CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 1.0 MATTER

LEARNING OUTCOMES

REMARKS

HOUR

1. Identify and describe protons, electron and neutrons as sub-atomic particles. 2. Define proton number Z, nucleon number A and isotopes. Write isotope denotation. 3. Define relative atomic mass Ar and relative molecular mass Mr based on C-12 scale. 4. Sketch and explain the function of the following main components of a simple mass spectrometer: i. Vaporisation chamber ii. ionisation chamber iii. acceleration chamber iv. magnetic field v. ion detector 5. Analyze mass spectrum of an element. Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the relative abundances of isotopes or a mass spectrum. 6. Name cations, anions and salts according to the IUPAC nomenclature.

Include polyatomic ions. 3 Hours Exclude complex ions.

1.1

Atoms and molecules

CHEMISTRY

TOPIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Define mol in terms of mass of carbon-12 and Avogadro constant, NA. 2. Interconvert between moles, mass, number of particles, molar volume of gas at s.t.p and room temperature. 3. Determine empirical and molecular formulae from mass composition or combustion data. 4. Define and perform calculations for each of the following concentration measurements: i. molarity or amount concentration, c ii. molality,m iii. mole fraction, X iv. percentage by mass, % w/w v. percentage by volume, % V/V 5. Determine the oxidation number of an element in a chemical formula. 6. Write and balance: i. chemical equation by inspection method ii. redox equation by ion-electron method. 7. Define limiting reactant, percentage yield 8. Perform stoichiometric calculations using mole concept including limiting reactant and percentage yield.

REMARKS

HOUR

Relate density, , to concentration measurements when necessary. Calculations involve: i. reacting masses ii. volume of gases at s.t.p and room temperature iii. volume and concentration of solutions. 7 Hours

1.2

Mole Concept

CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 2.0 STATES OF MATTER

LEARNING OUTCOMES

REMARKS

HOUR

1. Define gas laws: Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law. 2. Sketch and interpret the graphs of Boyle's and Charles' laws. 3. Perform calculation involving gas laws. 4. Perform calculations using the ideal gas equation. 5. Define and perform calculation using Dalton's law. 2.1 Gas 6. Explain qualitatively the basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory of gases for an ideal gas. 7. State and explain the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases as applied to an ideal gas. 8. Explain the ideal and non-ideal behaviours of gases in terms of intermolecular forces and molecular volume. State the conditions at which real gases approcah the ideal behaviour. 9. Explain qualitatively van der Waals equation. Calculation includes the determination of molar mass, M and density, . Exclude the formula that relates average speed of gas molecules and temperature. Use the graph of PV/RT versus P to show the non-ideal behaviour. Explanation on the positive and negative deviations of a gas is not required . Calculation involving van der Waals equations is not required.

7 Hours

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TOPIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Describe the properties of liquid: shape, volume, surface tension, viscosity, compressibility and diffusion. 2. Explain vaporization and condensation processes based on the kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular forces. 3. Define vapour pressure and boiling point. Relate: i. intermolecular forces to vapour pressure ii. vapour pressure to boiling point. 1. State the properties of solid 2. Explain the process of i. freezing (solidification) ii. melting (fusion) iii. sublimation iv. Deposition

REMARKS

HOUR

2.2

Liquid

Limited to molecular energy and molecular motion.

2 Hours

Limited to shape and molecular motion. Explaination involves molecular motion and phase changes only. Mention the type of interparticle bonding or forces only. Exclude 7 crystal systems. 1 Hour

2.3

Solid

3. Define amorphous and crystalline solids. State the following types of crystalline solids with appropriate examples: i. metallic ii. ionic iii. molecular covalent iv. giant covalent

CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 3.0 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

LEARNING OUTCOMES

REMARKS

HOUR

1. Describe Bohr's atomic postulates. 2. Explain the existence of electron energy levels in an atom. Describe the formation of the line spectrum of hydrogen atom. Calculate the energy of electron using: E = - RH (1/ n2), RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J 3. Differentiate between line spectrum and continuous spectrum 4. Perform calculations involving the Rydberg equation for Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series: 1/ = RH (1/n12 - 1/n22) where RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1 and n1<n2 E = RH (1/ni2 - 1/nf2) where RH = 2.18 x 10-18J 5. Calculate the ionisation energy of hydrogen atom from Lyman series. 6. Outline the weakness of Bohr's atomic model 7. State the dual nature of the electron using de Broglie's postulate and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. (Calculation is not required)

3.1 Bohr's atomic models

Introduce E = h where = c /

5 Hours

CHEMISTRY

TOPIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Describe the term orbital. 2. State the four quantum numbers of an electron in an orbital i. principle quantum number, n ii. angular momentum quantum number, iii. magnetic quantum number, m iv. electron spin quantum number, s. 3. Sketch the shapes of s, p and d orbitals with correct orientations. 1. Write the electronic configuration of an atom using: and orbital diagram. i. spdf notation ii. orbital diagram. 2. State and use Aufbau principle, Hund's rule and Pauli's exclusion principle in filling of electrons in orbitals of an atom. 3. Write the electronic configuration of atoms and monoatomic ions. 4. Explain the anomalous electronic configuration of chromium and copper.

REMARKS

HOUR

3.2 Quantum mechanical model

Other terms for are azimuthal / subsidiary/ orbital quantum number.

2 Hours

3.3

Electron configuration

Limit the proton number, Z to 36

3 Hours

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TOPIC 4.0 PERIODIC TABLE

LEARNING OUTCOMES

REMARKS

HOUR

1. Indicate period, group and block (s, p, d, f). 2. Specify the position of metals, metalloids and non-metals in the periodic table. 4.1 Classification of elements 3. Deduce the position of elements in the periodic table from its electronic configuration. 1 Hour

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TOPIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Explain the variation in atomic and ionic radii: Across period 2 and 3, accross the first row of transition elements, down a group. 2. Explain the variation in the radius of isoelectronic species. 3. Define the first and second ionization energies. Explain the increase in the successive ionisation energies of an element. 4. Explain the variations in the first ionization energy: Across periods 2 and 3, down groups 1 and 2. 5. Deduce the electronic configuration of an element and its position in the periodic table based on successive ionisation energy data. 6. Define electron affinity and electronegativity 7. Explain the variation in electronegativity of elements: across periods 2 and 3, down a group. 8. Describe the periodicity of elements across period 3 and down groups 1 and 17 for the following physical properties: i. metallic character ii. melting point iii. boiling point 9. Describe and explain the acid-base character of oxides of elements in period 3.

REMARKS

HOUR

Include comparison between atomic radius of an element and its corresponding ionic radius for periods 2 and 3 only. Highlight the anomalous behaviour. 5 Hours Limit proton number, Z to 20. Relate boiling point to the molecular structure and types of interparticles forces. Include chemical equations.

4.2

Periodicity

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TOPIC 5.0 CHEMICAL BONDING

LEARNING OUTCOMES

REMARKS

HOUR

1. Write the Lewis dot symbol for atom. 2. State the octet rule and describe how atoms obtain the octet configuration 3. Describe the formation of the following bonds using Lewis dot symbols i. Ionic or electrovalent bond ii. Covalent bond iii. Dative or coordinate bond 4. Draw Lewis structure of covalent species with single, double and triple bonds. 5.1 Lewis structure 5. Compare the bond length between single, double and triple bonds. 6. Determine the formal charge and the most plausible Lewis structure. 7. Explain the exception to the octet rule: incomplete octet, expanded octet and odd number electrons 8. Explain the concept of resonance using appropriate examples. Highlight the covalent character of Be, B and Al.

Include the stabilities of cations and anions with noble gas, pseudo noble gas or half-filled orbital configurations. 6 Hours

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1. Explain Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR) 2. Draw the basic molecular shapes: linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bypiramidal and octahedral. 5.2 Molecular shape and polarity 3. Predict and explain the shapes of molecule and bond angles in a given species. 4. Explain bond polarity and dipole moment. 5. Deduce the polarity of molecules based on the shapes and the resultant dipole moment. 1. Draw and describe the formation of sigma, and pi, bonds from overlapping of orbitals 5.3 Orbital overlap and hybridization 2. Draw and explain hybrid orbital of a central atom:, sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d and sp3d2; using approriate examples . 3. Explain the formation of sigma, and pi, in molecules 1. Describe intermolecular forces i. van der Waals forces: dipole-dipole interactions or permanent dipole London forces or dispersion forces ii. hydrogen bonding 2. Explain factors that influence der Waals forces. Use CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2 and C6H6 to explain the formation of pi, in molecules.

Include bond angles Include species with lone pairs: V-shaped, trigonal pyramidal, Tshaped, distorted tetrahedral (seesaw), linear, square pyramidal and square planar.

4 Hours

3 Hours

5.4

Intermolecular forces

2 Hours

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3. Explain the effects of hydrogen bonding on the following physical properties: i. boiling point ii. solubility iii. density of water compared to ice. 1. State the following properties of metal: i. malleability ii. ductility iii. electrical conductivity iv. thermal conductivity 2. Explain the formation of the metallic bond using electron sea model 3. Explain the factors that affect the strength of metallic bond 4. Explain the effects of the strength of metallic bonding on boiling point.

5.5

Metallic bond

1 Hour

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TOPIC 6.0 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

LEARNING OUTCOMES

REMARKS

HOUR

1. Explain a reversible reaction, dynamic equilibrium and law of mass action 2. State the characteristics of a system in equilibrium. 3. Explain the features of a graph of concentration against time for a reversible reaction. 1. Define homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. 2. Deduce and write expressions for equilibrium constants in terms of concentration, KC and partial pressure, KP for homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. 3. Derive and use the equation, KP = KC (RT) . 6.2 Equilibrium constants 4. Calculate KC, KP or the quantities of species present at equilibrium. 5. Define and determine the degree of dissociation, . 6. Deduce the expression for reaction quotient, Q and predict the direction of net reaction by comparing the values of Q and Keq.
n

6.1

Dynamic equilibrium

Mass action law is also known as equilibrium law

1 Hour

Refer to single step reversible reaction only Calcualtion of is based on decomposition reaction 3 Hours

CHEMISTRY

TOPIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. State Le Chatelier's principle. 2. Explain the effect of the following factors on a system at equilibrium using Le Chatelier's principle: i. Concentration of reacting species ii. Pressure and volume (include the addition of inert gas at constant Pressure and at constant volume) iii. Temperature iv. Catalyst

REMARKS Discuss the equilibrium position, equilibirum concentrations and the value of K. Use synthesis of HI, hydrolysis of ester, decompositon of N,2O4 and synthesis of NH3 etc as examples. Haber process: create the awareness of industrial application

HOUR

6.3 Le Chatelier's principle

2 Hours

7.0 IONIC EQUILIBRIA 1. Define acids and bases according to the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis theories. 2. Define and identify conjugate acids and conjugate base according to Bronsted-Lowry theory. 3. Define strong acid and base, weak acid and base 4. Define pH and pOH. Relate pH and pOH to the ionic product of water, Kw at 25oC. 5. Calculate the pH values of a strong acid and base Include examples for each theory. Exclude calculations for every dilute acids or bases (< 10-7 M) Relate Ka, Kb, Kw, pKa, pKb, pKw, pH and pOH. Perform calculations only on weak monoprotic acids and weak bases. Calcualtions are limited to problems with quadratic equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0 Apply approximation method if Ka or Kb 10-14 Description on the preparation of buffer solution is not required.

7.1

Acids and bases

9 Hours

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6. Relate the strength of a weak acid and a weak base to the respective dissociation constants, Ka and Kb. 7. Perform calculation involving pH, dissociation constant, initial concentration, equilibirum concentration and the degree of dissociaiton, . 8. Explain salt hydrolysis and write hydrolysis equation for the salt formes from the reaction between: i. strong acid and strong base ii. strong acid and weak base iii. weak acid and strong base (Calculation is not required). 9. Classify the salts as neutral, acidic or basic. 10 Describe buffer solutions. 11. Describe qualitatively how a buffer solution controls its pH 12. Derive the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Calculate the pH of buffer solutions. pH = pKa + log [conjugate base] / [weak acid] pOH = pKb + log [conjugate acid] / [weak base]

CHEMISTRY

TOPIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Describe the titration process and distinguish between the end point and equivalence point. 2. Perform calculations involving titrations 3. Sketch and interpret the variation of pH against titre value for titrations between: i. strong acid-strong base ii. strong acid-weak base iii. weak acid-strong base 4. Identify suitable indicators for acid base titrations 1. Define solubility, molar solubility and solubility product, Ksp. 2. Calculate Ksp from concentrations of ions and vise versa.

REMARKS

HOUR

7.2

Acid-base titrations

Calculations are limited to titration between a strong acid and a strong bases

3 Hours

7.3

Solubility equilibria

3. Predict the possibility of precipitation of slightly soluble ionic compounds by comparing the values of ion product, Q to Ksp. 4. Define and explain the common ion effect. Perform calculations related to common ion effect.

Exclude calculation on the mass of precipitate formed.

2 Hours

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TOPIC 8.0 PHASE EQUILIBRIA

LEARNING OUTCOMES

REMARKS

HOUR

1. Define phase and component 2. Define triple point and critical point. 3. Sketch and explain the phase diagram of H2O and CO2. Explain the anomalous behaviour of H2O. 4. Describe the changes in phase with respect to: i. temperature (at constant pressure), ii. pressure (at constant temperature). 1. State the miscibility of a liquid mixture: i. Miscible ii. Partially miscible iii. Immiscible 2. State the properties of an ideal solution 3. Define and apply Raoult's law. 8.2 Two components system 4. Explain the positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law for non-ideal solutions 5. Sketch and interpret the following curves for a mixture of two miscible liquids: i. vapour pressure-composition ii. boiling point-composition

8.1

Single component system

2 Hours

Use benzene-toluene as an example of ideal solution. Use water-ethanol as an example of solution with positive deviation. Use nitric acid-water as an example of solution with negative deviation.

6 Hours

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6. Define azeotropic mixture. Determine the composition of azeotropic mixture from a boiling point-composition diagram. 7. Explain the principle involved in simple and fractional distillations of a binary mixture. 8. Determine the distillate and residue of a distillation from the boiling point-composition diagram. 1. Define colligative properties 2. Describe the colligative properties of a solution: i. ii. 8.3 Colligative properties iii. iv. freezing point depression osmotic pressure lowering of vapour pressure boiling point elevation 2 Hours

3. Perform calculation on colligative properties of non electrolyte solution containing non-volatile solutes.