CH 13, On BioMechanics in Bio Medical Engineering

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]
[TEXT BOOK: BASIC-BIO-MECHANICS BY SUSAN-J HALL , 3rd EDITION ];

6/20/2013 BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC MUHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI
[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

Table of Contents
EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT: .................................................................................................... 3 1. TORQUE :- ......................................................................................................................................... 3 DIAGRAM: [ fig # 13.1 ( a )] [ Moment-Arm ] ........................................................................................ 4 Fig # 13.2 [ b and c ] .............................................................................................................................. 5 DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.3 ] :- ....................................................................................................................... 6 DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.4 ] [ stage-a ] : ....................................................................................................... 7 DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.5 ] [ stage-b and c ] :.............................................................................................. 8 COUPLING-FORCE-NUMERICAL [ SAMPLE-PROBLEM # 1 ]:- ................................................................... 9 DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.6 ] :- .................................................................................................................... 10 LEVERS :- ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 HUMAN-SYSTEM ACT AS A LEVERS SYSTEM:-........................................................................................ 12 DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.7 ] First Class of Lever :........................................................................................ 14 Example : [ fig # 13.8 ] ......................................................................................................................... 15 DIAGRAM [ Fig # 13.9 ] ........................................................................................................................ 16 Fig # 13.10 [ a ]: ................................................................................................................................... 17 Fig # 13.10 [ b ] .................................................................................................................................... 18 3rd CLASS OF LEVER:- .......................................................................................................................... 18 Fig # 13.11 : ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Fig # 13.13 : ......................................................................................................................................... 21 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:- ................................................................................................................... 21 [ Fig # 13.15 ] ..................................................................................................................................... 24 EQUATION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM :- ....................................................................................................... 25 Diagram: [ Fig # 13.16 ] [ Bicep work out ] .......................................................................................... 26 [ Fig # 13.17 (a ) ]................................................................................................................................. 27 FIG # 13.17 (b) ..................................................................................................................................... 28 SYSTAMATIC DIAGRAM: [ Fig # 13.19 ( a) ] ........................................................................................ 31 Fig # 13.20 (b)...................................................................................................................................... 32 Diagram : [ Fig # 13.21 ] ...................................................................................................................... 34 Fig # 13.22 ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Fig # 13.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 36 I [WWW.MEDICAL-IMAGE-PROCESSNG.BLOGSPOT.CA BY MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI] Page 2-OF-45

[ Fig # 13.26 ] ....................................................................................................................................... 40 DYNAMIC-EQULIBRIUM :- ........................................................................................................................... 43 Fig # 13.29 ........................................................................................................................................... 44 Fig # 13.28 ........................................................................................................................................... 45
EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT: EQUILIBRIUM: 1. TORQUE :a. TORQUE [ DEFINITION # a ]:The torque [ ] is the product of force [ F ] which act on the body and the moment-arm . MOMENT-ARM [d ] : Its the perpendicular distance from the force [or forces ] line of action to the axis of Rotation is called Moment-Arm . FORMULA: [ Where : F = Applied Force . d = Moment-Arm. ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] DIAGRAM: [ fig # 13.1 ( a )] [ Moment-Arm ]
TORQUE : The Rotary effect created by the applied force is known as torque .
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Fig # 13.2 [ b and c ]
[ [
]; ]; b. TORQUE [ DEFINITION # b ] :-
The length of moment-arm and the magnitude of applied force cause to effect the amount of torque , if we increasing or decreasing the value of moment-arm and magnitude of applied force so it cause to change the value of torque . c. TORQUE [ DEFINITION # c ]:-
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] In this case we applied force on the point of axis of rotation , so then the moment-arm become zero [ d = 0 ] so, then there is no torque ( Turning effect ) will be produced on that rotator object . That is : DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.3 ] :-
Mathematically : [ [ ]; {:. [ moment arm = d = 0 ] } ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] EXAMPLE : Q) There is a task we have if a person take bicep exercise so, its torque will be change in each condition , so what we do to maintain some torque in each complete cycle event of bicep curl? SOLUTION: DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.4 ] [ stage-a ] :
];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.5 ] [ stage-b and c ] :
In the complete bicep curl the torque will be change because the moment-arm [ moment arm : the perpendicular distance from line of action of force to the axis of rotation [ d ]], . In each position , if moment-arm will be change so, then the torque will also be changed so if we want to produce the same torque in each above three stage [a,b,c ] so, we want to prevent more force F on the stage [ b,c ] where , [ ] AS compared to force [ F1 ] in stage-a because , we do this because in stage b and c the moment-arm [ d ] will be decreased. [
I
];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] ---------------------FINISHED-HERE--------------COUPLE-FORCE: coupling force are those forces in which the two forces which are placed on both side of the center-of-rotation, and one of these forces act in the clock-wise direction while the other force act on the anti [or counter ]-clock wise direction, and it produced the same effect is known as Coupling-Forces. --------------------COUPLING-FORCE-NUMERICAL [ SAMPLE-PROBLEM # 1 ]:Q ) The two children sit on a opposite side of a play-ground see-saw. If joey weight = 200N, is 1.5m from the see-saws axis-of-rotation, and if Susie weight = 190N, is 1.6m away from the axis-of-rotation so, which end of the see-saw will drop down towards ground surface?
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.6 ] :-
SOLUTION: {:. Clock wise direction = negative direction } {:. Counter [ anti ]-clock wise direction = Positive direction } DATA : FOR Joey :[ [ ]; ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] FOR Susie :[ [ ]; ];
DISCRIPTION: As we see in the above diagram that there are coupling forces that is [ Fj = Wj = 200N ] and [ Fs = Ws = 190 N ] act on the Axis of rotation but in opposite in direction, so, the [ Fs = Ws = 190 N ] act in the counter [anti ] clock wise [Positive ] direction , also the [ Fj = Wj = 200N ] act in the clock-wise negative direction , we just sum-up the both torques produced by the both bodies to find the resulting torque . 1. TORQUE GIVE BY JOEY :Its a clock-wise direction so, torque is negative [ 2. TORQUE GIVE BY THE SUSIE :Its a counter-clock wise direction so the torque is positive . [ ]; ];
Now we compare both torque with , so if the magnitude of any torque is greater than the other one so then as the result of it the see saw move on that directions , now by adding the eq-i with eq [ ii ] , we get , the resulting torque we sum-up both torque then we get, [
I
];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] [ CONCLUSION: The torque give by the Susie is greater than the torque give by the joey , so, as the result of it the torque which give by Susie cause to rotate the see-saw on the counter-clock wise [ positive ] direction . --------------finished-here----LEVERS :The liver is a Rigid-bar , which can rotated around its axis under the action of some external forces. HUMAN-SYSTEM ACT AS A LEVERS SYSTEM: In the human body there are the some biological liver are present specially occurs in the limbs. In the Biological system the both limbs act as a Livers . so as we consider the upper-limbs, in the Upper-Limbs the Humerious [bone of arm ] and the radius + ulna [ both bones of fore-arm ] act as a rigid bar and the joint is act as the axis-ofrotation and the bi-cep and tri-cep act as a applied force on the rigid-bars of the Levers. ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] there are three types of Levers which are given below. That is : 1. 1st Class of Levers: 2. 2nd Class of levers. 3. 3rd Class of Levers.
1. 1st CLASS OF LEVERS : In the 1st class of levers , the applied force [ F ] and the resistance force [ R ] are located on opposite site of levers . This applied force [ F ] and Resistance force [ R ] are both in the opposite in direction one force is in the clockwise [ negative ] direction and the other 2nd force is in the counter-clock wise in the positive direction. There is an another possibility is that the both forces Applied force [ F ] and the resistance force [ R ] in equal in distance with respect to the Axis of rotation, with each other . Or , its also be a possibility that the one force is approximately near [ or far away ] with respect to the axis as compared to the 2nd force.
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] DIAGRAM [ fig # 13.7 ] First Class of Lever :
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Example : [ fig # 13.8 ]
2. 2nd CLASS OF LEVERS :The applied force [ F ] and resistance force [ R ] on same side of liver in which the resistance [ R ] is lie near to the Axis-of-rotation .
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] DIAGRAM [ Fig # 13.9 ]
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Fig # 13.10 [ a ]:
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Fig # 13.10 [ b ]
3rd CLASS OF LEVER:In the 3rd class of lever the applied force [ F ] and resistance [ R ] are lie on same side of lever where force [F ] lie too near to the Axis-ofRotation. Example:
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Fig # 13.11 :
Diagram: [ fig # 13.12 ]
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-------------finished here ---------Example :
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Fig # 13.13 :
When ever the moment arm of applied force is greater then the moment arm of resistance [ R ] so, the magnitude of applied force [ F ] is smallest then the magnitude of resistance [ R ]. --------------finished here -----------MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:The mechanical advantage is the ratio of moment arm of applied force [F ] over the moment arm of resistance [ R ]. FORMULA : [ -> Mechanical-Advantage = moment arm [ F ] / moment arm [ R ] ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] [ [ {:. ]; its mean much less then, or vice verca }; ];
Fig # 13.14 [ MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE ]:
Example : [ Mechanical-Advantage
1 ]:
When the moment-Arm of force [ F ] is greater then the moment-Arm of the resistance [ R ] , then the mechanicaladvantage is equal to greater then one.
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Because , this value of mechanical advantage shows us that which is a greater then one [ Mechanical advantage 1 ] . We cause to applied less magnitude of force [ F ] then as compared to the force of the resistance , because this greater moment arm of the force [ F ] give the greater amount of torque which cause to pull the heavy resistance force [ R ] so, its the mechanical advantage for the Applied force [ F ] . ----------------finished --EXAMPLE-2 : [ MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE ] : [ [ ]; ]; 1 ];
Condition => [ Mechanical Advantage
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] [ Fig # 13.15 ]
In the above condition when the moment arm [ ] is smaller then the moment arm [ ] , then , if we want to move the lever so, we should be provided to more forces [ greater force ] , Then the resistance so the Mechanical advantage is much less than [ ] 1 . This value of mechanical advantage much less than one indicate that this arrangement is less effective in the sense we provided greater external applied force to move the lever , [ as we compare to the previous example]. ---------------------finished here ------------I [WWW.MEDICAL-IMAGE-PROCESSNG.BLOGSPOT.CA BY MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI] Page 24-OF-45
[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] EQUATION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM :When ever the body is in the state of motion less or in rest state [ or its in the state of static ] , so then this body in the state of StaticEquilibrium , also , there are three condition to set the body in the state of Static-Equilibrium , that is . 1. The sum of all Vertical-forces act on that body is equal to zero . 2. The sum of all horizontal forces act on that body is equal to zero . 3. The sum of all torque acting on the body is equal to zero. [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
Key point => if any one of above these three condition is not equal to zero , so then this body is in the state of Motion . ------------finished here-----------SAMPLE PROBLEM-2 [ STATIC-EQULIBRIUM ] :Q ) how much force must be produced by the bicep brachii , attaching at 90 degree to the radius at 3cm from the center of rotation at the elbow joint to support a weight of 70N held in the hand at a distance of 30cm from the elbow joint ? Note : we neglect the weight of the fore arm and hand , and neglected any action of other muscle ( Triceps). Solution:
[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Diagram: [ Fig # 13.16 ] [ Bicep work out ]
DATA : Its the 2nd class of lever, in which the bicep muscle act as a resistance against the external applied force [ F ] . Where , this condition is the static condition , so all the sum of torque forces acting on that body is equal to zero . [ [ ]; ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] R=? F = external applied force = 70 N ; [ ];
SYSTAMATIC-DIAGRAM:[ Fig # 13.17 (a ) ].
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] FIG # 13.17 (b)
Req : R=? SOLUTION: As we know that given in the question that the body segment in the state of Static-Equilibrium, so all the sum of torque forces which acting on that body segment is equal to zero. [ Formula:
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];

[ ];
FOR R :[ [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ];
.. R = 700 N . Answer . --------------finished-here-------Sample Problem 3 [ Static-Equilibrium ] Q ) Two individuals apply force to opposite side of a frictionless swinging door .if A applied a 30N force at a 40 degree 45 cm from the doors hinge and B applied force at a 90 degree angle 38cm from the doors hinge, what amount of force is applied by B if the door remains in a static position? Diagram : [ Fig # 13.18 ]
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SOLUTION:
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] SYSTAMATIC DIAGRAM: [ Fig # 13.19 ( a) ]
[ Required : [ ];
];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Fig # 13.20 (b)
[ So,
];
Key point: As we know that the body segment is in the static-position , so the sum of all the Equivalent torque [ ] forces is equal to zero, [ Formula: [ Where :
];
];
[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] [ [ -------------Plus sign shows that the counter-Clock wise [ Positive ] direction . And Minus sign shows that the clock wise direction. -----------Now placing the above value in eq-A, then we get. [ [ [ [ [ .. [ ]; Answer . [ its the Force applied by the B by which the body segment stay in the static-position. CONCLUSION: We want to provide the FB = 35.52 N to the perpendicular to the door so, then the door will stay in the static position. ---------------finished-here-----------I [WWW.MEDICAL-IMAGE-PROCESSNG.BLOGSPOT.CA BY MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI] Page 33-OF-45
]; ];
]; ]; ]; ]; ];
[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Sample-problem [ STATIC-EQULIBRIUM]: Q) The quadriceps tendon attaches to tibia at a 30 degree angle 4cm from the joint center at the knee , when an 80N weight is attached to the ankle 28cm from the knee joint , how much force is required of the quadriceps to maintain the leg in a horizontal position ( or in staticposition) ? a. what is the magnitude and direction of the reaction force , exerted by the femur on tibia? Note: Neglected the weight of the leg and the action of other muscles. Diagram : [ Fig # 13.21 ]
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] SOLUTION: Fig # 13.22
FORMULA: [ ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] Fig # 13.2
[ [ [ So, SOLUTION:
]; ]; ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] SCHEMATIC-DIAGRAM: [ Fig # 13.24 ]
REQUIRED :PART (a) : [ PART (b) : Magnitude and direction of force by the femer on the tibia => R = ? , QR =? . Part (a) :];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] For FQ : FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF FQ :- [ Fig # 13.25 ]
So, this body segment is in the state of static-equilibrium, so, sum of all forces torque are equal to zero. [ Part-a : For FQ :[ ]; ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] [ {:. [ [ . [ . = 1120 ] ; its the required torque force for the static-condition } ]; ]; ];
PART b : FOR MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF FORCE [ R ] BY THE femer ON tibia QR :FOR R :FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF FEMER EXERTING FORCE ON THE TIBIA:
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] [ Fig # 13.26 ]
FOR Rx :ACCORDING TO THE STATIC-EQUILIBRIUM : [ [ [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ]; sum of all forces in the x-component is zero. ];
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] FOR Ry :According to static equilibrium [ [ [ [ ]; ]; sum of all forces in the y-component is zero. ]; ];
Pythagoreous theorem: [ ];
[ [ [ [ force.
]; ]; ]; ]; Answer-1 , its the magnitude of the resultant
FOR-DIRECTION-OF-R :Fig # 13.26
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[ [ [ So, [ [ ]; ];
];
]; ]; its the direction of R , Answer-2.
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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ] DYNAMIC-EQULIBRIUM :when any body in the state of motion is known as Dynamicequilibrium so, in the dynamic equilibrium there are all types of the forces act in the body that is , [ [ [ ]; sum of all forces acting in a body in x-axis ]; sum of all forces acting in a body in y-axis ];
----finished-here-------CENTER-OF-GRAVITY:[ OR CENTER-OF-MASS = CENTER-OF-GRAVITY ]: CENTER-OF-MASS :There is a point in every body where the body mass are equally distributed in all direction, this point is known as center-of-mass or Mass-centroid. CENTER-OF-GRAVITY:If we analysis this body in the gravitation forces , so, the center-ofmass of the body is also known as center of gravity, Key-point=> the center-of-gravity is that point on the body where sum of all the torque produced by weight of the body segment is equal to zero.
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[ [ [ [
]; ]; ]; ]; net torque is zero.
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-------------finished here------------------CH-13 ON BIO-MECHANICE IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING FINISHED-HERE----------------
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CH 13, On BioMechanics in Bio Medical Engineering

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[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

[TEXT BOOK: BASIC-BIO-MECHANICS BY SUSAN-J HALL , 3rd EDITION ];

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

Mathematically : [ [ ]; {:. [ moment arm = d = 0 ] } ];

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Diagram: [ fig # 13.12 ]

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

-------------finished here ---------Example :

Fig # 13.14 [ MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE ]:

Condition => [ Mechanical Advantage

SYSTAMATIC-DIAGRAM:[ Fig # 13.17 (a ) ].

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

]; ]; ]; ]; Answer-1 , its the magnitude of the resultant

FOR-DIRECTION-OF-R :Fig # 13.26

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

]; ]; its the direction of R , Answer-2.

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]; ]; ]; ]; net torque is zero.

-------------finished here------------------CH-13 ON BIO-MECHANICE IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING FINISHED-HERE----------------

Thursday, June 20, 2013

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

[BIO-MECHANICS IN BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING, CH-13 , EQUILIBRIUM AND HUMAN MOVEMENT : ]

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