins by carrying NE and upper Midwest.

Election 1896 marks end to stagnation, demise of Populist Party and the free-silver movement, Republican dominance, establishes a business, urban, and middle class victory - modern America triumphs rural America. 3. The Progressive Era * Progressivism - entering the 20th century, middle class reformers addressed many social problems - work conditions, women and childrens rights, economic reform, environmental issues, and social welfare. Goals of Reformers: protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic refom, foster efficiency. Reformers included TR, Booker T, Jane Addams, Carnegie, WEB Du Bois, Ford, Riis, Sinclair, Tarbell (muckraker). * Industrialization was largely unregulated - employers felt little responsibility towards their workers. As a result, settlement homes, and churches served the community along with the YMCA and the Salvation Army. * Many progressives put their aith in scientific principles to make society better - time and motion studies to improve factory efficiency - Taylorism. * Child Labor - number of children workers rose, reformers worked to end it. Children were more prone to accidents caused by fatigue - nearly every state banned or limited child labor by 1918. * Women Labor - Supreme court and states enacted or strengthened laws reducing women's work hours, and progressives won workers compensation to aid families of injured workers. Women now more visible in the workforce Uneducated women before 1900 were domestic workers. Opportunities increased, esp in cities - the garment trade, office work, dept stores, classroom jobs. Many leading progressives were women. * Elections - measures won such as secret ballots, referendum votes, and the recall, as well as initiatives on the ballot and statewide primary systems. 17th amendment - popular direct election of Senators. * Women Reformers - leading progressive reformers were often women - middle and upperclass. Many graduated from new womens colleges. Strove to improve cnditions at work and at home. Suffrage. Black women formed National Association of Colored Women. * Suffrage - three approaches - convince state legislatures to adopt the vote (works in 4 states), pursure court cases to test 14th amendment, push for national constitutional amendment. Native born, educated, middle class women grow more and more impatient - women finally get to vote with 19th Amendment passed 1920 * Teddy Roosevelt - becomes president when McKinley is assasinated. Adcocated war with Spain in 1898 - was a rough rider in his volunteer cavalry brigade. Won public acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Youngest president ever. Established himself as a modern president who could influence the media and shape legislation. Files 44 anti-trust suits under the sherman Antitrust Act - trust buster. * 1902 Coal Strike - PN, want increased wages, 9 hour workday, and right to unionize. Mine owners refused. Roosevelt settles dispute - after, when a strike threatened public welfare, the fed gov't was expected to step in and help. * Pure Food and Drug Act - response ot unregulated claims and unhealthy products, halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. * Environment - before TR, gov't paid little attention to nation's natural resources - made conservation a primary. concern. Set aside 148 mil acres of forest reserves, 1.5 million acres of water power sites, and estbl'd 50 wildlife sanctuaries and a few nat'l parks. * Civil Rights - TR failed to support Civil Rights, but did support a few individuals such as Booker T. Washington. NAACP formed 1909 by blacks and promient white reformers. Goal was full equality among the races - means to achieve this was court system. * Woodrow Wilson - "New Freedom," - planned his attack on the triple wall of priviledge - trusts, tarrifs, and high finance. President 1912-20. Forms Federal Trade Commission to serve as a watchdog agency to end unfair business practices and protect consumers from fraud. Wilson works hard to lower tariffs, but had to make up lost revenue - 16th Amendment legalized a graduated federal income tax. Wilson also retreated on Civil Rights once in office, and therefore the Progressive era failed for black rights.

IMPERIALISM AND WORLD WAR I

1. Imperialism * Many American leaders felt US should join European nations and establish colonies over seas * Reasons - desire for military strenth and naval strenth, thirst for new markets to spur economy and trade, belief in cultural superiority that Anglo-Saxons were superior. * Alaska - Sec. of State William Steward arranged for the US to buy Alaska from Russia - "Stewards Icebox." Smart idea - alaska rich in timber, minerals, and oil. * Hawaii - economically important to US for centuries. To avoid import taxes and tariffs, sugar growers pleaded for

annexation. US knew the value - they had built naval base at Pearl Harbor long ago. Led by Sanford Dole, US annexed Hawaii in 1898. * Spanish American War - US had long held an interest in Cuba. Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in late 1800's, American sympathy went out to the Cubans. After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar. * Anti-Spain settlement in Cuba errupted into second war for independence. Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempts revolution in 1895 - deliberatly destroys US property to provke US intervention. Newspapers exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in newspapers. * USS Maine sent to Cuba by McKinley to bring home American citizens in danger. Ship blows up in Havanna, 260 killed. Newspapers blame Spanish for bombing USS Maine - "Remember the Maine!" rallying cry for US intervention in Cuba. * War in Phillippeans - US forces suprise Spanish by attacking Spanish colony of the Phillippeans - Americans join forces with Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo - Spain surrenders to the US In Manila 1898. * War in the Carribean - naval blockade of Cuba followed by land invasion, US NAvy destroys the Spanish fleet and paves the way for invasion of Spanish Puerto Rico. * Treaty of Paris - US wins, sign armistice August 1898, Sec. of State John hay calls it a "splendid little war." Lasted only 16 weeks - cuba now independent, US recieves Guam, Puerto Rico, and "pays for" the Phillippeans. * Puerto Rico - want their independence, but it was strategically important to the US - US set up a civil government, full citizenship, and a bicameral system. * Cuba - Treaty of Paris granted them full independence. Signs Platt Amendment with the US saying the US has the right to maintain naval stations on the island and the right tointervene in Cuban affairs - becomes a protectorate of the US. * Phillipeanes - not happy with US annexation, Emilio Aguinaldo vows to fight for freedom and leads a rebellion - 3 year war. * China - vast potential market for US products. Weakened by war and foreign intervention, many European countries had colonized in china. John Hay, Sec of State, issued Open Door Policy, which outlined his plan for free trade among nations in China. * Boxer Rebellion - resentment of European Nations in China led to the formation of secret societies determined to rid China of "foreign devils." Boxers - secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign - foreign troops called in to put down revolt. * After Boxer, John Hay issues a series of Open Door Policies - reflected US beliefs in the importance of exports, the right of S to intervene to keep foreign markets open, and the belief that Americas survival depended on access to foreign markets. * US World Power - events that signaled the climb to number 1 - Roosevelt negotiating settlement between Russian and Japan who had been at war - successful efforts in negotiating Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevent Nobel Prize. 2 Construction of Panama Canal. * Panama Canal - would greatly reduce travel times for commerical and military ships by providing a short cut between A and P oceans. French had tried unsuccessfully to build a canal. America had to first help Panama win their independence from Columbia, then afterwards built it. One of greatest engineering feats of all time. 2. World War I * Causes of the War -Nationalism - a devotion to the interests and culture of ones country - leads to rivalries and conflicts between nations. Various ethnic groups resented domination by others and wanted independence. Russia and AustriaHungary disagreed over treatment of Serbs in Central E. -Imperialism - economic and political control over weaker countries - as Germany industrialized, it competed directly with France and Britain. Many European countries competed for land in Africa -Militarism - growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending. Empires had to be defended. By 1890, Germany was the strongest European country militarily - strong army and navy rival to England's. France, Italy, Japan, and US quickly joined in the naval buildup. -Alliance System - Europe divides into two armed camps by 1907. Triple Entente/Allies - France, GB, and Russia. Triple Alliance/Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Ottoman Empire. * Balkan Region - powder keg of Europe due to competing interests in the area. Russia wanted access to the Med. Sea, Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman Empire, A-H, who was in control of Bosnia, accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia.

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Franz Ferdinand - Archduke heir to the Austrian throne, gunned down by a Serbian radical, sparks the alliance system, resulting with the war. Fighting Begins - August 1914, Germany invades Belgium, using the Schlieffen Plan - which called for a quick strike through Belgium to Paris. Germany then attacks Russia. The plan was designed to prevent a two-front war for Germany. Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France where they halted the German advance in Sept 1914. War becomes a stalemate - deep trenches crossed France from Belg. to Switz. Trenches: Frontline, support, and reserve. 1st Battle of the Somme - July 1, 1916, British suffered 60,000 casualties the first day. Bloody trench warfare. USA - in 1914, most Americans wanted neutrality. German-Americans supported Germany in WWI. Most Americans felt closer to the British because of their shared ancestry and language. US economic interests were far stronger with the Allies. During the first two years, US provided the Allies wtih dynamite, subs, and other war materials. Both German and British imposed naval blockades on the other. Germans used U-Boats to prevent shipments to the North Atlantic - all ships would be sunk. The Lusitania - British passenger line sunk by German U-Boat - killed 128 American tourists on board. Germans claimed the ship was carrying Allied ammunition - Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against the Central Powers and Germany. US involvement in the War was hastened by this event. 1916 Election - Woodrow Wilson (D) vs. Charles Evans Hughes. "He kept us out of war" is the slogan. In a few months, US will enter anyway. US Closer to War - Germany ignores Wilson's plea for peace, the Zimmerman Note, Germany promising Mexico the return of their territory lost to the US, the sinking of four unarmed US merchant ships by German subs. Declaration of War - Wilson, April 1917, "The world must be safe for democracy." Congress passes it a few days later. US was not ready for war - Congress passes Selective Service Act, 24 million eventually sign up, 2 million US troops reach Europe. Main contribution of the Americans was fresh and enthusiastic troups - called doughboys because of their white belts. Most had never ventured far from the farms or small towns where they lived. New Weapons - Machine guns, tanks, Airplanes, poison gas US Offensive - Russia surrenders to Germany in 1917, allowed Central powers to focus on the Western front. Americans arrived in Paris and played a major role in pushing the Germans back - also help the Allies win the Second Battle of the Marne Surrender - November 1918, A-H surrenders to the Allies. The same day, German sailors mutinied against their government. Other revolts follow, Germany too exhausted to continue. Germany signs truce ending the war. The War at Home - entire US economy was focused on the war effort, shift from consumer economy to war economy required a collaboration between business and government. Power of the US Gov't expanded. President Wilson was given direct control over the economy by Congress. War Industries Board - encouraged companies to use mass-production. Industrial production and wages increased, union membership almost doubles. To manage it, Wilson sets up National War Labor Board. Two major tasks - raising money and convincing the public to support the war - income taxes and sin taxes, war bonds, propagranda - Committee on Public Information. Civil Liberties - compromised during the war, anti-immigrant feelings toward German and Austrian Americans. Espionage and Sedation Acts passed by Congress - designed to prevent anti-war protests but went against the 1st Amendment. Socialist and labor leaders also targeted. Social Change - accelerated the Great Migration - large scale population shift for blacks from the south to Northern cities - escape discrimination and seek greater job opportunities. Women - called upon to take mens jobs, Red Cross volunteers, their service hastened the passage of the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote. Flu Epidemic - home front crisis in 1918, affected 1/4 of the population, killed 500,000 14 Points - Wilson's plan for peace, but rejected by the Allies. No secret treaties, freedom of the seas, more free trade, reduction of arms, less colonialism, league of nations Big Four meets, Wilson conceeds on most of his points in return for the establishment of the League of Nations - sign

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Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Versailles - establishes 9 new nations (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), breaks up Austro-Hungarian empire and Ottoman empire, barred Germany from maintaining an army and required them to pay reparations to allies and give Alsace-Lorrain back to France. Weaknesses of the treaty - harsh treatment of Germany prevents it from creating lasting peace in Europe. Forces them to admit sole responsibility for the war (War-Guilt Clause), could never pay back all the reparations. At home, Treaty and League of Nations were hotly debated. Suspicious of the League's joint economic and military commitments, Congress rejects US involvement in the League WWI Legacy - strenthened the military and power of the gov't at home, provoked powerful fears in society with propaganda, for many countries it created political instability and violence, Russia establishes first Communist state, Americans called into WWI, and unsolved issues would drag US into WWII.

THE ROARING TWENTIES

1. The Roaring Twenties * Changing ways of life - urbanization accelerates, more Americans live in cities than rural areas. Prohibition legal with the passage of 18th Amendment - launched the Prohibition era where it was illegal to make, sell or transport liqour. Supporters mainly from rural south and the west. * Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime - Chicago in particular as the home of Al Capone * Prohibition's fate is sealed by the government, who failed to budget enough money to enforce the law. 21st amendment repeals Prohibition in 1933 * Battleground - fundamentalist religious groups vs. scientific secular thinkers. Scopes trial - TN passes the nations first law that made it a crime to teach evolution. ACLU defends John Scopes - still found guilty and fined. * Changing Family - birthrates decline due to birth control information becoming widely avaliable. Ameriacn Birth Control League founded in 1921 by Margaret Sanger * Modern family - marriage based on romantic love, women managed household and finances, children were not laboroers but developing kids who needed nurturing. * literacy increases, newspaper and magazine circulation flourishes. * Those young people disallusioned by the war - "The Lost Generation." * Harlem Renaissance - Great migration sees hundreds of blacks moving north to big cities. Literature, protest, etc. Marcus Garvey wants blacks to build a separate society in Africa, founds UNIA. Powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and Pan-Africanism. Harlem was largest black urban community, suffered from unemployment and poverty. However in the 1920's, it was the home to a literary and artistic revival known as the Harlem Renaissance - primary a literary movement led by well-educated blacks. Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

1. Causes of the Great Depression * Struggling Industries - agriculture, railroads, textiles, steel, mining, lumber, cars, housing, consumer goods. Agriculture struggles the most - after the war, the demand for crops plummeted. Farmers increased production, which sent prices further downward. * By the late 1920's, consumers were buying less - rising prises, stagnant wages, and overbuying on credit were to blame. Gap between rich and poor widens. * Herbert Hoover - wins 1928 election against Alfred E. Smith. Hoover - Republicam. Emphasized years of prosperity under previous Republican administrations. Wins an overwhelming victory. * By 1929, many invested in the stock market - stock market becomes the most visible symbol of a prosperous American economy. Through the 20's, stock prices rose steadily, increasing US stock ownership. * By the late 1920's, problems with the economy emerged: -Speculation - too many Americans were buying stocks and bonds hoping for a quick profit -Margin - Americans were buying "on margin" - paying a small percentage of a stocks price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. * 1929 Crash - In september, the Stock Market had some unusual up and down movements, took a plunge in October. Oct 29 - Black Tuesday, the bottom fells out. People who bought stocks on margin (credit) landed with huge debts and no way to pay them off.

Stock market crash SIGNALS the BEGINNING of the Great Depression - it wasn't the only cause, it just hastened it's arrival. Economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed 1929-1940. * After the crash, many Americans panicked and withdrew their money from banks. However, banks had invested in the stock market and had lost all of their money as well. 600 banks fail in one year, by 1933 11,000 collapse. * GNP - Gross National Product - the total output of a nation's goods and services, plummets. Businesses go bankrupt, unemployment soars. * Hawley-Smoot Tariff - toughest tariff in US History. Passed by Congress to protect US Industry, but had the opposite effect. Other European countires, also suffering from Depression, enacted their own tariffs and world trade is annihlated. * Causes of the Great Depression - tariffs and war debt policies, US demand is low even though factories continue producing more, farm sector is in crisis, easy credit, unequal distribution of income. * Hardships - homelessness, hunger, "hoovervilles," soup kitchens (Al Capone sponsored almost 100% of the soup kitchens and bread lines in Chicago). Conditions for blacks and Latinos were worse. Unemployment was highest among minorities and their payment was the lowest. Increased violence. Many Mexicans were "encouraged" to return to their homelands by the government. * Rural Life - Farmers had one advantage - they could grow their own food. However, thousands lost their land and had to turn to tenant farming, barely scraping out a living. * Dust Bowl - severe drought across the Great Plains. Dust travels hundreds of miles due to high winds and dust storms - nothing could be planted, crops were destroyed. The hardest hit regiosn were KS, OK, TX, NM, and CO. Many farmers migrated to CA and other Pacific Coast states. * Hoboes - poor drifters, hitched rides on trains, slept under bridges, injuries and death were common on railroad property. * Depression Effects - Suicide, alcoholism rates skyrocketed, state mental hospitals triple in capacity, many people showed great kindness to strangers, many developed habits of saving and thriftiness. * Hoover Struggles - President tries to reassure Americans, recommended business as usual. He was born in poverty and was a self-made millionaire, so he thought people should be like him and be able to pull themselves back together without federal help - "rugged individualism." Not quick to react to the depression. * Hoover successfully organizes and authorizes the construction of the Hoover dam - provides electricity, flood control, and water for 7 western states. * Hoover Takes Action - Hoover steps in much too late. Gradually softens his position on government intervention in the economy. His attempts: -Federal Farm Board - helps farmers -National credit Organization - helps smaller banks -Federal Home Loan Bank act and Reconstruction Finance Corp - two measures enacted to protect people's homes and businesses. * Bonus Army - Further damaged Hoover's image. Spring 1932, 15,000 WWI vets arrived in DC to support a proposed bill - the Putman Bill would have authorized Congress to pay a bonus to WWI vets immediately. The bonus was scheduled to be paid in 1945 but the vets wanted it NOW. * Hoover calls the Bonus marchers Communists and criminals - Senate vetoed down the Putnam Bill. Hoover tells marchers to go home, 2,000 refused to leave. Hoover sends soldiers under command of General MacArthur and his aid Dwight Eisenhower. MacArthur's infantry gassed 1,000 marchers, killing a baby. two vets were shot and scores were injured, Americans were outraged, Hoover's image suffers even more - little chance to be re-elected in 1932. 2. The New Deal and FDR * 1932 Election - showed Americans were ready for a change. Republicans re-nominate Hoover even though everyone hates him. Democrats nominate FDR. FDR was a govenor of New York. Democrats also win huge victories in the House and Senate - Greatest Dem. victory in 80 years. * New Deal - promiesd by FDR, took office with a flurry of activit known as the "Hundred Days." His philosophy was to get people help and work through deficit spending. During the 100 days, congress passed more than 15 major pieces of legislation that significantly expanded the governments role in the nation's economy and welfare. * First order of business - help the banks. FDR declares a bank holiday March 5, 1933. Persuades Congress to pass the Emergency Relief Act, which authorized the Treasury Dept. to inspect the nation's banks. Then establishes the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insuring account holders up to 5,000 in banks and set strict standards for banks to

follow. More 100 Days Activity -Federal Securities Act - required stock info to be accurate and truthful -Agricultural Adjustment Act - raised crop prices by lowering production -Tennessee Valley Authority - focused on direct relief to a hard hit area - DAMS * Alphabet Agencies -Civilian Conservation Corps - put young men 18-25 to work building roads, parks, planting trees, etc. Three million men worked for CCC by 1942 -Public Works Administration - Part of National Industrial Recovery Act, provided money to states to construct schools and community buildings. -Civil Works Administration - built schools and provided salaries for teachers in rural America. Also built 500,000 miles of roads. -Federal Housing Administration - provided ome loans, home mortgages, and repairs -Federal Emergency Relief Agency - provided 500 million in direct relief to the neediest Americans -Works Progress Administration - helped urban workers, set out to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible. Builds airports, roads, and public buildings. Also hired creative workers such as artists and writers to help create art. * Supreme Court - FDR was able to appoint 7 new judges to the court, thus assuring his programs would carry on unabated. * Social Security Act - the most important achievement of the New deal Era. Three parts: Old-Age Pension, Unemployment compensation, aid to families with dependent children and disabled welfare. * Blacks - Growth of activism for black Americans. A. Phillip Randolph becmoes the head of the nation's first all-black union - the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. FDR appoints over 100 blacks to government positions. Mary McLeod Bethune headed the division of negro Affairs. Despite some gains, FDR was never fully committed to civil rights, and most New Deal programs did not include African Americans or minorities. * 1936 Election - FDR wins again, large appeal in the US especially in urban areas. Largely supported by minorities and immigrants. * New Deal Impact - conservatives feel FDR made the government too large and powerful, liberals say that FDR socialized the economy becaues Americans needed help. Legacies: -FDIC - banking insurance critical to a sound economy. -Deficit spending - has become a normal feature of government -Social Security - key legacy - feds have assumed a greater responsibility for the social welfare of citizens

WORLD WAR II
1. Part 1 - Before the War * Treaty of Versailles - basically a failure. Germany instead grows more and more resentful of the treaty that was too harsh. * With memories still fresh from WWI, most Americans believed the US should not get involved in the aggression in Europe. Some believed banks and manufacturers were pushing for war soley for their own profit * FDR - policies in early to mid 1930's reflected a desire to remain out of the growing conflit in Europe. Congress pushes neutrality as well and passes a series of Neutrality acts. The first two acts outlawed arms slaes or loans to nations at war. The third act outlawed arm sales or loans to nations fighting civil wars. * Neutrality Tested - After Japan renews attacks on China in '37, FDR sends arms and supplies to China. He gets around the Neutrality acts because Japan had not officially declared war on China. Promises in his speech in Chicago to take a stand against agression. * Munich Conference - Hitler later invites French Leader Daladier and British Leader Chamberlain to meet with him in Munich with Italy. Promised that the annexation of the Sudetenland would be his last territorial demand. They believed him and signed the agreement, which turned the Sudetenland over to Germany without bloodshed. Chamberlain thinks he's solved peace for GB and Germany. * Winston Churchill is mad, says Europe had adopted a dangerous policy of appeasement - giving up principles to pacify an agressor. Germany then goes into Czechoslovakia, breaking the Munich Agreement. Then before going on to attack Poland, Hitler and Stalin shock everyone by signing a Non-Agression Pact. * Sept 1939, German Air Force (Luftwaffle) roared over Poland - Britain and France declare war on Germany. Allies are too late to save Poland, focus on getting troops to the front in time to stop Germany's blitzkrieg. Stalin attacks eastern

side of Poland, as he and Hitler had secretly agreed to divide the country. Stalin then annexes Baltic States while Hitler attacks neutral Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg. * Maginot Line - series of trenches along eastern fron of France, innefective towards stopping Hitler's troops - Nazi's enter Ardennes woods in NE France. France surrenders June 1940 - British and several thousand French soldiers escape to England. * Battle of Britain - Germany launches air attack on England to try and bomb the country into submission. Every night for two months. Royal Air Force fought back wtih the help of the new device, radar. British win control in the air, Hitler calls off attack on England. * The Saint Louis - Americans feared Jewish immigrants would take jobs at a time when unemployment was already high. St. Louis was an ocean liner that passed Miami in 1939 - US coast guard followed the ship to prevent anyone from entering America. Ship returned to Europe, more than half were later killed in the Holocaust. * America Moves Toward War - September 1939 when Poland was invaded, FDR persuaded Congress to pass a "cash and carry" provision that allowed nations to buy US arms and then transport them in their own ships. Later, hoping to avoid a two-front ocean war, FDR scrambles to support Britain - provides rifles, machine guns, and ships. Meanwhile, he wins the 1940 election. * Lend-Lease Plan - to support Britain, FDR establishes this which allows the US to lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America - US becomign the "Great Arsenal of Democracy," supplying weapons to fighting democracies. * Hitler breaks agreement with Stalin in 1941, FDR begins sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR. FDR allows US warships to attack German U-Boats in self-defense when German subs begin torpedoing weapon shipments heading towards Britain or the USSR * Japan - Launches attack on Amerian naval base. Bombs largest American Naval base - Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941. US declares war on Japan, three days later on Germany and Italy. 2. US Enters WWII * Defense Mobilization - Japanese thinks US will avoid further conflict with them after Pearl Harbor. America is trembling with rage - "Remember Pearl Harbor," was rallying cry as US entered WWII. Five million Americans rush to enlist, Selective Service expanded the draft and provided for an additional 10 million soldiers. * Women's Auxiliary Army Corps - Army Chief of Staff Gen. Marshall pushes for its formation, where women worked in non-combat roles such as nurses, drivers, pilots, and radio operators. * Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort. Many fought, and millions labored in the war industries along with women. * Auto industries converted into war industries, begin to produce planes, tanks, boats, and command cars. Many other industries also convert to war-related supplies * Scientists - FDR creates office of Scientific Research and Development to bring scientists into the war effort - focus was on radar and sonar to locate subs. Also worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT. Most important achievement was development of the atomic bomb. Einstein told FDR that the Germans were attempting to develop one. Efforts described by US to build the bomb was the "Manhattan Project." * Economy - with prices of goods threatening to rise out of control, FDR creates Office of Price Administration, which froze prices on most goods and encouraged the purchase of war bonds to fight inflation. * War Production Board - made to ensure troops had ample resources. Decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best allocate raw materials to those industries. Industries that did not convert would be fined or put under federal control. Also organized drives to collect scrap metal, paper, cooking fat, rags, etc, as well as setting up a system of rationing with set allocations of scarce goods in US households. * The War in Europe and North Africa - After Pearl Harbor, Winson Churchill arrives at the white house and spends three weeks working out war plans with FDR. Decide to focus on defeating Hitler first, then turning to Japan. * Battle of the Atlantic - Hitler was determined to prevent food and war supplies from reaching Britain and USSR from US's east coast - ordered sub raids on US ships in the Atlantic. Germany sinks 87 ships in the first 4 months of 1942. Later on, Allies use convoys of ships and airplanes to transport supplies. Destroyers used sonar to track U-Boats. Airplanes were used to track U-Boats Ocean surfaces. Allies gain upper hand in the Battle of the Atlantic * Eastern Front and Mediterranean - Hitler wants to wipe out Stalingrad, Germans take offensive in S. USSR in 1942. By winter 1943, Allies seeing victories on land and sea. First great turning point was the Battle of Stalingrad. * Battle of Stalingrad - Germans pressed in on the city, then the winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer

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uniforms. Surrendered January 1943. Soviets lost more than 1 million men in battle. North African Front - Operation Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa, was launched by Gen. Eisenhower in 1942. Allies land in Casablanca, Oran, and the Algiers in Algeria. Sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German Gen. Rommell. Italians and German Nazis retreat. Casablanca Meeting - FDR and Churchill meet and decide next moves: 1. Plan amphibious invasions of France and Italy. 3. Only unconditional surrender would be accepted. Italian Campaign - Allies easily took Sicily. King Emmanuel III strips Mussolini of his power and has him arrested. However, Hitlers forces continued to resist Allies in Italy. Heated battles continue and in 1945, Italy is finally secured by the Allies. Italy then offers unconditional surrender, as well as asking to switch sides in the war. Tuskegee Airmen - Black pilots who fought in Italy. Made numerous strikes in Germany. Were not allowed to train with whites, so trained in Tuskegee, AL. Operation Overlord - Amphibious invasion of France. Even as the allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic invasion of France. Commander was Gen. Eisenhower. Also called D-Day, involved 3 million US and British Troops. Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they were going to attack some 200 miles North of Normandy, where the passage from Britain to France was the shortest. Hitler figured Normandy was just a decoy for the "real" invasion further North. D-Day becomes the largest land-sea-air operation in military history. Despite air support, German retaliation was brutal, particularly at Omaha Beach. Within a month, the Allies had control of the coast. By September 1944, 3 months after D-Day, the allies had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. This good news helped elected FDR to a fourth term. Battle of the Bulge - Oct 1944, Americans captured their first German town, Aachen, and began closing in. Hitler responds with one last massive offensive - hoped breaking through the Allied line would break up the Allied supply lines. Battle rages on for a month, little seemed to change except that Germany had sustained incredible losses - frmo that point on, the Nazi's could do little but retreat - the western door to Germany was finally open. Death Camps - As Soviets move eastward into German-controlled Poland, they discovered many German-controlled death camps in the country. Americans also liberated Nazi camps within Germany. No one really understood the horror of the concentration camps until the soldiers saw it first hand. Berlin - Allies want to race to Berlin, Eisenhower and FDR agree it is better to allow the Soviets to get there first. Soviets storm Berlin in late August, 1945. Hitler prepares for the end. Marries his girlfriend, wrote a letter blaming the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing it, and then kills himself and his wife. VE Day - Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich. Victory Day in Europe May 8, 1945. War in Europe is over - Japan is still going. However, FDR did not live to see VE-Day due to dying of a stroke soon before. Harry S Truman, his VP, becomes president April 12, 1945 War in the Pacific - Japan had conquered much of SE Asia including Dutch East Indies, Guam, and most of China. Battle of Coral Sea - main allied forces in Pacific were Americans and Australians. Succeeded in stopping the Japanese drive toward Australia in the 5 day battle of Coral sea. Battle of Midway - Japan's next target was Midway, a strategic island northwest of Hawaii. Admiral Chester Nimitz of the American Naval forces in the Pacific moved to defend the Island. Americans won a decisive victory. Midway was a turning point in the war, and soon the allies were island hopping toward Japan. Battle for the Phillippines - first encounter of Kamikaze pilots - devastating to Allies. Battle was a stop in the leapfrogging towards Japan. Iwo Jima - Gen. MacArthur and Allies turn to Island of Iwo Jima - critical to the allies as a base for an attack on mainland Japan. Most heavily defended spot on earth. Both sides suffer heavy causalties, Allied victory. Battle of Okinawa - US marines invade Okinawa. Japanese unlease Kamikaze attacks, cost 7,600 US lives and 110,000 Japanese lives. After Okinawa, MacArthur predicts that a Normany-type amphibious invasion of Japan would cost too many Allied deaths - Truman sees only one way to avoid a land invasion of Japan. Japan had a huge army that would defend every inch of Japanese Mainland. Truman decides to use a powerful new weapon developed by the Manhattan Project - the Atomic Bomb. Truman warns Japan that without an immediate surrender, it would face prompt and utter destruction. On Aug 6 and Aug 9, a B29 bomber dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, then Nagasaki, Japan. Surrender - Japan surrenders days after the second bombs were dropped. Unconditional surrender other than the

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emperor remain in power. Yalta conerence - In Feb, 1945, before FDR dies, the ailing President met with Churchill and Stalin in Yalta, USSR. Series of compromises worked out concerning post-war Europe. Agreements: 1. Agreed to divide Germany into 4 occupied zones after the war controlled by Allies 2. Stalin agrees to Free Elections in Eastern Europe 3. Stalin agrees to help US in war against Japan and to join the United Nations Nuremberg Trials - Allies put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, against the peace, and war crimes. 24 total. Half to prison, half killed. Japan - occupied by US forces under MacArthur. The general reshapes Japan's economy by introducing free-market practices that led to a remarkable economic recovery. Also introduced a liberal constitution that is to this day called the MacArthur Constitution Home Front Effects - war provided lift to the US economy, jobs were abundant, by end of the War, America was the world's most dominant economic and military power. Unemployment rates dropped, farmers benefited due to doubled production and tripled income. Women - most jobs were lost after the war, along with their economic gains that came along with those jobs. Population - war triggered greatest mass migration in American history - millions pour into California, more African Americans shift from south to north. GI Bill - helps returning vets ease back into civillian life. Provided for education, aid, and vocational training for millions of vets. Japanese Americans - When war began, many Japanese Americans lived on the West Coast. After Pearl Harbor, many people grew suspicious of possible spy activity, and FDR orders them into 10 relocation centers. In the late 1980's, regan signs into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every japanese American sent to a relocation camp.

THE COLD WAR AND MODERN AMERICA

1. American Dream in the 1950's * The 4 C's of the 1950's - Communism, Consumerism, Conformity, Civil Rights 2. JFK and LBJ * Kennedy and the Cold War - JFK, Democratic nominee in 1960, ran against Nixon. Well organized campaign, promised to get America moving again. JFK wins closest election since 1884. He and Nixon agreed over many domestic and foreign issues, but the two factors that put Kennedy over the top were the following: 1. TV - Nixon agrees to debate the relatively unknown JFK on public TV. Kennedy looked and spoke much better than Nixon, Nixon looked like a sinister chipmunk. JFK's popularity soars. 2. Civil Rights - police arrested Martin Luther King Jr. for conducting a sit-in at a lunch counter in Georgia. JFK and his brother Bobby Kennedy work for King's release - incident captures the attention of the African American community, whose votes would carry JFK in key states. * Young and intelligent staff, Kennedy relies most on his brother Bobby, who he appoints Attorney General. * Cold War Cuba and USSR- From the beginning of his term, JFK focuses on the Cold War and Soviet Relations. Tripled our nuclear capability, increased troops, ships, artilery, and created the Green Berets. * Bay of Pigs - Eisenhower had previously given the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. Kennedy learns of the plan only 9 days into his presidecy and approves of the mission. Turns out to be a disaster - huge embarrassment for JFK * Cuban Missile Crisis - Nikita Khruschev in USSR promsied to defend Cuba with Soviet Weapons - flow of USSR weapons into Cuba, especially nuclear, increased greatly. * Kennedy made it clear US would not tolerate nukes in Cuba. JFK finds out about the nukes ready to launch, he says the US will respond to any attack from Cuba with an all-out nuclear retaliation against the Soviets. When Soviet shipes head towards US with weapons, JFK orders blockade. Soviet ships stop short of the blockade, then turn back. Khruschev agrees to remove nukes from Cuba in exchange for a US promise not to invade cuba. * Berlin Crisis - Berlin was a city in Great turmoil in 1961. Eastern Germans fled into West Berlin fleeing Communist rule - Khruschev not happy. Soviets then construct the Berlin Wall 1961. * Easing Tensions - Kennedy and Khruschev establish a hotline between the White House and the Kremlin, signed a Limited Test Ban Treaty, US to sell surplus wheat to the USSR * The New Frontier - JFK's domestic program. Vision includes economy, education, medical care for elderly and poor, and space exploration. First program launched is the Peace Corps to help developing nations.

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Later calls for national assault on the causes of poverty, and orders brother Bobby to investigate racial injustice in the South. Presents Congress with a sweeping civil rights bill and sweeping tax cut bill to spur the economy. Neither goes through due to a highly Republican Congress. Kennedy then shot November 1963. Lyndon B. Johnson - JFK's VP, next president. Admired FDR, leader in the senate when he was a congressman. Finally pushes JFK's Civil Rights Act through Congress, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origion, and granted the federal government new powers to enforce the law. Also passes Voting Rights Act of 1964. While the Civil Rights act insured voting rights for all Americans, this act prohibited literacy tests or other discrimatory practices for voting. Insured consistent election practices. War on Poverty - launched by LBJ after his tax cut and Civil Right Act successes. Pushed through Congress a series of measures known as the Economic Opportunity Act, providing 1 billion dollars in aid to the inner city. Great Society - LBJ's domestic plan for war on poverty, racism, etc. No president in post-WWII era had extended the power and reach of the federal government more than LBJ. The War on Poverty helped and the Civil Right initiative made a difference and the massive tax cuts helped spurr the economy. However, many of the Society's programs were undermanaged and underfunded and failed, due to the growing focus of funding and attention on the Vietnam War.