• Objectives:-

• Familiarization with the low-pass, high-pass ,band-pass and

band-stop filters.
• Find the frequency response of a seriese RC curciut.
• Plot the magnitude and Phase response of a seriese RC curciut.
• Design, build and test a low pass filter.
• Design, build and test a high pass filter.

• Equipments:-
• Digital multimeter (DMM).
• Breadboard.
• Audio signal generator.
• Oscilloscope.
• Wires.

• Contents:-
• Series RC circuit analysis(Low pass filter).
• Series RC circuit analysis(High pass filter).

• Theory:-
• A network which functions to permit circuit frequencies to pass,
and not to permit other frequancies,is called filter.
• If the filter passes all frequencies up to certain frequency , and
blocks all frequencies above that frequency is called a low-pass
filter as shown in fig1.
 • If the filter passes all frequencies above a certain frequency , and
blocks all frequencies less that frequency is called a high-pass
filter as shown in fig 2.

• A more complicated filter has three frequency ranges; two

versions are the band –pass filter and the band –stop filter (band-
rigiction) as shown in fig 3 .
• The frequency at which the power equals half of its maximum
value and when the voltage drop to 0.707 times of its maximum
value it is refers to as break frequency or corner frequency.
** Vload = Vin / 2 1/2

• Every filter has at least one frequency that permit to pass

frequencies above and under that frequency it is called the cut off
frequency and it is given in the following expressions:-
** fc = 1/ 2*3.14 RC
• Results and analysis:-
• For the low–pass filter we construct the following circuit:-

Input
Input Output amplitude
amplitude Phase Shift (ø) Gane=Vo/Vin
Freq
Voltage(V) Voltage(Vp)
1 2Vp 1.8 a=0.9,b=2.1,ø=38.97 1.9/2=0.95
2 2Vp 1.6 a=1.1,b=1.8,ø=39.29 1.5/2=0.75
2.3 2Vp 1.5 a=1.1,b=1.7,ø=36.34 1.2/2=0.56
5 2Vp 0.9 a=0.9,b=1.1,ø=44.9 1.2/2=0.6
10 2Vp 0.5 a=0.6,b=0.8,ø=57.14 0.436/2=0.218
20 2Vp 0.3 a=0.6,b=0.7,ø=56.44 0.26/2=0.13
50 2Vp 0.2 a=0.3,b=0.4,ø=36.8 0.14/2=0.07
100 2Vp 0.1 a=0.2,b=0.3,ø=32.29 0.11/2=0.055
200 2Vp 0.1 a=0.2,b=0.3,ø=27.6 0.125/2=0.0625
500 2Vp 0.1 a=0.1,b=0.2,ø=21.8 0.11/2=0.055
1000 2Vp 0.08 a=0.3,b=0.3,ø=21.7 0.105/2=0.0525

• For the value of the Phase shift we use the equation: ø=sin-1a/b.
• The characteristics for the low-pass filter:

Vo-f in characterstic
2

1.5
Vo

1
Series1
0.5
0
0
500 1000 1500
f in

*fc=1/2*3.14*68*1*10-6=2.3KHz

70
60
50
Phase shift

40
Series1
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500
f in
• For the high-pass filter we construct the following curcuit:-

Input
Output amplitude
Input Freq amplitude Phase Shift (ø) Gane=Vo/Vin
Voltage(V) Voltage(Vp)
100Hz 2Vp 0.4*0.2=0.08 a=0.4,b=0.4,ø=90 0.08/2=0.04
500Hz 2Vp 1.9*0.2=0.38 a=1.9,b=2,ø=71.8 0.38/2=0.19
1K 2Vp 1.4*0.5=0.7 a=1.3,b=1.6,ø=54.3 0.7/2=0.35
2K 2Vp 1.1*1=1.1 a=0.9,b=1.3,ø=43.8 1.1/2=0.55
2.3K 2Vp 1.2*1=1.2 a=0.9,b=1.3,ø=44 1.2/2=0.54
5K 2Vp 1.6*1=1.6 a=0.7,b=1.7,ø=24.31 1.6/2=0.8
10K 2Vp 1.75*1=1.75 a=0.4,b=1.9,ø=12.15 1.75/2=0.875
50K 2Vp 1.9*1=1.9 a=0.1,b=2,ø=2.36 1.9/2=0.95
100K 2Vp 1.95*1=1.95 a=0.1,b=2,ø=2.3 1.95/2=0.975
500K 2Vp 1.96*1=1.96 a=0.8,b=2,ø=23.57 1.96/2=0.98
1000K 2Vp 1.98*1=1.98 a=1.2,b=1.6,ø=48.6 1.98/2=0.99
• The characteristics for the high-pass filter :

Vo-f in characterstic

2.5
2
1.5
Vo

Series1
1
0.5
0
0 500 1000 1500
f in

2.5
2
Phase shift

1.5
Series1
1
0.5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
f in
• Conclusion:-

• We can design the filters by constructing the series RC circuit.

• If we need low-pass filter we take the output voltage from the
capacitor.
• If we need high-pass filter we take the output voltage from the
resistor.
• We can calculate the break down frequency by using the equation:
fc=1/2 *3.14 RC.