Slab Mark1

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
ABSTRACT
AIM OF THE PROJECT: The aim of this project is to illustrate a design of a single storeyed residential building in specific from first principles without the use of any design aid (except the Code), using Limit State Method and S.I. units, conforming to IS: 456-2000. Since, the object of this project is to illustrate the design of R.C. members rather than analysis of a framed structure, a single storeyed structure has been taken for design. The plan is so chosen that it incorporates design of different types of members, namely: 1. SLABS: Two-way Continuous corners restrained (S 1-4) 2. BEAMS: Continuous with two equal spans (B1-B12) 3. COLUMNS: Axially Loaded (C1-C9) 4. COLUMN FOOTINGS: Axially loaded isolated sloped footing. DATA: 1. TYPE: Single Storeyed R.C. Framed Structure 2. PLAN: As shown in Figure 2. 3. USE: Residential building. 4. GEOMETRIC DETAILS: Floor to floor Height : 3.2 Metres Height of Plinth : 0.6 Metre above ground level Depth of Foundation : 0.72 Metre above ground level 5. LOADS : Roof : Live Load : 1.5 kN/m2 Floor finish : 1.75 kN/m2 6. SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS AND BUILDING COMPONENTS: Roof : R.C. Slab, flat type with waterproofing course
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Walls : Brick Masonry 230mm thick duly plastered Concrete : Grade M15 Steel : Grades, Main Fe415, Secondary Fe250 7. FOUNDATION: Bearing capacity of Soil : 150 kN/m2 8. ASSUMPTIONS FOR DESIGN: Slab simply supported over beams and beams simply supported over columns. 9. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY:Limit State Method conforming to IS: 456 2000. 10. EXPOSURE CONDITIONS :Mild environment.
FIGURE 1: STRUCTURAL PLAN
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FIGURE 2: PLAN OF THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
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1. INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothings & shelter. From time immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic need, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man. Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this objective is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient location, and such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requirements are considered and kept in view.
A Peaceful environment. Safety from all natural source & climate conditions General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc., while suggesting a particular type of plan to any client.
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2. DEMAND OF HOUSES The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against physical insecurity of all kinds. The special features of the demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and depend on the following factors.
Availability of cheap finance. Availability of skilled labours. Availability of transport facility. Cost of labours & material of construction. Predictions of future demand. Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term payment may facilities investment in housing.
Rate of population growth and urbanization. Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices. Taxation policy on real estates Town planning & environmental conditions.
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3. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY
GROUP-A
RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-B
EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-C
INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS
GROUP-D
ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
GROUP-E
BUSINESS BUILDINGS
GROUP-F
MERCANTILE BUILDINGS
GROUP-G
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
GROUP-H
STORAGE BUILDINGS
GROUP-I
HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS
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RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It includes single or multi-family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.
EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS: These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.
ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS: These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places of work ship, etc.
BUSINESS BUILDINGS: These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses,
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libraries. The principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books and records.
MERCANTILE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS: These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication, assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.
STORAGE BUILDINGS: These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.
HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.
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4. SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in a place where public transport is available but not in an environment that becomes a source of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation and shopping. One must be understand whether there is indication of future development or not in case of undeveloped area. The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows: Access to park &playground. Agriculture potentiality of the land. Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal. Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land. Distance from places of work. Ease of drainage. Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings. Nature of use of adjacent area. Transport facilities. Wind velocity and direction.
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5. SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING
Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during reconnaissance survey of the site. Site is located nearly. The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the entire area. No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level. The ground is soft. Labour available near by the site. Houses are located near by the site. Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of the required areas of the site with the help of theodolite and compass.
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6. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people & depends on the income &status of the individual a highly rich family with require a luxurious building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house for even poor class family. A standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing room, dining room office room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front verandah, stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced according to the requirements of many available.
a)LIMITATION OF BUILT UP AREA
Area of plot up to 200sq.m (240sq.yd) Ground and first 201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd)
-------
maximum permissable built up area 60% of site area on floor only.
----
50% of the site area.
501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) More than 1000sq.m
-------
40% of the site area 33% of the site area.
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b)MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS
FLOOR AREA LIVING 10sqm (100sqft) (breadth min 2.7 m or 9) KITCHEN BATH LATTRINE BATH & WATER CLOSET SERVANT ROOM GARAGE MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH FOR MAIN BUILDING MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH FOR SERVANT QUARTES MIN. DEPTH OF FOUNDATION THICKNESS OF WALL ------------20cms to 30cms (9 to13.5) DAMP PROOF COURSE 2cms to 2.5cms (3/4 to1)
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HIEGHT (m)
3.3 (11) 3.0 (10) 2.7 (9) 2.7 (9) 2.7 (9) 3.0 (10) 3.0 (10)
6sqm (60sqft) 2sqm (20sqft) 1.6sqm (16sqft) 3.6sqm (36sqft) 10sqm (100sqft) 2.5*4.8 m (8*16)
-------
0.6 (2)
0.3 (1) 0.9 (3) ------
thick full width of plinth wall

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7.BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS
Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes. Open spaces around residential building. Minimum standard dimensions of building elements. Provisions for lighting and ventilation. Provisions for safety from explosion. Provisions for means of access. Provisions for drainage and sanitation. Provisions for safety of works against hazards. Requirements for off-street parking spaces. Requirements for landscaping. Special requirements for low income housing. Size of structural elements.
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8. ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS
LIVING ROOM KITCHEN STORE ROOM BED ROOM OFFICE ROOM BATH & W C DRESSING ROOM VERANDAH STAIR CASE
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LIVING ROOMS:
This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing room should be planned near the entrance south east aspects. During colder days the sun is towards the south & will receive sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer sunshine is in the northern side & entry of sunrays from southern or south east aspects do not arise.
KITCHEN: Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the air.
READING ROOM/ CLASS ROOM: North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be no sun from north side for most part of the year.
BED ROOM: Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size depends upon the number of beds, they should be located so as to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair, cupboard, etc., and they should have north or west south west aspect.
BATH & W.C: Bath and w.c are usually combined in one room & attached to the bed room and should be well finished. This should be filled with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, w.c, shelves, towels, racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor should be mosaic or white glazed files. Instead of providing all bed room with attached bath and W.C separated baths & latrines may also be provided
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VERANDAH: There should veranda in the front as well as in the rear. The front veranda serves setting place for male members & weighting place for visitors. The back veranda serves asa ladies apartment for their sitting, working controlling, and kitchen works etc., veranda protect the room against direct sun, rain & weather effect. They used as sleeping place during the summer and rainy season & are used to keep various things veranda also give appearance to the building. The area of a building may vary from 10% to 20% of the building.
STAIR CASE: This should be located in an easily accessible to all members of the family, when this is intended for visitors it should be in the front, may be on one side of veranda. It meant for family use only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case should be well ventilated & lighted the middle to make it easy & comfortable to climb. Rises & threads should be uniform through to keep rhythm while climbing or descending. Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are as follows: Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face. East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the wall. Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night. A veranda or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the rooms cool.
To prevent suns rays & rain from entering a room through external doors & windows sunshades are required in all directions.
ORIENTATION
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After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard.
The factors that affect orientation most are as follows. Solar heat Wind direction Humidity Rain fall Intensity of wind site condition Lightings and ventilation
SOLAR HEAT: Solar heat means suns heat, the building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.
WIND DIRECTION: The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the house to the maximum extent.
HUMIDITY: High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes perspiration, which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more discomfort.
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RAIN FALL:
Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the site and building and hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.
INTENSITY OF WIND:
Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.
SITE CONDITIONS: Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular direction.
LIGHTING: Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to promote the work or other activities carried on within the building.
The second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in conjunction to interest and of well beings.
VENTILATION:
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Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable conditions. Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper ventilation. A sensation of comfort,reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen are the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust.
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DESIGNS
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SLAB DESIGN 1. Slab mark: S1 2. Type: two way continuous with corners restrained 3. Spans : short span = 3.94 , = 4.6. 4. Trial depth: in case of a two way slab, L/d ratio for deflection criteria is related to short span. Since short span in this case = 3.94m is greater than 3.5m, deflection requirement is governed by clause 23.2.1 instead of clause 24.1. in the case of two way slabs the design moments are small compared to those in one way slabs, percentage of steel required in two way slabs is, in general, very low. Since even the live load is also small, only 0.2% steel will be assumed. For = 0.2% , = 1.7 = 240
2
= 26 . = ( ) =3940/(1.7X26)= say 110mm Assuming d=20 mm for Fe415, Required D= 110+20 =130mm. Effective depth to the outer layer of bars, = 110 Effective depth to the inner layer of bars, = 100mm. 5. Loads: consider one metre width of slab. = 1.5(25 0.13 + 1.75 + 1.5) = 1.5 6.5 = 9.75 . 2
6. Design moments : boundary condition no. 4 Discontinuous on two adjacent edges. 2 = 9.75 3.94 3.94 = 152.
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Span position Short- support -mid span Long- support -midspan
B.M. coeff. () 0.0537 .0405 .047 0.035
= 2 KN.m .0537X152=8.2 KN.m .0405X152=6.2 KN.m .047X152 =7.14 KN.m .035X152=5.32 KN.m
7. Check for concrete depth: = 2 . , = 1000 = 2.76

2
20 415
For outer bar, =2.76X1000X110X110X10;6 =33.4 KN.m>8.2KN.m. Therefore, safe. For inner bars, =2.76X1000X100X100X10;6 =27.6 KN.m 8. Main steel: Required = Location
0.520 415
1000 *1 1 201000 2+
4.6 106
Reqd. 2 215
Dia-spacing mm-mm #8@230
Prov. 2 218
KN.m mm Short span- 8.2 support -Midspan 6.2 110 110 110
161 186.4
#8@300 #8@250
167 200
Long span- 7.14 Support Midspan 5.32
100
125
#8@400
125
Distribution steel: provide #8 at 320mm.

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9. Check for deflection: Required at mid span of short span = 161X100/ (1000X110) =0.14 %< 0.2% Since < , Check for deflection is satisfied. 10.Check for shear: = = 4.63.94 = 1.16 a. i. Long edge-continuous: =1.2X (
2:1
) =1.2X9.75X3.94X
(1.16/2X1.16+1)=1.2x13.42=16.2KN. = 218; = 100218/(1000110)=0.19%, k=1.3 for D<150mm from clause B-5.2.1.1 = 0.31N/mm2 =k bd=1.3X.31X1000X110/1000=44.33KN>16.2KN , ii. Long edge discontinuous: =0.9X13.42=12.1KN. = 1672 Assuming 50% bent up to resist moment due to partial fixity. 1 =83.5mm2 ; =100x83.5/(1000x110)=0.075% = 0.28/2; k=1.3 =k bd=1.3X.28X1000X110/1000=40.04KN.>12.1KN. , b. i. Short edge continuous: = 1.2 / 3=1.2x9.75x3.94/3=1.2x12.805 =15.36KN. =200mm2; pt=0.18% ; =0.30N/mm2
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=k bd=1.3X.30X1000X110/1000=42.9KN>15.36KN , ii. Short edge discontinuous: =0.9x12.805=11.5KN = 1252 Assuming 50% bent up to resist moment due to partial fixity, 1 = 62.52, = 62.5100/(1000110)=0.06% = 0.28/2 =k bd=1.3X.28X1000X110/1000=40.04KN>11.5KN ,
11.Check for development length: a. i. Long edge continuous: required =47x8=376mm Available =0.3l of slab S4 =0.3x4=1200>376mm. Therefore, ok. ii. Long edge-discontinuous span: Assuming 50% bars bent up,1 =6.2/2=3.1 KN.m, V=12.1KN = 2 1 + 3 for HYSD bars using 90 bend =
230 2
25 + 38=114mm
1.31
= 376 < 447. (
+ =
1.3x3.1x1000/12.1+114=447mm)
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, b. i. Short edge continuous: required =47x8=376mm Avalable =0.3 = 0.3x4600=1380mm Therefore safe ii. Short edge discontinuous: =47x8=376mm. Assuming 50% bars bent up, 1 = 5.32/2=2.66KN.m, V= 11.5KN = 376 < 414 ( 1.31 +
= 1.3x2.66x1000/11.5 + 114 = 414mm)
Therefore, safe. 12.Torsion steel: a. At corners near columns C1 & C7, since slab is discontinuous over both over the edges, full torsion steel equal to 0.75 = 0.75x161=120.75mm2 will be required in both directions at right angles in each of the two meshes, one at top and the other at the bottom for a length = /5 =3940/5=788mm. b. At corners near columns C6,C8&C2, required area of torsion steel is just half of torsion steel in (a) above since the slab is discontinuous over only one of the two edges at these corners.
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BEAM DESIGN 1. Beam mark:B3-B4 2. End conditions: two span continuous beam with equal spans. Ends simply supported 3. Span: L=3940mm each. 4. Section: Assumed 230mmx380mm, d=340mm,d=40mm, =130mm. 5. Loads: Maximum load 1.5x(DL+LL) and minimum load (DL only) Type of slab: two way slab on either side. =3.94m, =4.6m DL+LL=6.52 only DL=52 Equivalence factor for converting trapezoidal load into UDL 1 = (1 = =4.6/3.94=1.16 , 1 = (1
1 31.162
1 ) 3 2
)=0.75
Self-beam( ) =1.6KN/m Wall load= nil Maximum load =1.5(DL+LL) =1.5(1.6+ (2x0.6x6.5x3.94x0.75))=36.97KN/m =1.6+ (2x0.6x6.5x3.94x0.75)=19.33KN/m 6. Design moments: Design moments at support as well as mid span = 2 10
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DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING 36.974.62 10
= 78KN.m
36.974.6 2
78 4.6
= 68.1
=36.97x4.6-68.1=101.96KN. a. At support: = 2 10 = 78KN.m (0.8x36.974.62 8) This corresponds to 20% redistribution of moment =0.6-0.2=0.4, =0.4x340=136mm Forthis, =0.36x20x0.4x(1-0.42x0.4)x230x340x340x10;6 =63.7KN.m<78KN.m Therefore, the section will be designed as doubly reinforced. 2 =78-63.7=14.3KN.m Tension steel:
63.7106 0.87415(340;0.42136)
1 =
=624mm2
2 =
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14.3106
0.87415(340;40)
=132mm2
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Therefore, = 1 + 2 =624+143 =767mm2 /d=40/340=0.117, Therefore, = 1.063132 = 140.3 2. b. At mid span : = 0.7 = 0.74600 = 3200 = ( 3200 + 6130 + 230) = 1544 6
= ( )=0.36X20X1544X130X(340-0.42X130)X10;6 =412.5KN.m>. (=78KN.m) Therefore, <
0.520 415
(1 1
4.678106 2015443402
)X1544X340=653mm2
c. Detailing: Required At top At bottom ----653 Simple support At mid span At continuous end 767 140.3
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No.-dia at top -dia at bottom Prov at top At bottom
2#10 2#20;1#12 157.07 741.4
2#10 2#20;1#12 157.07 741.4
2#12;2#20 2#12 854.5 226.19
7. Design for shear: Since the beam is supporting a two way slab S4, the equivalent uniformly distributed load for shear is different than that considering for blending. The equivalence factor = 2 = (1- )=(12 1 1 21.16
)=0.57
The total UD load on beam for shear = 1.5(1.6+ (2x0.6x6.5x3.94x0.57))=28.7KN/m a. At continuous end: =0.6 L=0.6x28.7x4.6=79.2KN for design moment 1 =854.5mm2, =
100854.5 230340
=1.1%, =0.64N/mm2
= 0.64230340/1000=50.04KN . = 0.4230340/1000=31.28KN . = 50.04 + 31.28 = 81.32 > (= 79.2) Therefore, minimum stirrups are sufficient. Provide 6mm dia at 130mm c/c.
b. At simply supported end: = 0.4528.74.6 = 59.41

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1 =2#20;1#12=741.4mm2 , =100X741.4/(230X340)=0.95% , = 0.57N/mm2 =0.57x230x340/1000=44.57KN . =31.28KN, therefore, . =44.57+31.28=75.85KN < . Therefore, minimum stirrups are sufficient. Provide 6mm-2 legged stirrups at 130mm c/c.
8. Check for deflection: % =

100 100741.4
1544340
=0.14%
=0.58x415x653/741.4=212N/mm2 , 1 = 0.95/2 =230/1544=0.15<0.3 , 3 = 0.80 Therefore, d=

4600 260.950.80
=232.79mm<340mm
Therefore, safe. 9. Load on column: At continuous end: =79.2KN on column C9 At discontinuous end: =59.1KN on column C2
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1. Beam mark:B1-B2 2. End conditions: two span continuous beam with equal spans. Ends simply supported 3. Span: L=3940mm each. 4. Section: Assumed 230mmx380mm, d=340mm,d=40mm, =130mm. 5. Loads: self + parapet wall +S1(trapezoidal) Maximum load 1.5x(DL+LL) and minimum load (DL only) Type of slab: two way slab on one side. =3.94m, =4.6m DL+LL=6.52 only DL=52 Equivalence factor for converting trapezoidal load into UDL 1 = (1 = =4.6/3.94=1.16 , 1 = (1
1 31.162
1 ) 3 2
)=0.75
Self-beam( ) =1.6KN/m Wall load= nil Maximum load =1.5(DL+LL) =1.5(1.6+ 5+(0.6x6.5x3.94x0.75))=27.18KN/m 6. Design moments: Design moments at support as well as mid span = 2 10
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= 57.5KN.m
27.184.6 2
57.5/4.6 = 50
=27.18x4.6-50=75KN. d. At support: = 2 10 = 57.5KN.m (0.8x27.184.62 8) This corresponds to 20% redistribution of moment =0.6-0.2=0.4, =0.4x340=136mm For this, =0.36x20x0.4x(1-0.42x0.4)x230x340x340x10;6 =63.7KN.m>57.5KN.m Therefore, the section will be designed as singly reinforced.
Tension steel:
0.520 415
(1 1 202303402 ) 230340=549mm2
4.657.5106
Therefore, =549mm2
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e. At mid span : = 0.8 = 0.84600 = 3680 = ( 3680 + 6130 + 230) = 1317 12
= ( )=0.36X20X1317X130X(340-0.42X130)X10;6 =352KN.m>. (=57.5KN.m) Therefore, <
0.520 415
(1 1
4.657.5106 2013173402
)X1317X340=479.3mm2
f. Detailing: Required At top At bottom ----479.3 2#12 Simple support At mid span At continuous end 549 ---
No.-dia at top 2#12 Prov at 226 top At bottom 559
2#12;2#16*
-dia at bottom 2#10;1#16+1#16* 2#10;1#16+1#16* 2#10+1#16 226 559 628 358
7. Design for shear: Since the beam is supporting a two way slab S4, the equivalent uniformly distributed load for shear is different than that considering for blending.
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DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING 1 1
The equivalence factor = 2 = (1- )=(12
21.16
)=0.57
The total UD load on beam for shear = 1.5(1.6+ 5+(0.6x6.5x3.94x0.57))=23.04KN/m c. At continuous end: =0.6 L=0.6x23.04x4.6=63.59KN for design moment 1 =628mm2, =
100628 230340
=0.80%, =0.57N/mm2
d. At simply supported end: = 0.45 =0.45x23.04x4.6=47.69KN Since 1 at discontinuous end is also 2#16+2#10, just as at continuous end, and since minimum stirrups are sufficient at continuous end, they are sufficient at discontinuous end too.
8. Check for deflection: Actual L/d ratio=4600/340=13.5<<basic L/d ratio=26. Therefore, safe. 9. Load on column: At continuous end: =63.59KN on column C8
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At discontinuous end: =47.69KN on column C1 1. Beam mark: B9-B10 2. End conditions: two span continuous beam with equal spans. Ends simply supported 3. Span: L=4600mm each. 4. Section: Assumed 230mmx380mm, d=340mm,d=40mm, =130mm. 5. Loads: Maximum load 1.5x(DL+LL) and minimum load (DL only) Type of slab: two way slab on either side. =3.94m, =4.6m DL+LL=6.52 only DL=52 Equivalence factor for converting triangular load into UDL For bending = For shear =
4 6.53.94 3
3 4
=8.54KN/m
6.53.94
= 6.40KN/m
Self-beam( ) =1.6KN/m Wall load= nil Maximum load for bending =1.5(1.6+ (2x8.54))=28.02KN/m for shear =1.5(1.6+(2x6.40))=21.6KN/m 6. Design moments: Design moments at support as well as mid span = 2 10
28.024.62 10
= 59.29KN.m
g. At support: = 2 10 = 59.29KN.m (0.8x36.974.62 8)

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This corresponds to 20% redistribution of moment =0.6-0.2=0.4, =0.4x340=136mm For this, =0.36x20x0.4x(1-0.42x0.4)x230x340x340x10;6 =63.7KN.m>59.29KN.m Therefore, the section will be designed as singly reinforced. =
0.520 415
(1 1
4.659.29106 202303402
)x230x340=570mm2
h. At mid span : = 0.7 = 0.74600 = 3200 = ( 3200 + 6130 + 230) = 1544 6
= ( )=0.36X20X1544X130X(340-0.42X130)X10;6 =412.5KN.m>. (=78KN.m) Therefore, <
0.520 415
(1 1
4.678106 2015443402
)X1544X340=653mm2
GNIT
38
i. Detailing: Required At top At bottom No.-dia at top -dia at bottom Prov at top At bottom ----2#12 2#20;1#12 226 741.4 653 2#12 2#20;1#12 226 741.4 2#12+2#16* 2#10;1#16 628 358 Simple support At mid span At continuous end 570
7. Design for shear: Since the beam is supporting a two way slab S4, the equivalent uniformly distributed load for shear is different than that considering for blending.
e. At continuous end: =0.6 L=0.6x21.6x4.6=59.6KN for design moment 1 =628mm2, =

100628 230340
=0.80%, =0.57N/mm2
GNIT
39
f. At simply supported end: = 0.4521.64.6 = 44.7 1 =2#20;1#12=741.4mm2 , =100X741.4/(230X340)=0.95% , = 0.57N/mm2 =0.57x230x340/1000=44.57KN . =31.28KN, therefore, . =44.57+31.28=75.85KN < . Therefore, minimum stirrups are sufficient. Provide 6mm-2 legged stirrups at 130mm c/c.
8. Check for deflection: % =

100 100741.4
1544340
=0.14%
=0.58x415x653/741.4=212N/mm2 , 1 = 0.95/2 =230/1544=0.15<0.3 , 3 = 0.80 Therefore, d=

4600 260.950.80
=232.79mm<340mm
Therefore, safe. 9. Load on column: At continuous end: =59.6KN on column C9 At discontinuous end: =44.7KN on column C8
GNIT
40
1. Beam mark:B7-B8 2. End conditions: two span continuous beam with equal spans. Ends simply supported 3. Span: L=4600mm each. 4. Section: Assumed 230mmx380mm, d=340mm,d=40mm, =130mm. 5. Loads: self + parapet wall +S1(trapezoidal) Maximum load 1.5x(DL+LL) and minimum load (DL only) Type of slab: two way slab on one side. =3.94m, =4.6m DL+LL=6.52 only DL=52 Equivalence factor for converting trapezoidal load into UDL 1 = (1 = =4.6/3.94=1.16 , 1 = (1
1 31.162
1 ) 3 2
)=0.75
Self-beam( ) =1.6KN/m Wall load= nil Maximum load =1.5(DL+LL) =1.5(1.6+ 5+(0.45x6.5x3.94x0.75))=22.86KN/m 6. Design moments: Design moments at support as well as mid span = 2 10
GNIT
41
= 48.37KN.m
j. At support: = 2 10 = 48.37KN.m (0.8x22.864.62 8) This corresponds to 20% redistribution of moment =0.6-0.2=0.4, =0.4x340=136mm For this, =0.36x20x0.4x(1-0.42x0.4)x230x340x340x10;6 =63.7KN.m>48.37KN.m Therefore, the section will be designed as singly reinforced.
Tension steel:
0.520 415
(1 1
4.648.37106 202303402
) 230340=447.32mm2
Therefore, =447.32mm2 k. At mid span : = 0.8 = 0.84600 = 3680 = (

GNIT
3680 + 6130 + 230) = 1317 12

42
= ( )=0.36X20X1317X130X(340-0.42X130)X10;6 =352KN.m>. (=48.37KN.m) Therefore, <
0.520 415
(1 1
4.648.37106 2013173402
)X1317X340=402mm2
l. Detailing: Required At top At bottom ----402 2#10 Simple support At mid span At continuous end 447.32 ---
No.-dia at top 2#10 Prov at 157 top At bottom 559
2#10;2#16*
-dia at bottom 2#10;1#16+1#16* 2#10;1#16+1#16* 2#10+1#16 157 559 559 358
7. Design for shear: Since the beam is supporting a two way slab S4, the equivalent uniformly distributed load for shear is different than that considering for blending. The equivalence factor = 2 = (1- )=(12 1 1 21.16
)=0.57
The total UD load on beam for shear = 1.5(1.6+ 5+(0.6x6.5x3.94x0.57))=23.04KN/m

GNIT 43
g. At continuous end: =0.6 L=0.6x23.04x4.6=63.59KN for design moment 1 = 559mm2, =

100559 230340
=0.72%, =0.55N/mm2
h. At simply supported end: = 0.45 =0.45x23.04x4.6=47.69KN Since 1 at discontinuous end is also 2#16+2#10, just as at continuous end, and since minimum stirrups are sufficient at continuous end, they are sufficient at discontinuous end too.
8. Check for deflection: Actual L/d ratio=4600/340=13.5<<basic L/d ratio=26. Therefore, safe. 9. Load on column: At continuous end: =63.59KN on column C2 At discontinuous end: =47.69KN on column C1
GNIT
44
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Floor to floor height=3200mm Height of plinth above G.L= 600mm Depth of foundation below G.L=720mm Assuming depth of footing =300mm Total height of column above top of footing =4220mm Depth of shallowest beam =380mm Unsupported length of column L= 4220-380=3840mm. Assuming effective length = L since all columns are supported by beams in both directions and there are transversal and longitudinal external walls. Actual effective length is therefore, likely to be less than L if exact calculations are done. Effective length of column =3840mm Assumed section bxD =230mmx230mm Slenderness ratio / =3840/230=16.7>12
Therefore, the column is slender Allowance for slenderness = (1/ -1)x100% Where, =1.25- /48 =1.25-16.7/48=0.9
Allowance for slenderness =(1/0.9-1)x100=10.9% say 11%
Factored self-weight of column = 1.5x25x.23x.23x3.84=7.6KN ~ 8KN Maximum axial load from beams B3-B4 and B9-B10 on column C9 at continuous end = (59.6+79.2) x2=277.6KN~278KN
GNIT 45
= 278+8=286KN. Section: 230x230mm with 4-#12. = 452mm2 i. Bending about x-axis Smaller end moment 1 =0 at the base as it is designed as rotation free. Larger end moment = moment in the column at top due to partial fixity between beam and column is calculated as under:
Column: =230x230x230/12=233.2x106 mm4, = 3840 0.75233.2106 = = 45.55103 3. 3840 The stiffness of 0.75I/L is taken since the lower end of the column is rotation free.
Beam: Section: 230x380, L= 4.6m (B9-B10), =28.02KN/m

2233.2106 4600
= 101.6x103
Distribution factor: =
GNIT : /2
= 45.55/(45.55+101.6/2)=.472
46
= 2 24= 24.7KN.m = 2 = = 24.7x.472=11.6KN.m Initial moment = 0.62 + 0.41 = 0.6x11.6+0.4x0=6.96KN.m Minimum eccentricity , =20mm Minimum moment, = = 286x20/1000=5.7KN.m< Modified initial moment = 6.96KN.m Ideal axial strength , = 613 Reduction factor for additional moment due to slenderness K=(613-286)/(613-187)=0.76
Additional moment
2000 2 ) 2860.2316.716.70.76 2000
=6.97KN.m
Total design moment for equivalent short column = + =6.96++6.97=13.93<2 (11.6) Moment of resistance

=52/230=0.226
=20x230x.23=1058KN, / =286/1058=0.27 p/ =100x452/230x230x20=0.043 I.

GNIT
BY USING CHARTS
47
d/D 0.2 0.25 0.226
/ 0.3 0.3 0.3
P/ 0.043 0.043 0.043
/ 2 0.084 0.075
Chart No. 4G 5G
0.079 by interpolation
=0.079x1058x0.23=19.2KN.m>13.93KN.m Therefore, safe.
iii.
Bending at y-axis: In this case, external moment may be taken nearly equal to zero because beams are on opposite sides and they are of equal spans and carry equal loads.
GNIT
48
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
COMMON DATA:
Concrete grade,(mild environment) M20 Steel grade Design constant Column section Fe415 =2.76 b=230mm D=230mm Bearing capacity of soil Minimum depth of footing Offset at footing level I. DATA = 150 =150mm e=75mm
Maximum column load, =286KN Design working load, P = /1.5=286/1.5=190.7KN Column section = 230mmx230mm Bearing capacity of soil =150KN/m2 II. PROPORTIONING OF BASE SIZE
Area of footing required in m2 , =1.1P/ =1.1x190.7/150=1.39m2 Required length of footing for equal projections: = (D-b)/2 +
(;)2 4
+ = since b=D
GNIT
49
Therefore, =1.39 =1.18m=1180mm Provide length of footing =1250mm Projection = = /2=(1250-230)/2=510mm Provide width of footing =b+2x =230+2x510=1250mm Area of footing provided, = x =1.25x1.25=1.5625m2 Upward factored soil pressure (due to ) = / =286/1.5625=183.05KN/m2 III.Depth of footing from bending moment considerations Breadth of footing at top 1 =b+2e=230+2x75=380mm Bending moment at column face parallel to x-axis = 2 /2=183.05x1.25x0.510x0.510/2=30KN.m Length of footing at top 1 =D+2e=230+150=380mm Bending moment at column face parallel to y-axis = 2 /2=183.05x1.25x0.510x0.510/2=30KN.m
(a) Required effective depth for bending about x-axis = =170mm

GNIT 50 1
30106 2.76380
=170mm
Assuming diameter of the bar = 8mm Effective cover for bottom bars =50+8/2=54mm Effective covers for top bars =54+8=62mm Required depth of footing = 170+62=232mm Assume total depth =240mm Effective depth for bottom bars = =240-54=186mm Effective depth for top bars = =240-62=178mm IV.Check depth of footing from two way considerations Perimeter at critical section =B2=2(b+D+2 )=2(230+230+2x178)=1632mm Effective depth at peripheral section=D2= -2 - Where,y2=( /2-e)y1/x1=(178/2-75)x90/(510-75)=2.89mm Therefore, D2=240-2.89-62=175.1mmm Area resisting shear =A2= perimeterxD2=1632x175.1=285763mm Shear resisted by concrete 2 = 2 2
2 = ; k=(0.5+230/230)>1 therefore k=1 =0.25 =0.25x20=1.118N/mm2 2 = 2 2 =1.118x285763/1000=319.5KN Design shear 2 = ( ( + )( + ))= 198.6(1250x1250-(230+178)(230+178))x10^-6=317.8KN
GNIT 51
2 > 2 Therefore,safe. Area of steel and check for development length (a) =0.85b1 / =0.85x380x186/415=145mm2 =
0.520 415
(1 1
4.630106 203801862
)x380x186=510.9mm2
12 #8, = 6002 (b) 0.85 / =085x380x178/415=139mm2 =

0.520 415
(1 1
4.630106 203801782
)x380x178=565mm2
12 #8, = 6002 = (0.87 /4 ) =(0.87x415/(4x1.2x1.6))x8 =376mm< (=510-60=450mm). V.Check for one way shear for bending about y-axis: Critical section for one way shear about y-axis is taken at a distance from the face of the column. Depth of footing above rectangular portion at critical section. D1=y1-(( -e)y1/x1)=(240-150)-((178-75)x90/435=68.7mm Width of footing at critical section B2=D+2 =230+2x178=586mm Area of footing at critical section= =(586+1250)68.7/2+(15062)x1250=173067mm2 Percentage of steel= =100x650/173067=0.37%, =0.417N/mm2
GNIT
52
Shear resisted by concrete= = x =0.417x173067/1000=72.1KN Shear to concrete footing is subjected = = ( )=198.6x1250x(510-178)x10^-6=82.4KN < , Since the difference between them is large increase the depth of footing Try depth of footing =300mm Effective depth for bottom bars = =300-54=246mm Effective depth for top bars = =300-62=238mm
0.520 415
(1 1
4.630106 20380246246
)x380x246=368mm2
Provide 9 Nos#8mm bars, area provided=450mm2 =

0.520 415
(1 1
4.630106 20380238238
)x380x238=383mm2
Check for one way shear for bending about y-axis: Critical section for one way shear about y-axis is taken at a distance from the face of the column. Depth of footing above rectangular portion at critical section. D1=y1-(( -e)y1/x1)=(300-150)-((238-75)x150/435=94mm Width of footing at critical section B2=D+2 =230+2x238=706mm Area of footing at critical section= =(706+1250)94/2+(15062)x1250=201932mm2 Percentage of steel= =100x450/201932=0.222%,
GNIT 53
=0.3376N/mm2 Shear resisted by concrete= = x =0.3376x201932/1000=68.17KN Shear to concrete footing is subjected = = ( )=198.6x1250x(510-238)x10^-6=67.5KN > , Since the difference is small increasing the number of bars. Provide10 Nos#8mm bars. Area provided =500mm2 =100x500/201932=0.25% =0.36N/mm2 Shear resisted by concrete =0.36x201932/1000=72.7> VI.check for one way shear for bending about x-axis: Provide 9Nos#8mm bars. =450mm2, =300-8/2=246mm2 D3=y1-(( -e)y1/x1=150-(246-75)x150/435=91mm Width at top of footing=B3=b+2 =230+2x246=722mm Area of footing at critical section= =(B3+Bf)D3/2+(Dfmin-dx)Bf =(22+1250)91/2+(150-54)x1250=209726mm2 Percentage of steel =100x450/209726=0.215% =0.332N/mm2 Shear resisted by concrete =0.332x209726/1000=69.6KN Shear to which footing is subjected = ( )=198.6x1250x(510-246)x10^-6=66KN
GNIT 54
> Therefore, safe. VII.check for bearing pressure at column base

< 0.45 1/2 where 1/2 |>2
A1= or(b+4 ) (D+4 ) whichever is less =1250x1250 or (230+4x300)2 =1562500mm2 or 2044900mm2 Therefore,1562500mm2 A2=bxD=230x230=52900mm2 1 = 5.4 > 2 2 Therefore 1/2=2. Actual bearing pressure

=286x1000/(230x230)=5.4N/mm2
Permissible bearing pressure=0.45 1/2 =0.45x20x2=18N/mm2>5.4N/mm2 Therefore,safe
VIII.RESULTS: Size of footing Total depth of footing =1250x1250 = 300mm
Minimum depth of footing = 150mm No. dia of bars along long direction=9#8 No. dia of bars along short direction =10#8 Clear distance between bars along long direction=133mm
GNIT 55
Clear distance between bars along short direction=118mm
GNIT
56
GNIT
57
GNIT
58
GNIT
59
References: 1. Illustrated design of reinforced concrete buildings by Dr.V.L.Shah and Dr. S.R.Karve Code Books 1. IS 456-2000 for design of beams, columns and slabs. 2. SP-16 for design of columns.
GNIT
60

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DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

FIGURE 1: STRUCTURAL PLAN

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

FIGURE 2: PLAN OF THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

3. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

4. SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

5. SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

a)LIMITATION OF BUILT UP AREA

maximum permissable built up area 60% of site area on floor only.

50% of the site area.

501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) More than 1000sq.m

40% of the site area 33% of the site area.

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

b)MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS

0.3 (1) 0.9 (3) ------

thick full width of plinth wall

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

7.BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Span position Short- support -mid span Long- support -midspan

B.M. coeff. () 0.0537 .0405 .047 0.035

7. Check for concrete depth: = 2 . , = 1000 = 2.76

Dia-spacing mm-mm #8@230

Long span- 7.14 Support Midspan 5.32

Distribution steel: provide #8 at 320mm.

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

= 376 < 447. (

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

= 1.3x2.66x1000/11.5 + 114 = 414mm)

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING 36.974.62 10

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

= ( )=0.36X20X1544X130X(340-0.42X130)X10;6 =412.5KN.m>. (=78KN.m) Therefore, <

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

No.-dia at top -dia at bottom Prov at top At bottom

2#10 2#20;1#12 157.07 741.4

2#10 2#20;1#12 157.07 741.4

2#12;2#20 2#12 854.5 226.19

b. At simply supported end: = 0.4528.74.6 = 59.41

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

8. Check for deflection: % =

=0.58x415x653/741.4=212N/mm2 , 1 = 0.95/2 =230/1544=0.15<0.3 , 3 = 0.80 Therefore, d=

DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREYED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING