Second, third and mixed conditionals.

Rewrite the following sentences so that the meaning stays the same. Begin with if. IMPORTANT! Do not contract the auxiliaries had and would. Use the right spelling and punctuation. 1. You smoke too much. That's why you have a cough.

2. Your help meant that I passed the exam.

3. They can't be on holiday because we haven't received a postcard from them.

4. Bob had a meeting, so he didn't come to the party.

5. You went out late last night. That's why you're so tired.

6. I can't get into the club because I'm not a member..

7. John is in prison because he robbed a bank.

8. I'm sure he likes me. He asked me for my phone number.

9. I didn't go to the game because I didn't have a ticket.

10. I didn't spend my holidays on the beach, so I'm not brown.

The Second Conditional Example - if I lost my job, I would leave the country. Use - To express imaginary, hypothetical or improbable conditions and their probable results. In the above example it is unlikely that the person will lose their job. They are simply imagining a hypothetical situation. Compare this with the first conditional - If I lose my job, I'll leave the country in which there is a real possibility that the person will lose their job, maybe because of the economic situation. Both first and second conditionals refer to the present or future. The difference is that the second conditional suggests that the situation is imaginary, hypothetical or improbable. Structure - if ... past ... , ... would(n't) + infin without to ... When we imagine a present/future situation like this, it is important to remember to use the PAST tense in the if clause, even though it does not refer to the past. This is a subjunctive use of the past tense. In Castillian the above example would be expressed - si perdiera/perdiese mi trabajo. The imperfect subjunctive ,in other words a past subjuntive is used. In English we do not really have a past subjunctive, so we simply use the past instead. In the second conditional as in all conditionals either the if clause or the result clause can come first. Would can be contracted to 'd, especially in spoken English. The Third Conditional Example - if I had lost my job, I would have left the country. Use - When we want to talk about events or situations that did not happen in the past, imagining how things would have turned out differently. In the above example the person did not lose their so they didn't leave the country. The person is imagining the possible result of something which in reality didn't happen. Structure - if ... past perfect ... , ... would(n't) have + past participle In the conditional clause we use the past perfect - had(n't) + past participle. In Castillian this would be expressed as si hubiera/hubiese perdido mi trabajo. In the result clause we use the perfect conditional would(n't) have + past participle, in Castillian, habra dejado el pas. Both had and would can be contracted to 'd, especially in spoken English. Mixed Conditionals You can combine the condition clause of one of the above two conditionals with the result clause of the other to talk about EITHER; how a hypothetical, imaginary or improbable present situation might have had a result in the past (different from what really happened) eg. if I weren't an English teacher, I wouldn't have come to Barcelona. The reality is that I am an English teacher (present) and that I did come to Barcelona (past) The if clause is from the second conditional (present reference) and the result clause is from the third conditional (past reference) OR; how a hypothetical or imaginary past situation might have a result in the present. eg.if I hadn't come to Barcelona, I wouldn't be an English teacher. The reality is that I did come to Barcelona (past) and that I am an English teacher (present) The if clause is from the third conditional (past reference) and the result clause is from the second conditional (present reference)

EL VERBO INGLS - verbos irregulares, los tiempos verbales, auxiliares, preguntas, negaciones... Pgina casa Grammar Guide / Gua de Gramtica Ejercicios para aprender estos verbos irregulares. El verbo ingls es diferente al verbo espaol por dos razones principales. Primero lleva pocas inflexiones. Los verbos regulares e irregulares, con la excepcin del verbo 'be', cambian solamente en la tercera persona singular (he, she, it) en el presente. Este cambio se presenta en la terminacin de una 's'. Segundo, se puede decir que el verbo ingls solamente posee dos tiempos: pasado y presente. Para hablar del futuro hay que emplear aspectos compuestos del verbo o unos auxiliares, los cules se llaman los 'modal auxiliaries'. No se debe suponer que 'will' es siempre la eleccin adecuada para expresar el futuro. Las tablas que ofrezco aqu muestran una visin global del verbo ingls y los tipos compuestos y, a continuacin, los varios 'modal auxiliaries'. Finalmente, hay una breve introduccin a la estructura del verbo ingls en preguntas y negaciones y la pasiva inglesa (introduccin). Con el fin de que esto sirva de un inters prctico, los enlaces te llevan a listas de ejemplos de los varios aspectos, tiempos y modos del verbo. WALK (verbo regular) Cuando se habla se un 'verbo regular', esto significa que el verbo termina en 'ed'. en el 'past simple' y tambin en su 'past participle'; es decir, infinitivo: 'walk', past simple: 'walked', past participle: 'walked'. Por desgracia, la mayora de los verbos ingleses ms comunes son irregulares, es decir, no terminan en 'ed' y puede que el 'past simple' sea diferente del 'past participle'. Para ver una lista de los verbos irregulares, ir a: 'Irregular Verb List' El infinitivo ingls: Se puede decir que el infinitivo toma tres formas: 'walk', 'to walk', 'walking'. La eleccin del infinitivo depende normalmente del verbo anterior: ejs: I should walk more often, (y as con todos los 'modal auxiliaries') He wants to walk, He would like to walk, They like walking, She hates walking, I'm fond of walking. ('ing' siempre despus de una preposicin). Present Simple I you* he she it we they walk walk walks walks walks walk walk Past Simple I you he she it we they walked walked walked walked walked walked walked I you he she it we they I you he she it we they Present Continuous am are is is is are are (I'm+) (you're) (he's) (she's) (it's) (we're) (they're) walking walking walking walking walking walking walking Present Perfect Simple I you he she it we they have (I've) have (you've) has (he's) has (she's) is (it's) have (we've) have (they've) walked walked walked walked walked walked walked Present Perfect Continuous I you he she it we they have have has has has have have been been been been been been been walking walking walking walking walking walking walking

Past Continuos was were was was was were were walking walking walking walking walking walking walking I you he she it we they

Past Perfect Simple had had had had had had had (I'd) (you'd) (he'd) (she'd) (it'd) (we'd) (they'd) walked walked walked walked walked walked walked

Past Perfect Continuos I you he she it we they had had had had had had had been been been been been been been walking walking walking walking walking walking walking

Observaciones: * No se suele mostrar 'you' en la segunda persona plural en tablas del verbo ingls. Ser puramente acadmico y redundante. 'You' se emplea tanto hablando con un nio o con un perro como hablando con un adulto desconocido! Slo con la realeza y nobleza existen trminos distintos: Your Majesty, Your Highness, Your Lordship/Ladyship... + La forma contrada entre sujeto y auxiliar se debe reservar para el ingls hablado, dilogo escrito, o ingls informal escrito. No se debe emplear la forma contrada en cartas o textos formales. Dicha contraccin se puede emplear en todos los aspectos entre sujeto y auxiliar en el presente y el pasado con la excepcin de 'was' y 'were'. Aqu slo se incluye en algunos apartados por razones de espacio. Fjate tambin en las posibilidades de contraccin entre otros sujetos y el auxiliar 'be' y 'have': 'the man's...' (the man is...), 'the policeman's got...' (the policeman has got...). A parte de los 'modal auxiliaries' (ver abajo), hay otras maneras de hablar del futuro: ejs. con el PRESENT CONTINUOUS Y 'GOING TO' + INFINITIVO

PREGUNTAS Y NEGACIONES CON EL VERBO INGLS Con la excepcin de los verbos y auxiliares 'Be' y 'Have' (tener) y los 'modal auxiliaries', todos los verbos en ingls normalmente utilizan el auxiliar 'Do' para la forma interrogativa y negativa en ingls. 'Do' se conjuga como 'does' en el 'present simple', tercera persona singular (he, she, it) y 'did' en el 'past simple' con todas las personas. La estructura de la pregunta es: Do/does/did + sujeto + infinitivo del verbo (sin to) siendo, en realidad, una inversin entre el sujeto y este auxiliar. ej. Do you like English?, Does he watch much football?, Did he come back last night? Palabras como: 'when' (cundo); 'why' (por qu); 'what' (qu, cul); 'which' (cul); 'who' (quin); 'whose' (de quin); 'how' (cmo); y sus combinaciones (ej. 'how much/many' (cunto/cuntos); 'what time' (qu hora); etc. pueden colocarse delante del auxiliar 'do' en preguntas: 'When do they usually go on holiday?' (Cundo van normalmente de vacaciones?), 'How much did she give you?' (Cunto te ha dado?) No hay inversin, es decir, no se emplea 'do/does/did' si 'who', 'what' o 'which' se refieren al sujeto de la frase: 'Who wants to come with me?" (Quin quiere venir conmigo?) (y no "who does want...?); "Which lasts the longer" (Cul dura ms tiempo?) (y no: "Which does last...?); "What happened?" (Qu pas?) (y no: "What did happen?"). Compara: "Who gave them the book?" (Quin les dio el libro?) "Who" es el sujeto. Y ahora... "Who did he give the book to?" (A quin dio el libro?) "Who" aqu es el objeto indirecto. El verbo ingls forma la negacin de la siguiente manera: Sujeto + do/does/did + not (contrados a don't, doesn't, didn't) + infinitivo del verbo. ej. 'We don't like eating out', 'It doesn't rain much here', 'She didn't ring me yesterday'. El verbo negativo ingls no permite doble negaciones: He doesn't like no sweet things, He never watches nothing on the TV, She can't speak to nobody. Estas frases se consideran afirmativas, es decir, si ella NO habla con NADIE, quiere decir que habla con ALGUIEN. Esto puede ser difcil de entender porque el doble negativo s se permite en espaol. Las versiones correctas de estas frases son: 'He doesn't like any sweet things', 'He never watches anything on TV', 'She can't speak to anybody / anyone'. (La palabra 'any' se considera una palabra afirmativa). La estructura de los verbos 'be', 'have' (cuando significa 'tener' pero no cuando significa 'tomar', ejs. 'have a drink', have a bath',) y los 'modal auxiliaries' (ver abajo) en la interrogativa es: Verbo + sujeto. ejs: "He is Spanish" = "Is he Spanish?", "They have a car" = "Have they a car?" (or 'Have they got a car?', forma hablada). El verbo 'have' (tener) es nico en que se puede formar la interrogativa de las dos maneras: "Has he (got) some money?" or "Does he have any money?" pero no, "Does he have got any money?" Normalmente se puede decir una o la otra, sin embargo, el significado del primero puede sugerir la idea de tener dinero en este momento (no permanente) mientras la segunda nos pregunta si siempre tiene dinero (permanente), es decir, si es rico. La negacin de los verbos 'Be', 'have' (tener) y los 'modal auxiliaries es: Sujeto + verbo + not. ejs: I am very hungry = I am (I'm not very hungry), He has a pen = he has not (hasn't) a pen (or 'he hasn't got a pen o 'he doesn't have a pen'). You have a pencil = You have not (haven't) a pencil, I was angry = I was not (wasn't) angry, You were there = You were not (weren't) there, He had a nice house = he had not (hadn't) a nice house (o he hadn't got a nice house o he didn't have a nice house). El verbo 'Be' se puede contraer de ms de una manera en la forma negativa en el presente. Las posibilidades son: I am not = I'm not, you are not = you're not o you aren't, he/she/it is not = he's/she's/it's not o he/she/it isn't, we are not = we're not o we aren't, they are not = they're not o they aren't. THE PASSIVE (la pasiva) La pasiva inglesa es comparable a la pasiva espaola en su forma pero la primera es mucho ms comn en el uso. Otro aspecto que es importante sealar es que el espaol ofrece ms de una manera para expresar la pasiva del verbo. En ingls, es necesaria la presencia del verbo 'Be' ms un participio pasado: ej. 'It is built'; 'It was held'; 'It was being done'. El espaol posee una forma parecida en: 'fue construido', 'fue/era sujetado', pero el continuo 'estaba siendo hecho' puede sonar extrao al odo espaol (aunque en Amrica del Sur se puede escuchar esta construccin en algunos pases.). El espaol suele preferir el uso de 'se' para formar la pasiva. 'se construye,' 'se deca', 'se estaba haciendo'. Otra peculiaridad de la pasiva inglesa es la posibilidad de eligir como sujeto de la frase pasiva el complemento directo o el indirecto. ejs.: "She gave him some flowers" (activa) puede resultar en la pasiva como: "Some flowers were given to her" (Se le dieron unas flores/Le fue entregadas unas flores) "She was given some flowers" (Ella fue dadas unas flores!!) Este ltimo no se permite en espaol pero es muy comn en ingls. La estructura de la pasiva inglesa es la siguiente: Activa: "They are building a bridge" (Estn construyendo un puente) Se puede decir que hay tres pasos: 1) El complemento se coloca delante como sujeto. Es decir, los pronombres deben cambiar su forma: 'him' a 'he'

etc. "A bridge..." 2) Se inserta el verbo 'Be' en el mismo tiempo, aspecto y modo que en la forma activa. En el ejemplo el verbo est en present continuous. Es decir, que en la pasiva tambin: "A bridge is being..." 3) El verbo de la forma activa se coloca despus pero como 'past participle' "A bridge is being built." Si se requiere la presencia del 'agent' (el sujeto de la frase activa), se inserta (normalmente) despus de 'by'... "A bridge is being built by them." (Un puente fue construido por ellos)

Con un 'modal auxiliary' se siguen los mismos pasos aunque ahora hablamos del 'modo' de la frase en vez del tiempo ej. Activa: The police could watch the thieves through telescopes. (La polica poda observar a los ladrones por los telescopios. (Sujeto + could + infinitivo (condicional de 'watch') + complemento) Pasiva: The thieves could be watched through telescopes (Se poda (podan) observar a los ladrones por los telescopios) (Nuevo sujeto + could + infinitivo del verbo 'Be' (condicional de 'Be') + past participle.) En los institutos de Espaa, el alumno suele estudiar la pasiva inglesa sin saber exactamente cundo o por qu se usa. La pasiva inglesa se usa en las siguientes situaciones: 1) En funcin del tema del que estamos hablando: Es normal en ingls durante el discurso presentar la nueva informacin al final de una frase. Es decir, si la conversacin se centra en los televisores, resultara muy natural decir: "The television was invented by Baird" (El televisor fue inventado por Baird). (La informacin nueva - Baird y el tema de los inventores - al final de la frase.) Sin embargo, si estamos hablando de los inventores, entre ellos el seor Baird, sera natural decir en ingls: "Baird invented the television" (Baird invent el televisor). (La nueva informacin es la de los televisores). As, se puede apreciar que la eleccin de la pasiva o la activa no depende de las necesidades gramaticales sino del estilo natural de los interlocutores. 2) La falta de necesidad de mencionar el sujeto: Durante el discurso se puede apreciar que, a veces, no es necesario mencionar quin o qu realiz cierta accin. Esto se puede deber al significado del verbo, ej: "The police arrested the man last night and they took him to the police station" (La polica arrest al hombre anoche y le llev a la comisara.) (En esta frase, palabras como 'police' y 'they' son redundantes porque se espera que aquellos que arrestan son los agentes de la fuerza de la polica. Por esta razn, la pasiva suena ms natural aqu: "The man was arrested last night and taken to the police station." (El hombre fue arrestado anoche y llevado a la comisara.) (Observa que tampoco hay que repetir el auxiliar 'was' en 'was taken') Una seleccin de las posibles variaciones de la pasiva inglesa y su traduccin en espaol se indican a continuacin. Hay que sealar que se podra emplear cualquier 'modal auxiliary' en estas frases segn el significado deseado: es enviado/se enva - it is sent fue enviado/se envi - it was sent era enviado/se enviaba - it was (or, it used to be) sent ser enviado/se enviar - it will be sent sera enviado/se enviara - it would be sent ha sido enviado/se ha enviado - it has been sent haba sido enviado/se haba enviado - it had been sent habr sido enviado/se habr enviado - it will have been sent habra sido enviado/se habra enviado - it would have been sent

Aunque su uso puede ser escaso en espaol, la forma continua se emplea con frecuencia en ingls en los siguientes ejemplos: est siendo enviado/est envindose - it is being sent estaba siendo enviado/estaba envindose - it was being sent estar siendo enviado/estar envindose - it will be being sent estara siendo enviado/estara envindose - it would be being sent Ver ejemplos de la pasiva, explicaciones y traducciones de frases utilizando la pasiva inglesa... THE MODAL AUXILIARIES (En general) Qu son los 'modal auxiliaries? Un 'modal auxiliary' normalmente expresa algn modo, ej. el condicional o posee un significado ej 'can' (poder). Adems, nunca cambia de forma; no tiene infinitivo. Es seguido por el infinitivo sin 'to', (la excepcin es 'ought') y suele ser 'defectivo', es decir, que no se conjuga en todos los aspectos y tiempos. Otra cosa para recordar es que los 'modals' no utilizan el auxiliar 'do' para sus formas interrogativas y negativas sino hay inversin con el sujeto: 'Do you can go tonight?' ' Can you go tonight?', 'He don't must be late', 'He mustn't be late'. Algunos tienen un uso pasado 'could' (poda) y/o condicional 'could' (podra). Esta restriccin en su uso temporal, requiere, a veces, el empleo de otros verbos para sustituir el modal. Presento aqu el funcionamiento de este sistema. 1 2 Can puedo Could (c) podra Shall Will Should (c) Would (c) Would Must deber Must/Ha to d tuve/tena que have to Should/oughtto (c) May poder debera Should deb/deba Might poder Need necesitar Need

Could pude/poda supe/saba

Might

3 able to, manage to, succeeded in

be allowed to

1, Los 'modals' sealados con (c) son los condicionales. Es decir, si se coloca delante de un infinitivo, suele presentar un significado condicional del verbo. ej. 'I would go' (yo ira), 'I could go' (yo podra ir), 'I should go' ('yo ira' o 'yo debera ir'). 2, La segunda fila de 'modals' muestra el 'pasado' de los modals aunque a veces solamente en situaciones muy limitadas (ej. el estilo indirecto - reported speech). ej: "Will you help me?" he asked. - He asked if you would help him, She asked, "Shall we go to the cinema tonight?" - She asked if they should go to the cinema tonight. "I may go to university," he said. - He said that he might go to university. "You needn't put on your new suit," she said - She said that he needn't put on his new suit "He can leave whenever he likes," he said. - He said he could leave whenever he liked. "Must you go so early?" she they asked. - They asked if he must/had to go so early. "You should go and see it; it's lovely!" she said. - She said that we should go and see it and that it was lovely. "I could swim when I was six," he said. - He said that he could swim when he was six. 3, La tercera fila muestra los verbos que deben sustituir al modal cuando el tiempo verbal lo exija. Por ejemplo, si se requiere el uso del infinitivo de 'can' (conocer o saber) hay que decir: "I want you to be able to do it" (quiero que sepas hacerlo) y no: "I want you to can do it". Esto es porque 'can' no es un infinitivo. Aqu hay ms ejemplos: "I'll have to do it myself" (Deber hacerlo yo slo") y no: "I'll must do it myself" "I haven't managed to do it yet" (Todava no he podido hacerlo) y no: "I haven't can do it yet" "You would be allowed to go out if you finished your homework quickly" (Podras salir si terminaras pronto tus deberes.) y no: "You would may go out if..." Los modals tienen formas contradas; son: cannot / can't (can not), couldn't, I shall/will = I'll (he'll etc.), shall not = shan't, will not = won't, I would/should = I'd, shouldn't, wouldn't, mustn't, oughtn't, mayn't, mightn't, needn't. Ofrezco alguna traduccin, sin embargo, el uso de los modals es muy variable y una traduccin sera ms precisa en contexto de una frase entera. A continuacin, hay enlaces a frases de ejemplos, explicaciones y traducciones de los 'modal auxiliaries'. 1, Ver: 2, Ver: 3, Ver: 4, Ver: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT WILL, SHALL, WOULD (no condicional) CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, WOULD, MUST, SHOULD (frases condicionales, "If...) MUST, SHOULD, OUGHT TO (no condicionales)

Conjunction and but or so

Function
joins two similar ideas together joins two contrasting ideas joins two alternative ideas shows that the second idea is the result of the first

Example
He lives in Victoria, and he studies at UVic. John is Canadian, but Sally is English. I could cook some supper, or we could order a pizza. She was sick, so she went to the doctor.

These conjunctions are also used:

nor (joining two negative alternatives), for (meaning "because"), yet (meaning "but")