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of the Latin verb :illustrated Analysis ilysi
I3
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ANALYSIS
OF
f^CRAKLES HJ^EKHUEST.
BOSTON:
GINN BROTHERS AND COMPANY.
1874.
Jflntered,
CHARLES
In the Clerk's
H.
PARKHITRBT,
cambkidoe:
fbess of john wilaon and son.
PEEFACE.
The
immediate aim of this treatise is to familiarize the student with the earlier and later forms of the Latin verb, and the method by which the latter have been corrupted from
the former.
It is not in the
to
it
expound
ficial
itself.
Latin scholarship
may
but
The
super-
amo,
root,
am
connecting vowel, e
An
ac-
in that connec-
a union of a with
of conjugation, and
the
latter, like
the iota
of the
We
have preferred,
explain
the Latin
system of conjugation by
is
it
most
fully retains
European
inal,
offiirs
to us the
proximate orig-
The
to the study of
Comparative Grammar,
science which
is
own
suffi-
IV
PREFACE.
As a
consequence, however, of
the
the
sisterly
relation
existing between
familiar with
both cannot,
we
our discussion of
many problems in Greek formation. this Manual we have taken as our guide the writings of Professors Bopp and Schleicher. As respects the content of the " Analysis " we lay no claim to
the Latin the solution of
In the preparation of
originality, its
results of
ligible
German
the
primary object being to give the best approved research, in a form convenient and intelEnglish reader.
to
Many
of the conclusions
evidence.
upon probable than upon demonstrative Care has been taken in each instance to put these
conclusions in no
more
positive
we
follow.
We
sor Greenough, of
Harvard College,
we submit
it
to the public
its
it
may
the
influence in quickening
its
may
serve to reproduce in the case of some earnest student, something of the pleasure experienced
of
its
by the author
in the course
^
preparation.
WlLLISTON SeMINAKT,
Feb. 24, 1870.
oldest form of a word is called its Root. Roots are of two kinds, Pronominal and Verbal. From pronominal roots are developed pronouns and particles from verbal roots, verbs and nouns (substantive and adjective) 3. Inflection is the union of pronominal with verbal roots. When so combined as to denote relations of gender, number, and case, the process is termed Declension. When so combined as to denote relations of voice, mood, tense, number, and person, the
1.
2.
;
The
process
4.
is
called Conjugation.
is
Etymological analysis
resolving a verb or
sists in
noun
nominal elements.
5 The
tion,
mark
distinctions in conjuga-
mood,
tense,
As
6-49
be devoted to a consideration of some of the more general euphonic and emphatic changes employed in verbal formation.
(a.)
6.
Vowels.
be best determined by
e,
The
giving to them the sounds with which they are pronounced in the
continental languages of
in thei/,
met ;
i,
as in macliine,
as
rule,
fuU.
7.
i,
By
and u
is
comparing these sounds, it will appear that only that of a, simple, i.e., produced by the voc^ organs in a single
10
compound,
i.e.,
in their
production the position of the organs is changed. 8. The first element of o is a; the second, u: hence
we
place
a the second, hence we element of e + u = The place a + i^e. An instance wherein e stands in place of an will be found, for example, in the present subjunctive earlier a +
o.
fitrst
is
i,
of conjugation
first
amem
for
an earlier
amaim amemus
;
for
an
earlier
9.
amaimus.
its i
u and
corresponding semi-vowel
its
able, as also
and
semi-vowel
jugation second
we
shall find
changed successively to ai
and
e.
10.
As
in the Sanskrit,
uv
sometimes
whence Qnsd.
is
The weight of a vowel is the fulness of tone with which it The order of vowels from heaviest to lightest, ranked according to their weight, is as follows a, u, o, e, i. The
11.
enunciated.
12.
As regards
is
particularly noticeable
Thus
fallo, perfect
for fa-falli;
also illustrate
another tendency in the formation of reduplicates, that of attenuating the perfect more in
its
radical than in
reduplicate syllable.
;
Thus
13.
in place
so ce-cidi
radical
syllable. Hence tundo, tu-tudii posoo, po-posci. 14. In like manner verbs in composition often lighten the vowel of the root; e.g., concino for con-cano, assideo for as-sedeo. 15. The tendency of a nasal is to convert the preceding vowel into u; e.g., capiunt for an earher capiant.
in its radical
and reduplicate
16. The influence of r, or of any two consonants, is often to change the preceding i into e; e.g., amaverunt of the perfect
indicative for
amaviruut, acceptum
for
acciptum.
H
;
17. A final or t tends to shorten the preceding vowel e.g., Bi-m becomes sim; audia-m, audiam; ama-t, amat; rega-tl
regat.
18. e at the end of a word is usually preferred to i; e.g., in the imperative of conjugation third, lege for the regular legi.
'
(6.)
Consonants.
;
19. The consonants of the Latin are nineteen seventeen simple, and two, X (=os) and z (=ds), compound. Consonants produced with a resonance of the vocal cords are termed sonant; those produced without such resonance, surd. 20. As still fai-ther classified according to the method of their generation, the scheme of the Latin consonants is as follows
:
Palatals.
Labials.
p,
f.
Lihguals.
t, s.
Surds.
c, k, q, h.
( &j-
b, V.
a.
n.
/
Sonants.
<
Nasals, jm,
>
Liquids.
21.
As a
become
so
com-
bined as to be
of pronunciation.
The
principles accord-
Euphony.
ing to which such combinations are simplified are called Laws of The more general of these which require to be applied
ai-e
the following
surd:
e.g.,
+ si;
reg (rego)-f-si
c,
to form X, according to
coc -j- si
= cosi
19
veh -j- si
= vec + ^ vexi.
si
e.g.,
auc -|- si
= auxi
combines with a
;
coq + si
24. Exception. Roots ending in a palatal immediately preceded by 1 or r drop the palatal before the affix si: e.g., algeo, alsi; mergo, mersi. 25. Before si the labial sonant b is represented by its cognate (vid. 41, 6) surd p: e.g., nubo, nupsi; sciibo, scripsi.
c,
combines with
si
e.g.,
vivo, viv-|-si
-f-
vio
+ si = vixi
Roots in
fluo, fluv
27.
fluxi.
optionally insert
sums!
12
the affix
28. Lingual roots in d, t, and r, cannot directly coalesce with Such succession of consonants may be prevented a. the characteristic: e.g., ardsi from ardeo dropping by (a)
becomes arsi; sentsi from sentio, sensi; haersi from hsereo, hcesi; (6) by dropping the s: e.g., prandsi from prando becomes prandi; vertsi from verto, verti; (c) by assimilating (vid. 41, c) the characteristic to the affix: e.g., cedo, cedsi,
cessi;
29. Before the affix
quatio, quatsi, quassi; gero, gersi, gessi. the surd palatals t, the sonant palatal g, and
jungtum, junctum; h, are changed to c: e.g., jungo, ooquo, coqtum, cpctum; veho, vehtum, veotum. 30. Exception. Roots ending in a palatal immediately preceded by 1 or r commonly affix t (frequently converted into a, its asso-
q and
ciate
elision
fultum
is
sartum; mulceo
surd p:
e.g.,
mulsum; sonant b
glubtum,
represented by
its
cognate
glubo,
gluptum;
nubo, nubtum,
the combination vt may be relieved (a) by the conversion of v into u: e.g., oautum for cavtum, from caveo volutum for volvtum, from volvo (6) by the elision of V e.g. motum for movtum, from moveo (f ) by the conversion of V into c (conf. 26) e.g., victum for vivtum, from vivo; fructum for fruvtum, from fruor.
; ; :
33.
Koots in
gives
optionally insert
p before
demo
34.
either
dem-p-tum
or
emtum.
Lingual roots in
d and
the
and
arsum for ardsum, from ardeo cessum for cedsnm, from cedo versum for vertsum, from verto messum for metsum, from meto.
drop or assimilate
;
commonly
either (a)
the characteristic.
affix to s and retain Examples of these three methods of formation are, pario, partum gero, gestum curro, ouraum. 36. Final a preceded by a vowel, and medial s between two vowels, is usually changed to r: e.g., amor from amo+s, present eram for esam regerem for regesem. indicative passive
and
change the
13
A few verbs
n
strengthen some or
to the characteristic
all
:
fixing or alfixing
e.g.,
&om
root
jug; fi-n-do, from root fid; ster-n-o from root ster or stra.
38.
A few verbs,
When
formed from verbs, the connective is the same as the conThose derived from adjectives insert e: e.g., inveter-a-sc-o from iaveterare flor-e-sc-o from florere; ingem-i-sc-o from ingemSre; obdonu-i-sc-o from obdormire; moll-e-sc-o from mollis. 39. In rare instances the use of sc is not limited to the present system, and in a few cases no connective is employed: e.g., po-sc-o, po-po-so-i; di-sc-o. In both of these instances the vowel is radical. Vid. Anomalous Formations." 40. Assimilation. This term, as commonly employed, emjugational affix of the primitive.
; ' '
all
in their
from another and much larger class, to which no special denomination is applied. We should prefer, therefore, to define assimilation as the accommodation of one letter to the character of a concurrent letter, without at aU limiting it to the case in which
the assimilated letter becomes a simple redupUcate the same influence which converts s into
1
;
for precisely
(for vel-
in
vellem
sem)
(for
is
into o in
rectum
reg-tum).
41.
As employed
:
in this
three cases
letter,
a sonant becomes surd, or a surd sonant consonant makes its concurrent letter cognate
labial, lingual,
which one
which the
of the same
or nasal)
(c) in
becomes a simple reduplicate. Illustrations of ges-tum for ger-tum, these three cases, are, respectively,
assimilated letter
ru-m-po Note.
Exceptional
stated, will
verbs, not conformable to the rules above be considered under " Anomalous Formations."
Reduplication.
42. Reduplication consists in prefixing to a root
initial
its
vowel and
and occurs
14
43. (A.) In the formation of a few perfects e.g., tundo (root, tud) becomes, in the perfect, tu-tudi mordeo becomes momordi; the root man, to think, makes, in the perfect, memiui,
;
to
remember.
44.
Remark
1.
Two
roots,
first
spo-pondi
spo-spondL
If the root begins with a vowel, the initial only
45.
is
Remark
a-igi,
whose later form is the result of syncope and contraction; e.g., capio (root, cap) made its perfect originally ca-capi, which became successively ca-cipi, ca-ipi, cepi. 47. A few cases occur in which perfects originally reduplicated have lost the initial syllable e.g., tiili (from tollo) for the earlier
;
commonly omitted:
e.g.,
per-ourri, or per-cu-curri.
are
49. (5.) Rarely in the formation of the present. Examples gi-guo (for gi-geno), root gen si-sto, root sta.
:
;
CONJUGATIONAL AFFIXES.
50.
The
is
from the progenitor of the Indo-European family of languages, and will be best explained by reference to the Sanskrit, the oldest and fairest representative of Indian grammarians classify Sanskrit verbs into ten that family.
conjugations, according to the changes which the roots experience
in inflection.
cal
Of
these, the
it
first,
its
radi-
and to the root thus strengthened affixes a, before addmg the personal terminations. Thus, budh, to know, by the insertion of a becomes baudh (by 8) bodh, and, by affixing a, bodha. By uniting with this base the terminawith
a,
vowel by combining
tion
ti,
hati
= Ae
bodits
knows.
radical vowel,
and
15
to love,
personal endings.
Thus, kam,
kam,
katn-aja, kam-aja-ti
becomes
/ic
loves.
This San-
and
a, e,
fourth,
i,
51.
to
Remark.
This aja
is
i,
go.
love.
rendered
lie
goes
to
Latin as ire
Compare with this the use of such expressions in the ad gaudium, ire ad cogitationeni also, the em;
ployment of this same verb ire in conjunction with the supine, to form the future infinitive passive e.g., amatum iri
;
Conjugation First.
52. In this conjugation, the semi-vowel
j
of
tlie
affix
aja
is
and the two a's combine to form a long. The Latin amo has lost an initial palatal, k, and is radically identical with the Sanskrit kam, mentioned above. To verify our explanation of the a characterizing the first Latin conjugation, we place side by side the inflection of kam and amo, in a part of the pressyncopated
;
kam-aja-si
(k)am-a-s(i)
(k)am-a-t(i)
kam-aja-U kam-aja-mas
kcim-aja-nti
(k)am-a-mus
(k)am-a-nt(i)
in which, as respects
The only
conjugational
amo,
the
Conjugation Second.
53. Li this conjugation, the second a of the
the semi-vowel
j
affix
aja
is
1,
elided,
and the resulting form ai passes into e (by 8). That the e of the second conjugation, like the a of the first, is derived from the old affix aja, appears on comparing the inflection of the Sanskrit man with the Latin verb moneo, of the same root.
its
changed to
16
Sattskkit.
Latin.
2d Sing, 3d Sing,
1st Plttr.
man-aja-si
man-aja-ti
man-cija-inas
mon-e-3(i) mon-e-t(i)
moa-e-mus
mon-e-nt(i)
3d
Pluk.
man-aja-uti
form of the perfect and supine would be mon-e-vi, For the method by which these have been abbreviated to mon-ui, mon-i-tum, and for the explanation of the
full
The
mon-e-tum.
first
Conjugation Fourth.
54. Considering next the fourth conjugation (as
its
afBx
i
,
has
and the e of the second) we find that in this the first a of aja becomes i, the semi- vowel is changed to its corresponding vowel i, and the two i's combine to form i long. The second a is generally dropped the parts of the verb in which it is retained and changed will be considered at 126. That the i of the Latin is sprung from the Sanskrit aja appears, on comparing the inflection of the Sanskrit svap (conjugated as a
the same origin as the a of the
first,
:
ANALYSIS OF THE VEKB.
as, in the
17
affixed, or is
forms veh-i-s, veh-i-t, &c. The parts in which a is not changed into another vowel than i, will be considered
relation of the Sanskrit
at 127.
For the
to the Latin
,
i,
compare
(root,
the inflection of
vah
(first
veho
veh)
Sahskrit.
Latiw.
2d Sing, Sd Sing,
1st Plur.
vah-a-si
vah-a-ti
veh-i-s(i)
veh-i-t (i)
vah-a-mas
vah-a-nti
veh-i-mus
veh-u-nt(i)
3d Plur.
The
is
in
which a has
The
be referred the affix of the so-called " Verbs in io, of Conjugation Third." The j of this ja is changed to i, the a is often dropped. The parts of the verb in which it is retained and changed
this j a is to
will
be considered at 128.
We
earlier
and
later inflection of
capio
2d Sing. 3d Sing.
1st Pldr.
3d Plub.
Irregular Verbs.
58. Beside those verbs that are classified into conjugations, known as irregular. Irregular verbs
are such as add the personal affixes to the root without an intermediate vowel, and correspond to the Sanskrit second conjugation.
They
:
Irregular verbs, whose root ends in a vowel. These flo, flare (root, for, fari (root, fa) do, dare (root, da) are in-quam sto, stare (root, sta) fla); no, nare (root, na) qua) eo, ire (root, i). Of these, all except eo and in-
59. (^.)
(root,
quam
are,
from
18
is
root
19
affix
and Subjunctive.
s
The
is
changed
to r in
lar
;
all
e.g.,
amo
-j-
= amo
final
-\- r
-|-
:= amor.
first
s of the
e.g.,
;
amabam
-|-
=
s
-\-
-\-x
men-
This vowel, in
regeret
r (by
-|-
u -j- s
;
= regeret =
-(-
= regeretur.
64) capiebas
-|- i -|-
= ^
= (by
final
:
immediately preceding s
(by e (conf. 65 and 16) e.g., mouebis -|- s 64) mouebis -|- i -|- s r= (by 65) moneblr -|- i -f- s := moneber -|- i -|- s moneberis.
in the passive as
The second form of the second singular araare, simply an abbreviation of the regular
is
aniaris,
amabaris.
remark to be made upon full form of the reflexive se to the active voice, with the regular change of ama -\- re cape -|- se cape -\- re. s to r e.g., ama -j- se In other respects, this mood is formed according to the rules given
68. iMPEltATlVB.
is,
The only
special
the imperative
that
its
above for the indicative. 69. Infinitive. To form the infinitive, s (changed to r) is e inserted, and the final added as above, a coimecting vowel
e of the active form changed to i. Thus, we have successively, amare, amare-r, amare-er, amari-er. This form amarier, of
frequent occurrence in earlier Latin authors,
is
final syllable.
and
for
may be
is
conjec-
Remark.
its initial
We have
formed
aflixing to
consonant.
Exception to
how-
be taken
The
20
present indicative
amamini,
for instance
cannot be explained
Compare monebitis with monebimiui regeretis with regeremini. In each instance, there is added to the base of the tense the ending mini and this mini, identical in root with the Greek menos, is to be regarded as no other than the nominative plural mascuhne of a passive participial affix in minus-a-um. Thus, amaminus, amamina, amaminum plural, amamini, amaminae, amamina. Conalso
;
; ;
sidered as a participle, this form suits the requirements of the place in respect to number and case, and as usually employed in respect to gender
;
much more
fre-
quent than captae estis, while capta estis would be almost impossible.
Amamini
estis
as
;
is,
amamini
same ground
and the omission of estis must be put upon the the not infrequent suppression of est and sunt
:
thus,
amatus
for
amatus
est,
amati
it is
for
amati sunt.
As confirmatory
of interest to notice, in
use of
this
same
number;
is
e.g.,
alumnus (from
a fos-
cherished, hence
so probably
geminus
for gen-
minus.
We now proceed to review the several tenses of the different moods, considering the affixes, modal or temporal, by which they
are respectively characterized.
Indicativb.
71.
Present.
affix to
mark
either its
mood
affix
72.
Imperfect.
affix identical
he.
in its origin
We
bhav-a-m
bhav-a-3
bhav-a-t
) Dropping from these ( bav-a-m C forms tho aspirate h, 3 foav-a-S there remains J I and
respectively,
(.
tav-a-t
21
farther abbreviated
a's,
by the syncopation of
becomes
5,
by which
and
ma-olo, nialo.
becomes ba-as,
mavolo becomes successively Thus bav-a-m becomes ba-eun, bam; bav-a-s bas, &c. Of bam, bas, bat, the letters m, s, t,
:
e.g.
JOOT.
22
remains the
common form bi
(first
singular,
;
bo
which
is
e.g.
lOOT.
23
ahie)
is
purely an
In the word pos-sum for pot-sum, pot (for potis, adjective element; heuce, in the perfect
is
present of
possum
potis
same verb,
is
As then
verbal
we
shall
with
fui,
and
in recognizing this
(i is
simply connective) as
the old
ba-bhuv
To
(or
v)
e.g.
"
24
78. Aside from the three classes specified above, there remains
a large number from which all trace of an original prefix or affix has disappeared, save, perhaps, in the changed quantity of the
legi from root ISg, radical vowel, e.g., vidi from root vid where the lengthening of the vowel may be regarded as compen;
acteristic.
Ill its
loss
we
ba-bhuv
This tense is formed by adding to the base of the perfect, the imperfect of the verb sum. Thus rex (for reg+s)-erat, amav-eram, ce-cin-eratis. In the first of these examples, the root rog expresses abstractly the idea of "ruling." The form reg s expresses concretely the idea of " having ruled
+ s + era
-)- 1,
with
its
single personal limitation, reduces the generic conception " ruling " to the specific thought " he was having ruled," i.e., " he had
ruled."
80. Future Perfect. The future perfect adds to the base of the perfect the future of sum; e.g., cimav-ero, rez-ero,
ce-cin-ero.
81. There occurs also an old future perfect in so, formed by
adding to the base of the perfect eso (later ero; vid. "Tablel."), with the aphaeresis of e: e.g., amas-so, by assimilation for
amav-so
Subjunctive.
The Latin Subjunctive, though known as a mood, in reality comprises two, which are distinct in origin, and may be designated the Conjunctive and Optative.
82. Present.
single
83.
To
modal
affix is a.
25
first plural,
The
full
will therefore
Root.
Gohj. Ap.
Mod.
Ai'.
Pbks.
Ai'.
mou
aja
mus
or (changing aj to e by 53),
mou
long)
ea
mus
mou
The
in like
full
mus = moneamu3.
first plural,
manner be
would
ROOT.
CoKJ. Ap.
Mod. Ap.
26
foiirth.
The modal
affix is
ja.
The
full
form of amo,
in the
:
Mod. A.
Pbks. Af.
am
aja
ja
ut
ja),
am
or (changing
j
a
to
i
ut
by
9,
am
By
a like process
is
nt
^ ament.
indicative,
thud
plural.
Root.
Comj. Ap.
Mob. Af.
Pers. Af.
reg
ja
nt
into
i,
and
a with
i),
reg
nt
= regent
would
The
in like
Root.
full
manner be
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
Pers. Af.
aud
aja
i,
ja
ut
and the conversion of the
by
54,
modal
to
i),
aud
ia
ia
nt.
to
aud
The
first
nt=audient
is,
however, to be ex-
plained as
regam
for
for
audiem.
27
86. As optatives are to be reckoned also forms like du-i-m, credu-i-m, perdu-i-m (conf. 84) also ed-i-m, to eat (conf. 60). 87. Imperfect. The verb is conjugated in this tense by the
;
be,
sem,
&c. (vid. "Table I."), which after the conjugational or a connecting vowel become (by 36) rem, res, ret. Exset,
:
amples are
Root.
28
Amavessem might have proceeded e, but not the converse. from amavissem, but not amavissem from amavessem.
Imperative.
91.
The
aflSx,
but
of conjugation.
92.
The Latin
infinitives
are
simply oblique
cases
is
(dative,
As a
dative
to
be considits
conjugational
Boot.
affix,
Mod. Ap.
am
This ending
is
still
a
farther to
to he,
se
= amare.
s,
be resolved into
e,
the radical
and
the case
affix
of the dative.
The use of
this
causa -(- e aquae aqua -|- e. The i of forms like Romano-i, populo-i, &c. (later Romano, populo)
datives as causae
;
is
vowel
(conf.
i,
90)
e.g.
Root.
29
respectively
non audeo
coniiterl,
may be
for a
97.
confession.
Remark
2.
That
ployed to denote a variety of relations foreign to the dative, is but another illustration of the principle, that the exact use of
forms can exist only with the consciousness of their exact import. So long as e was remembered as a case affix, and to recognized
as a preposition,
amare, and
;
to lave
elements with the body of the word resulted also in the loss of
those definite relations of which they had been the symbol.
98. As an accusative
is
to
be considered the
in
infinitive
com-
monly known
conjugational
X,
as the
affix,
" supine
m."
Examples of these three modes of attachment are, am-a-tum, mou-i-tum, dic-tum. For the correspondence of the Sanskrit infinitive with this Latin form compare Sanskrit stha-tuiu, to stand, with sta-tum pa-tum, to drink, with po-tum; jan-i-tum, to beget, with gen-i-tum; da-tum, to give, with da-tum. This affix may be resolved thus, tH-m. Tii is an element quite commonly employed in the Latin to form nouns of action and condition. Conf. sta-tu-s, tac-tu-s, son-i-tu-s, or-tu-s. is the case sign of the accusative, common to aU the
declensions.
This
infinitive is
denote that in which the motion ends, and hence as the oblique
of Limit. be recognized an ablative infinitive. This is formed from the same base as the infinitive This in m, and is characterized by the aflSx tu (for tii-(d).
case of a substantive
falls
u" may
ending
may be
tii
The
:
first
element
final is
is
identical
with the
the
a reduplicate
combines with
tii-s
tii-d.
it
to
form
is
long.
Compare
This infinitive
employed to
define the
application of
is
adjectives,
and hence,
1.
a substantive,
to
100. Remark
mood combines
the
dative infinitive iri (impersonal passive from eo) with the accusa-
::
30
tive infinitive in
the conformity with the princij)Ie stated at the close of the 98th
section.
101.
Remark
2.
Though properly
is
sake of convenience the formative case elements, e, m, and u, will in the "Tables" be separated from the base, and entered under
" Case
Affix."
PjUKTICIPLB.
distinct affixes.
102. The Latin participles are formed in the use of but three First, nt, which is added to the affix of conjuga-
To
there
is
e.g.
Boot.
Cohj. Af.
Mod. Af.
Case Af. s
am
nt
^ (by 28,
a)
amans.
103. With the exchange of the surd lingual t for the sonant
lingual d, nt, the
affix
is
affix
noun (gerund)
Case Af.
e.g.
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
mon
nd
i (genitive)
e.g.
Boot.
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
am
105.
ndu
Any
amans and
amandus, on the ground that one is passive, and the other active, may be removed by noting the traces of an original active force
ill
both.
to avoid,
come respectively
:
to
follow; voluto,
to roll;
and vito,
Boot.
Coh.i. Af.
sequ
one.
the
one.
A dash
is
wantixig.
31
it is
The
last
example
is pax-ticulai-ly
interesting, in that
not only-
used in an active sense, but is also employed by Livy with a dependent accusative Hauuo vitabuudus castra hostium. 106. Note. The lettei-s bu in forms like vita-bu-udus,
vid. also
tlie
root
bhu
affix is
turu, which
is
of conjugation, or to the root with or without to form the future participle active e.g.
;
Root.
32
its
most probable and best approved derivation. 111. First Person Singular. The old root of the first personal pronoun is ma. This root, with, however, the attenuation
of
its
As
con-
still
farther reduced to
m, by the surrender of
its
vowel,
it
of the first person. In but two verbs, su-m (compare the English a-m) , and inqua-m, is this retained in
and future perfect indicative, and from the future of conjugations Examples of the use and abandonment of this first and second.
affix
are respectively
KOOT.
33
also
US. Remaric
office
1.
;
The
third person in to
may
perform the
of the second
116. Remakk 2. An old form of affix in the imperative is tod. Thus in the "Twelve Tables" occurs the expression Fidios af patre leiber estod; i.e., Filius a patre liber esto. This
ending
sonant.
is
to
its
cognate
34:
The
first
a of anta
is
retained only
is
when
the ending
is
n (by
:
15).
Exam-
35
Conjugation Second.
125. In the
final
first
a of aja is retiiined, and attenuated to o. Hence, mon-aja becomes successively niou-aia, mon-ea, mon-eo. In the present subjunctive, it is likewise preserved, and combines with the modal a to form a long. A few verbs like fleo, fle-vi, fle-tum extend
tlie
use of the
affix to the
three systems
but
it
is,
in almost all
often
bab-eo, hab-ui,
Conjugation Fourth.
126.
of
The a
final
:
of the
affix
aja
is
following forms
tlie
it is
attenuated to
;
person singular
to e in
present indicative
to
same
ndn).
respectively, aud-io,
In the con-
junctive forms, the final vowel of the affix combines with the
to form
a long.
In the optative,
it
modal modal i to
foiin
e.g.
Hoot.
36
e (by 18), except in the case of the verbs dico, duco, and fero, where it is dropped. In the imperfect subjunctive and present infinitive, i becomes e under the influence of r (according to 16).
128. The parts of the verb which, in conjugation fourth,
in its modified or unmodified form, the final
retain,
vowel of the
affix aja,
retain
and
treat in like
manner the
final
i
vowel of the
is
aflix
ja in
converted to e in the
in obedience to the
same principles
its
as
where
it is
dropped.
a and ja
however,
in-
claud-o, clau(d)-si,
TABLE
The
roots,
I.
Conjugation of Esse.
es and
first
to
be are
formed
in the
use of two
Although s
is
from the
it
was
37
PLURAL.
PBOBABLB PRIUITITB.
LaTBB SSRtTATITB. -
1. 2. 3.
ea-io-m
esi
er-o
er-
ea-i
-mua
-
er-i
-mus
-a
i -
ea-
i -tda
er-i -tda
ea-
i -t
er-
i -
ea-iu-nt
er-u-nt
Perfect.
1.
fu-i-m
fu-i-
fu-i-raua
fu-i-tia
fu-i-Jit
fu-i
-mua
2. fu-i-a 8. fu-i-t
u-i-(a)ti
fu-i-t
fu-i-(B)ti3
fu-e-(r)uiit
Pluperfect.
Ai-eaam
fu-eaaa
fu-esat
fu-eram
fu-eraa
fu-erat
fu-eaatuua
fu-esatia
fu-eramua
fu-eratia
fu-eaaut
fu-erant
Future Perfect.
1.
2.
3.
38
Pluperfect,
singulae.
Fbobablb FaiuiTiTB.
Later Debivatitb.
plural.
Fbobable Fbihitivb.
Latbb Debivatitb.
1.
fu-i-sem
fu-i-(s)-sem
fu-i-([s)-se3
fu-i-semus
fu-i-setis
fu-i-(s)-semus
fu-i-(s)-setis
2. fu-i-ses 3. fu-i-set
fu-i-(s)-set
fu-i-sent
fu-i-(s)-sent
nVCPEEATrVIi.
2. es-td, or
ANALYSIS OF THE VERB.
later e-s.
.
39
We prefer to regard
of the two consonants of an impossible combination the syncopation usually falls upon the s of the root rather than of the
first.
130. Imperfect. This tense inserts a connective a throughout, and makes the usual change of s to r between two vowels. 131. Future. The future es-io-m (or es-io later es-o) es-i-s, es-i-t, &c., is formed from the root es in the use of the same affix ja, by which b-io (later b-o) b-i-s, b-i-t is produced from the radical b (vid. 73). It requires to be noticed that while the
,
verb, in
its
preserved.
Hence
132. SoBjUNCTiVE.
and
affixes as its
ia,
version
Present. This form of esse is optative, modal sign ja, which becomes by the usual conand by attenuation ie. Hence the earlier forms s-le-m,
s-ie-s, s-ie-t,
&c. In later Latin ie are contracted into long i. Thus, s-i-mus, s-i-tis. In explanation of the short i of s-i-m
and
fu,
s-i-t, vid.
17.
The
is
affix
a; hence, fu-a-m,
fu-a-s.
133. Imperfect.
optative,
modal sign
ia.
Hence,
e,
es-a-i-tis,
respectively es-e-tis, es-e-nt, forms of actual occurrence in earher authors. For the derivation of es(s)-e-m, &c., from the earlier es-e-m, conf. 90. The forms
union of ai to form
become
134. Infinitive.
Pi-esent.
The present
e.
infinitive
ai'.ds
to
of the dative,
its
which occurs in earlier Latin, developed by the reduplication of consonant into the later e3(s)-e. Pore, another form of the
tense, with however, in general, a futm-e signification, stands
same
40
for fure,
and this for fu-se; i.e., the sign of the dative infinitive added to the root fu. 135. Participle. Present. This participle appears only in composition, and then with the aphseresis of e. Hence, nominative ab-seus (for ab-s-e-nt-s), genitive ab-s-e-nt-is. The compomids abseus and prsesens have been commonly resolved
thus
:
abs-ens, prees-ens.
The
belongs,
however, in each
ea.
41
TABLE
II.
Conjugation op Amo.
Active Voice.
ANALYTIC.
42
ANALYTIC.
43
TABLE
Active Voice.
III.
Conjugation of Moneo.
Present System.
ANALYTIC.
ANALYTIC.
45
ANALYTIC.
46
ANALYTIC.
Mood and
SYNTHETIC.
47
ANALYTIC.
48
ANOMALOUS FORMATIONS.
The
following
list
comprises verbs
Accumbo = ad +
Apiscor.
wliicli, in some or all of their by the more general rules of conjugation. cubo. The nasal prefixed (by 37) to the
form of
Root ap (conf. ap-tum), which is strengthened in This the present system by the addition of sc with i coimective. same root probably appears also in coepi (for co-api) possibly which see. also in capio (for c'-apio, i.e., con-apio)
; ;
of
Bibo, formed from the root bo, by reduplication. The identity bo with po (conf. po-tum, a draught) rests upon the interlabial.
Caedo. The perfect ce-oidi contains in its reduplicate syllable the second element of the diphthong ee. The long vowel of its radical syllable represents the weight of the diphthongal root.
Rootcap: by reduplication, ca-oap by syncopation and by union of vowels, cep. If, however (vid. apiscor), capio is for conaplo, the base cep is obtained without
Capio.
;
attenuation, ca-ip;
Cedo,
ative)
say.
employs no conjugational
affix
lows
ced
+ to ^ (by 41, a) + =
ced + do
= ce-do
by syncopation.
With
remark of 129. The accommodates the sonant to the surd, instead of the converse, and makes ced te cet-te. Censeo. The supine when formed without a connective becomes successively cens-tum, cena-aum, cen-sum. Ceruo. Root ere (conf. cre-vi, cre-tum). Ore becomes by metathesis car and by 37, earn. Coepi CO -]- api con apt (vid. apiscor). For the
plural
;
For
similarity of
Comminiscor
i -j- sc.
^ cum
-f-
-\-
vid.
= min
si
-|-
Connivao
= cum
obsolete niveo.
(o
Niv + si
= nio + =
wink).
49
that before
Curr
+ sum = cur-sum,
:
by the law
an
Disco.
Root die
The
present disco
and
and
is
Do.
Koot da.
This
commonly
first
conjugation.
It is such,
not a conjugational affix corrupted fiom aja, but simply an element of the root, to which, without an intervening affix of conjugation,
the other endings are directly appended; e.g., da-mus, da-ba-m, da-re.
verbs of the
increment.
This serves to explain the nonconformity ot do with first conjugation in respect to the quantity of its first
The
da and dha,
similar in
form yet distinct in origin. Of these the former signifies to give, and is represented by the Greek do. The latter signifies to place, and appears in the Greek the. Both of these roots are represented in Latin by a single form da, which however, in the sense of to place, occurs only in composition. In the following compounds
this
element
is
employed
de-do,
to place, it occurs in the comcircum-do, con-do, in-do, ob-do, per-do, sub-do, super-do probably e-do. To these are to be
and pro-do.
pounds,
ad-do,
added, also,
vendo or venundo ( venum + do) pessundo (^pessum-j- do), and credo ( ^^ Sanskrit root srat, faith, -{,
do).
radical
In the
first
a becomes o by the same change that the conjugational affix a becomes o in the same part of verbs like reg-o (for reg-a). For the irregular forms of subjunctive made by this verb and its compounds, vid. 84 and 86. Edo, to eat (vid. 60). Those parts of the verb which employ no connective attach the ending to the root in accordance with the
rule, that before t or s the radical
is
changed to
s.
Exception.
In the second singular indicative and imperative d is dropped. Observe that in the imperfect subjunctive and present infinitive,
the s of the affix has been retained, under the protection of the
Eo.
Root
is
this root is
not preserved in
first
all
verb, but
50
ative
(2) to
ea
(3) to
eu before
followed by
or
While
it
is
various
modifications
other than
became
associated,
it is
same methods of extension have also been employed by the pronominal root i, of the pronoun i-s, i-d, &c.
that precisely the
Thus,
1.
<
eo.
'NoM. Sing.
Acc. Sing.
2. (
ea.
eo-rum.
eo-s.
ea-m.
3.
Abl. Sing. ea. N. & Acc. Plur. ea. Gen. Plur. ea-rum.
affix
e.g.,
by 16,
satisfied,
by the
insertion of an e inorganic,
Faoio.
fio.
The
bh by
f,
f-ja.
we have
;
from
bhu
is,
Now,
employed in Sanskrit with a but ^e knows (vid. 50) bodh-aja-ti^Ae informs, i.e., he causes to know. As then bhu, or bhav, means to be, bhav-aja means to cause to be, i.e., to make. It has been already seen that in some cases v is hardened to a Substituting in the palatal; e.g., fluc-si for fluv-si, from flu-o. Sanskrit bhav-aja f for bh, as above, and o for v, there would result the form fac-aja, whose development in the first plural, for example, into fao-i-mus, differs from the development of sop-aja into sop-i-mua (vid. 54) only in the quantity of its vowel. Adthe affix aja
causal signification: e.g., bodh-a-ti
51
it
and standing to
in the
The
Fero.
a conjugational
still
Traces of
this
retained,
(1)
;
in the
present indicative
is),
(.3)
fer-s, fer-t
ferr-is
fert-ur
(2)
in the
and (4)
in
In the subjunctive and imperative, we might have expected that under the protection of the preceding consonant, the a of the original affix would bo retained. Its con-
Compare,
vel-lem
is
for
vel-sem.
The root
the
present system.
rerveot
is
represented by
Pigo.
con-
Findo. Root
Fio.
fid.
Vid. facio.
Fluo. A secondary form of the root flu, occurring in the second and third systems, is fluv (vid. 10). Thus, fluxi for fluc-si, and flue -|- turn Supine, fluv -|- turn this for fluv-si (by 26).
fluo
-}-
sum ^ fluzum.
frag.
fra-fragi,
Frango. Root
cation,
made by
fra-frigi,
reduplifra-igl,
which
became
successively
fregL
Frendeo. Root probably fred. Fruor, root fru or (by 10) fruv; from the latter, fructus for fruvtus. This verb is also explained by supposing the present to
firuor for frugor. have syncopated a radical palatal, gaud -f- sus gau -)- bus. Gaudeo. Gaud -f- tus
=
v
In the
i
union of the
affix
&her
with th conversion of
into
hence, gav-i-sua.
52
Gigno.
Gnosco. Rootgno
no).
its
to
system; e.g., ag-ni-tum (for ag-gni-tum). Hsereo. This verb is exceptional to 35, in that
t of the supine into
s,
it
converts the
Haurio.
and syncopates the characteristic. For hausum, vid. haesum from haereo.
in
-f-
Inquam,
i.e.,
quam
first
qua
limiting viz., a, a pure verb, it employs a conjugational affix, its use, however, to precisely those forms in which the a of ia (ja)
is
Though
it
to the
same
euphonic changes.
verbs in
dental
;
Though
them the
it is-
io,
for while in
Root
jao.
Jubeo. In this verb the t of the supine is converted into s, and both in the perfect and supine the radical labial assimilated. Hence jus-si and jus-sum, for the regular jup-si and jup-tum (vid. 25 and 31). Jungo. Koot jug. Although appearing in all the forms of the verb, the nasal is not to be considered as radicaL Conf. jug-um,
con-jug-is.
Iiabor.
Participle lap-sus, for the regular lap-tus.
La-tum. Vid. tollo. Lavo. Of the three forms of supine lav-a-tum, lau-tum,
lo-tum, the
first is
,
regular.
The second
converts
into
(lau'
tum
for
into o,
by 8. Linquo. Root liqu. Conf. liqu-i, iic-tum (in re-lictum) Malo. Vid. volo. Memini. Root mam, to think. This is a perfect formed by reduplication accompanied with the usual attenuation. Compare, The same root with in the latter respect, ce-cidi from root cad.
the attenuation of
its
min-iscor, also in
mon-eo
(Sanskrit man-aja;
vid.
53), in
there-
which eo
is
Mon-eo
Metior. Root
ma
(conf.
mo-dus)
later form,
met
The
53
inser-
men-sus
is for
and
As
regards the
euphonic nasal, compare the Latin uiensis formed from the same
root
ma. Misceo.
Root mig.
Mig + so
form of the supine, would be migsc-tum. This is corrupted to the form miz-tum, by the syncopation of the second palatal, c and to mis-tum, by the sacrifice of both o and g. Morior. The perfect participle passive is regularly formed in
including root, inchoative sign, and modal
;
Forms
in
tuu
(for
tvu) seem
fa.
also to
have be
To
this
class is to
mor.
system
affix sc.
Nanciscor.
Nitor.
first is
Root nac.
The root
Of
regular.
The
perfect pegi
is
for paigi
and that
for
This seems have been conjugated as a verb in io of the third conjugation, and to have assimilated the i pello for pel-io.
Fello.
originally to
Fercello
pello.
= per
is
-|-
obsolete
cello.
The
perfect per-ciili
for
cel-lo.
is
for per-ce-oiil-ij
Conf.
Fingo.
stantive
n n
probably euphonic.
pig-mentum.
euphonic.
Pinso.
Pono
for pos-n-o,
n
;
euphonic.
;
Root prac whence by attenuation, preo by attenuation and aphaeresis, roc or rog; by attenuation and metathesis, pore. These three forms of the root, preo, rog, pore, appear For respectively in preo-or, rog-o, po-sc-o, for porc-sc-o.
Posco.
the syncopation of ro before the inchoative so, conf. di-sc-o for
dic-sc-o.
Poto.
(vid.
bibo).
Of
the
54
is
formed from
Fremo.
prem-sura.
prem-sl
for quESSo,
Rumpo. Root
Scindo.
lable.
rup.
Vid. 41.
Koot scid.
The
sow ; perfect se-vi, supine sa-tum. The authorities method of reconciling the three forms, Ber, I suggest the se, sa, under which the root of the verb appears. following. There is no part of a verb from which the original
Sero,
to
root
may be
with more
confidence
Here we
sar.
still
sa-tum.
more
natural, then,
This view is confirmed by the se of the perfect se-vi, and more by the noun of agency, sa-tor, which, uniformly with the method by which in general this formation is obtained, we should expect to be compounded of the root in its earliest form and the affix tor. How then is ser to be derived from sa. It must be either by the addition of r, or by the addition of some
other consonant subsequently converted to
ginal assumption of
r, is
r.
To
Had
guals
t,
position between
Still
less
palatal.
two vowels to occasion its conversion into r. ground is there for supposing an original labial or Only s remains, a letter which not only finds a possible*
r, but one which, if standing between two vowels, under discussion, we should have expected to be thus converted, conformably to the almost universal requirements of
representative in
as in the case
the language.
tion of
But what
s?
We
reduplication of
gen
bo
in place of se-s,
and thus
in place of se-r-o,
of
i,
tendency of r
already stated (at 16), and abundantly illustrated, that the general is to convert the preceding i into e.
55
vid.
42
Spoudeo.
Sterno.
Sto.
Vid. 44.
Couf. sperno.
sta.
Root
The
is
formed
by the
Struo.
Sum.
Tango.
Conf. fluo.
Root tag. n euphonic. Root tern. In the simple verb p is never inserted before s and t (conf. 27 and 33) but optionally cou-tem-si, or
Temno.
con-tem-p-si
so the supine.
Tendo.
Tero.
The
supine ten-turn
is
exceptional to
34
in
its
t
;
Root tri by metathesis tir by 16 ter. Root tal. This root seems to have been conjugated originally as a verb in io of conjugation third. Thus tal-io, or by attenuation tol-io; by assiniilaiion, tol-io. The perfect tilli (appeai'ing in sus-tfili) results I'roui the original te-tiili (used by Plautus) by the aphseresis of the reduplicate syllable. The regular form of supine would be tal-tum, or by metathesis tla-tum. It is probable that la-tum is a corruption from this by aphseresis. TuLL Vid. tollo. Tundo. Root tud. Volo. The old root val appears under the three attenuated
Tollo.
,
original
method of
first
In the following parts the verb retains inflection without a conjugational affix:
vol-u-mus
is
simply connective),
except the
junctive,
and present
The present
this for
optative
The
vel-leni
for vel-sem.
So the
In other parts
is
Like volo
con-
jugated
THE ENS.