/25 means = /24 + 1 extra bit for subnet If you have 1 extra bit, that means you have

2^1 subnets = 2 subnets. In order for you to fit 256 combinations (8 bits will give you 256 combinations) 0000 0000 1111 1111 if you have 2 subnets, you will have 128 possible combinations in each subnet. So... your subnet network address will either start with 0 or 128. /26 means = /24 + 2 extra bits for subnet. So... if you have 2 extra bits, that means you have 2^2 subnets = 4 subnets. Therefore, to achieve 256 combinations, you multiply 4 subnets with 64 combinations for each subnet. Therefore, your subnet address will start with 0, 64, 128, 192 (multiples of 64) /28 means = /24 + 4 extra bits for subnet So... if you have 4 extra bits, that means you have 2^4 subnets = 16 subnets Therefore to achieve 256 combinations, you multiply 16 subnets with 16 combinations for each subnet. Therefore, your subnet address will start with 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240

Binary Numbers Review

Normal Decimal numbering system starts from 0 9

1,000,000, 000 = 10^9

10000000 10,000,0 0 = 10^8 00=10^

1,000,0 100,000 10,000 00=10^ =10^5 = 10^4 6

1000 = 10^3

100 = 10^2

10 = 10^1

1= 10^0

The Binary system only has 2 numbers : 0 - 1

27 = 128

26 = 64

25 = 32

24 = 16

23 = 8

23 = 4

21 = 2

20 = 1

248 = 1111 1000

IP addresses Review 32 bit numbers = 32 numbers that are made up of binary values (0 & 1). 32 bit numbers are divided into 4 groups of 8 each. (groups of 8 are called OCTETS) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx .

The lowest value for each group is...? xxxx xxxx = 0000 0000 = 0

The highest value for each group is...? xxxx xxxx = 1111 1111 = 255

The number variation for 32 bit IP address numbers go through 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 IP addresses are divided into a few classes. How are they divided? How are they classified? Class A : IF THE FIRST BIT of the 32 bit numbers is 0 0xxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx Address range falls from 0.x.y.z to 127.x.y.z .

Class B : IF THE FIRST TWO BITS of the 32 bit numbers is 10 10xx xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx Address range falls from 128.x.y.z to 191.x.y.z Class C : IF THE FIRST THREE BITS of the 32 bit numbers is 110 110x xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx

Address range falls from 192.x.y.z to

223.x.y.z

Class D : IF THE FIRST FOUR BITS of the 32 bit numbers is 1110 1110 xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx Address range falls from 224.x.y.z to 239.x.y.z Class E : IF THE FIRST FOUR BITS OF THE 32 bit numbers is 1111 1111 xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx . xxxx xxxx Address range falls from 240.x.y.z to 255.x.y.z

SUBNET MASK The purpose of a subnet mask is to cover what needs to be maintained (tidak patut berubah) The subnet mask is also a 32 bit number (also divided into 4 groups of 8) which is made up of CONTIGUOUS 1s and 0s Contiguous = bersambung2. Are the following SM's valid? 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1110 0000 . 0000 0000 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1110 0000 . 1000 0000 1111 1000 . 1111 0000 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 1111 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 1000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 The Smallest VALID SM is 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 = 255.0.0.0 The HIGHEST VALID SM is 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1100 = 255.255.255.252 The 1 bits in a SM tells you which value in the IP address is used as network address. The 0 bits in a SM tells you which value in the IP address is used for host. / x x /

0000 1010 . 0001 0001 . 1010 1010 . 0000 0100 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 What is the IP address is decimal format? What is the subnet mask in decimal format? What is the NETWORK ADDRESS?

IP Address Subnet Mask

10.17.170.4 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0

HOSTS in a network How is it calculated? It is calculated by the number of 0s in the SM. The formula that is used is 2n 2, where n is the number of 0s in the SM & we subtract 2 to exclude the network address is where the host value in the IP address is ALL 0 the broadcast address is where the host value in the IP address is ALL 1 In a Class A network... the standard SM is 255.0.0.0 (in CIDR connotation, it is written as /8 because you need to have 8 1 bits to get 255) Therefore... how many hosts are available in a Class A network?224 2 = 16,777,214 hosts In a Class B network... the standard SM is 255.255.0.0 (in CIDR connotation, it is written as /16 because you need to have 16 1 bits to get 255.255) So, how many hosts are available in a Class B network? 216 2 = 65,534 hosts In a Class C network... the standard SM is 255.255.255.0 (in CIDR connotation, it is written as /24 because you need to have 24 1 bits to get 255.255.255) So, how many hosts are available in a Class C network? 28 2 = 254 hosts

WHY SUBNET? BECAUSE THE NUMBER OF HOSTS AVAILABLE BY DEFAULT IS TOO LARGE TO MANAGE. SUBNET MEANS TO DIVIDE INTO SMALLER NETWORKS We subnet by starting with the default subnet mask and then we add additional 1 bits to reserve places for subnet value.

1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 0000 0000 210.1.153.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 We want to subnet it into 2 networks. 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 0000 0000 210.1.153.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1000 0000

Network address SM

Network address SM

We borrow 1 extra bit. WHY? Because with 1 extra bit in the SM, the host portion of the network address will have 1 place that can have 2 variations.. 0 and 1 This means that your new SM becomes : 255.255.255.128 And your two NEW networks will have what network addresses? Network Address 1 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 0000 0000 210.1.153.0 Address range 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 0000 0001 to 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 0111 1110 Network Address 2 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 1000 0000 210.1.153.128 Address range 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 1000 0001 to 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 1111 1110 Network address 210.1.153.1 to 210.1.153.126 Network address 210.1.153.129 to 210.1.153.254

Same Network. 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 0000 0000 210.1.153.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 We want to subnet it into 8 networks. To create 8 variations, we need 3 extra bits that we borrow from the host portion 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Network address SM

Therefore the new SM becomes: 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1110 0000 What is the network address for your 5th subnet? 1101 0010 . 0000 0001 . 1001 1001 . 1000 0000 210.1.153.128 And the range is from what to what? 210.1.153.129 to 210.1.153.158

SM

255.255.255.224

Network address

What about subnetting according to the number of hosts? If you need to subnet according to the number of hosts, we look at the 0 portion of the SM that corresponds to the host value of the IP address. 1001 0010 . 0000 0001 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 146.1.0.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 Network address SM /16

IF WE NEED TO SUBNET IT TO SMALLER NETWORKS CONTAINING NO MORE THAN 100 HOSTS... How do we do this? Hosts = 2n 2, where n is the number of 0s in the SM so... if we to create an equation to fit this question: 20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8.... 26 = 64, 27 = 128 2n 2 = 100 2n = 100 + 2 = 102 n=7 Therefore, you need 7 bits of 0 in your new subnet mask to create a smaller network that will be to contain at least 100 hosts. Therefore your new SM will become?? 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111. 1000 0000 number of 1s) Therefore... based on the original question 1001 0010 . 0000 0001 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 146.1.0.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1000 0000 SM /25 (25 denotes the

Network address SM /16 (original) SM /25 (new)

How many new subnets can you create? 29 = 512 new subnets