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Earthquake response
Seismic Action
The vertical accelerations recorded by accelerographs are generally lower than corresponding Hz. Component. It is often assumed that peak acceleration in Vt. Direction is 2/3 of max Hz. Acceleration. If the hypocenter is under the city than the vertical component is much more effective. This is seen in 1995 kobe EQ.
In Soft Soils: Amplification of long period components Generally peak ground acceleration in short period range are reduced Amplifications are also dependent on intensity of shaking.
In Hard Soils: Amplification decreases Peak ground acceleration also decreases with more duration
There is still controversy as to the extend of site amplification that can be expected from deep alluvial deposits in very sewer E.Qs.
Directionality Effect
The release of energy is not instantaneous along the fault surface. The fracture starts at some point & propagates in one or both directions. Fig. 2.9 Station A downstream is likely to experience more amplification, shock wave than station B
Geographical Amplification
Steep ridges may amplify the response. Structures built at the top of ridge may be subjected to intense shaking
Attenuation Response
These are relationships which are used to findout reduction or change in peak ground acceleration with distance from epicentre. These are necessary to predict seismic response for a given site There are three major factors
Attenuation Response
Energy Released
Spherical waves Cylindrical waves
Total energy transmitted reduces with distance due to material damping The damping may result from wave scattering at interface b/w different layers of the materials
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The probability of occurrence depends upon Characteristics of Ground Shaking Frequency of expectation Large EQs occurs less frequently than smaller EQs
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response
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Where buildings remain serviceable after the level of GS POC = 0.02/year Damage Control Where Repairable damage to the building may occur POC = 0.002/year Survival LS under extreme EQ where irreparable damage might occur POC = 0.0002/year
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Economic Considerations
Economic factor is another factor which influence the design of structure Against EQ design there are two factors which are important to be considered Cost of str. For given level of seismic protection Value of human life. It is unquantifiable subjective & controversial
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Economic Considerations
Factors affecting assessment of cost for increased seismic resistance Economic considerations vary from country to country It is considered that seismic design practice that cost of building increases with consideration of lateral forces The cost also is associated by improving the detailing of reinforcement. So the total structural cost is about 20-25% of the structure
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Full strength of structure can be developed for small EQs which occur more frequently than the design level EQs.
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Taipai 101
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Taipai 101
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Types of Failure in EQ
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Types of Failure in EQ
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Types of Failure in EQ
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Types of Failure in EQ
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Types of Failure in EQ
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Types of Failure in EQ
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locations of plastic hinges for inelastic deformations Insurance through suitable strength that damage at undesirable locations should not occur
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Wooden
houses perform better in EQ regions In case of bridges there is a greater chance of failure in short columns
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Structural Configurations
The
structural systems are supposed to support gravity loads and lateral forces due to EQs The taller a building the more will be the effect of the lateral loads
There are three main categories of structural systems - Structural frame systems - Structural wall systems - Dual systems
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Dual systems
In these reinforced concrete frames interacting with reinforced concrete or masonry walls together provide the necessary resistance to lateral forces, while each system carries its appropriate share of the gravity loads. These types of structures are variously known as dual, hybrid or wall-frame structures
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The selection of a building shape is one of the most important aspect of the overall design It may impose sewer limitations on the structure, in case of seismic protection The structure consisting of flat slabs supported by columns are considered to be unsuitable to provide satisfactory performance under seismic action because of excessive lateral displacement and difficulty to provide the adequate & dependable shear transfer between columns & slabs
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Center of Mass
Center of Rigidity
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Displacements due to story twist, when combined with those resulting from floor translations, can result in total element interstory displacements that may be difficult to accommodate. For this reason reason the designer should attempt to minimize the magnitude of story torsion. This may be achieved by a deliberate assignment of stiffnesses to lateral force-resisting components, such as frames or walls, in such a way as to minimize the distance between CR and the line of action of the story shear force. To achieve this in terms of floor forces, the distance b/w CR & CM should be minimized.
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An integrated foundation system should tie together all vertical structural elements in both principle directions Foundations resting partly on rock and partly on soils should preferably be avoided Lateral-force-resisting system within one building, with significantly different stiffness such as structural walls and frames, should be arranged in such a way that at every level symmetry in lateral stiffness is not grossly violated. Regularity should prevail in Elevation
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VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
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Tall slender buildings may require large continuous foundations to enable large overturning moments to be transmitted in suitable manner. Building joints, set back, change in direction should be properly evaluated
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In columns subjected to EQ a source of damage is the interface with the natural deformations of members by rigid nonstructural elements such as infill walls as shown in the figure below
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END
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