CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Unlike in the past when man just wanted to set up construction work on already well established land (naturally), nowadays land has to be improved. This has majorly been due to the increasing demand for construction land against its availability and the collapse of some landscapes due to landslides and the like ( A case in point is the Bukit Antagabsa incident of 1993 and the Bukit Segar incident of March, 2009) Man has devised all means to improve the properties of land and make it suitable for construction and habitable. Some of the properties he has tried to affect include but not limited to: Drainage Permeability Density Shear force and Bearing capacity

The objectives of ground improvement include: Reduce settlement of structures Improve shear strength and bearing capacity of the soil Increase factor of safety against possible slope failure of Embankments and dams Reduce shrinkage and swelling of soils

There are very many ground improvement techniques that Man has devised to improve the basic soil characteristics such are; grouting, soil nailing, tie backs, mechanically stabilised earth walls etc. Under certain circumstances more than one ground improvement technique has to be used in order to achieve the overall objectives of ground improvement. A case in point is the project at Taman Bukit Segara,

Cheras Kuala Lumpur in which more than one technique was used as discussed later in this report. In this report though many techniques exist it mostly tackles the soil nailing method of ground improvement and briefly hints on tie backs and MSE walls.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This report basically discusses soil nailing as a ground improvement/slope stabilisation technique based on a brief survey in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. What is soil nailing? Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are reinforced by the insertion of relatively slender elements - normally steel reinforcing bars. Wikipedia Soil nailing in other words is an in-situ kind of soil reinforcement technique in which a slender object is inserted into the soil mass in order to enhance stability by transferring load from active weak zones of the soil mass to passive strong zones. Soil nail walls are retaining walls which are built from the top downwards in cut situations where the soil has enough apparent cohesion that it can stand up on its own during construction. structure source Soil nailing traces its origin far back in 1960s when it was first used in Mexico and then in Europe in the 1970s. Due to the success of the projects in w hich it was used it gained popularity in many places for both Hillside development and in stabilising Embankments world over Malaysia inclusive. Soil nail walls increase the resistance to shear forces that may cause the soil slope to collapse. The steel bars act as the load bearing materials and as reinforcement structures in the slope. Predominantly, Nails are considered to operate in tension but there is a possibility of also working in bending/shear Apart from its former successes it is seen as one of the best slope stabilising technique because; It does not require much maintenance post its construction.
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It is effective in slope stabilisation It is also easy to construct and, Economical. It is an in-situ kind of ground improvement thus environmental friendly since it is not a cut excavation and backfill method. It can be applied to sites where accessibility may be difficult i.e where working equipments may be difficult to move. It is not noisy, silent and causes no vibration of the ground making it suitable for urban areas. It is flexible and can follow difficult excavation shapes and can be adjusted to significant variations in soil conditions that be be encountered during construction.

The method is well suited to projects that may be of great concern such as hill site developments and rehabilitation of distressed structures.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY
3.1. SELECTION Soil nail walls are normally constructed on slopes whose soil has strong cohesive forces and hence can stand on their own during construction; soil should have a temporary sub vertical stability of about 2 metres for a period of not less than 2 days and the drilled hole should have a capability to stay unaltered for about 3-4 hours or more after drilling it. For this matter soil nail walls can not be constructed on land whose soil mostly consists of clay, loose sand or under water. Landscapes whose soils are stiff fine or cohesion soils, cemented granular soils, well graded granular soils with appreciable cohesion of about 5Kpa, most residual soils and weathered rock mass with favourable geological settings are suitable for soil nail wall construction; putting in mind that the ground profile is not under water. If the soils/landscape does not march the afore mentioned properties; there can be risks such as loosing grout as it is being inserted, collapse of drilled holes, poor nail to soil interface resistance due to the disturbance of the drilled holes and localised face stability. 3.2 DESIGN There are various methods of soil nail wall designing that are used depending on where the construction is going to take place in respect to construction regulations, economic considerations and expected time of work i.e. temporary versus permanent. Particularly in Malaysia there is no particular regulation regarding the design to but the one laid down by U.S Department of

Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 1998, is more recommended since it is cost efficient and practically viable. The codes of conduct and design manuals include: BS8006:1995, code of practice for strengthened/reinforced soils and other fills Soil nailing is discussed in section 7.5: Reinforcement of existing ground in BS8006:1995. There are two design procedures suggested in this manual; the two wedge method and log-spiral methods are recommended for analysing the stability of soil nailed slopes. HA68/94, Design methods for the reinforcement of Highway slopes by Reinforcement soil and soil nailing techniques U.S Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 1998, Manual for Design and Construction Monitoring Of Soil Nail Walls BS8081:1989 Code of Practice for Ground Anchorage 3.3 INSTALATION 3.3.1 Equipments: The following machinery needs to be in place in order to commence the soil nail construction: 1. Man power: Like any other technical civil works soil nailing requires both skilled and unskilled labour/casual workers for the smooth running of the project. Perhaps depending on the project it requires more casual workers at the site than the skilled/professionals and of course more professionals in the design office. 2. Drilling Equipment: In most cases small hydraulic, track-mounted drill rigs are used. The rigs are mostly of the rotary/percussive type that uses section augers or drill rods. The advantage of these is that they are economical since the mobilisation costs are lowered and do not

require a large space for their operation as compared to hydraulicpowered track mounted rigs with continuous flight augers. 3. Grout mixing machine; it should be is recommended that a high speed shear colloidal mixer is used in order to attain a uniform quality grout. 4. Gunitting /shotcreting machine with a nozzle outlet to control the amount of water injecting into high pressurized flow of sand and cement mix. 5. Water suction pump 6. Compressor Etc. as required in civil works 3.3.2Materials Grout Hot Deep galvanised steel Rods Shortcrete/gunite PVC pipes Conditional spraying for the ground

3.3.3 Procedure As any other civil engineering work the first thing is to clear the land where the construction work is going to be done. This may involve removal of plantation/vegetation, flattening of some part of land either by grading or filling using soil of better properties, burrowing and reconditioning the wall for shotcrete surfacing. Water control measures are then put in place to avoid any alterations during the construction. For example in the Taman Bukit Segar hill development project 12metre drainage, beam drain and interceptor drain were constructed. PVC pipes of about 12 metres in length were inserted into the soil mass. This way water finds its way out of the soil mass. The wall is constructed from up to down i.e. the top most landscape is first nailed and sequentially other layers follow in few steps as laid down below;
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The slope is drilled to about 9-12 metre depth. This is to ensure that the hardest part of the soil is reached since the main aim is to clamp the less dense soil to a denser soil so that tensile load is transferred from less stable active zone of the landscape is transferred to passive strong inactive zones to attain stability. The drilling was done numerously all over the slope at regular close spacing of about 0.5-2metres to ensure maximum soil-nail interaction within the soil mass for its reinforcement. The holes are about 75-200mm in diameter in order to accommodate the steel rod and a reasonable amount of grout. The kind of drilling used for slopes whose soil is well suited is known as open cast method where drilling is done without casing. This way speed is achieved and costs lowered.

Fig1: Drilling in progress (Source Manual for Design and construction monitoring of soil nail
Walls, FHWA)

The drilled holes are then flushed preferably using air to remove the dust from the drilled holes. Rigid Hot deep galvanised steel was then put into the drilled holes at a slight untensioned declination of about 15 0. Galvanised steel was opted for because of its high resistive properties such as resistance to corrosion.

Fig2: Nail inserted at a slight declination horizontally (Source Manual for Design and
construction monitoring of soil nail Walls, FHWA)

Grouting (in-situ grouting) is then done using Grout of grade 30. Grouting can also be done simultaneously as the galvanised steel bars are being inserted into the drilled holes. The grout is applied all way round the steel bar so that the steel rod is sandwiched between it; this reduces the risk of corrosion due to rusting of the steel bar. A bearing plate is then put at the outermost end of the steel rod in order to hold the nail and grout firmly onto the earth mass (wall). The wall is then sprayed with shotcrete and a bearing plate is put at the outermost end of the steel bar. The bearing plate is then fixed on the wall using a nut and washer.

Fig3: Spraying of concrete (Source Manual for Design and construction monitoring of soil nail Walls, FHWA)

Fig4 :( Source: coastal caisson.com)

Then Nail heads are constructed over the steel rods and bearing plates. This is done so that the steel rods, bearing plate, nut and washer are not left exposed and are well attached to the wall. A simple conical/trapezoidal shaped structure made out of concrete can be constructed over each steel rod or the whole wall surface can be plastered but the former is more economical.

Fig5: Nail head 10

Fig6: Photographic view of nail heads

The above procedures are followed till the whole slope is nailed. 3.4 QUALITY CONTROL/ASSURANCE It is true that not all construction works meet standards. Thus many structures have found their way in collapsing after a given time,t thus leading to both life and economic loss. Thus assurance of quality should be right from the start till the end of the construction and periodical surveys should be carried out in future though soil nailing does not require much inspection after construction but never know some catastrophe may occur. So to ensure quality preliminary and working pull outs were taken. Cone penetration test (CPT) In this test a penetrometer with a conical tip and standard geometry is pushed vertically into the ground at a standard rate of 20mm per second. Penetration at this rate is fully drained for sands with non plastic silt contents of up to 10% (Carraro et al.2003). This test is conducted during the site exploration to determine the cone resistance, qc Where, qc = vertical force acting on the tip of the penetrometer The base area of the tip (1000mm for the standard penetrometer with diameter of35.7mm)

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The qc can then be used to conclude on the nature of soil. Of recent invention this test can also help in determining friction along a lateral sleeve and shear wave velocities, pore pressure and other quantities with the help of seismic shear waves. The test is normally used because of its simplicity, speed and probably ability to maintain a continuous profiling. Cube test ; this was do check on the quality of the grout mix used. Curing test/test panel; this was to test the quality of shortcrete used for reinforcements. Weight bearing capacity of the steel rods (nails) has to be determined and ensure that the minimum load can meet the load on the soil mass. Seasonal monitoring Apart from the monitoring by the site resident Engineer, periodical monitoring is done by the Local authorities such as Dewan Bandaraye Kuala Lumpur (a body responsible for monitoring all construction work in Kuala Lumpur) after every six months.

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CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF SOIL NAILING Soil nailing is best suited for slope stabilisation in which the soil mass can stand on its own. 3.1 FAILURE MODES IN SOIL NAILING AND CORRECTION PROCEDURES Basically, for the soil nailing technique discussed in this report, where the nail head is attached to the ground, only one failure mode is exhibited. It is as a result of the sliding of the soil wedge moving down and out thus dragging the nails along with it. This movement results from shear stress that develops along the soil interface with the nails. The resistance between a nail in question and the soil beyond the sliding wedge can then be mobilized. The wedge tends to drag the nail, the stable soil mass drags it in the opposite direction and the nail itself pulls the wedge. If the resistance of the soil nail is sufficient, the wall-nail-soil system will be stable; otherwise the soil wedge will slide carrying along the nails with it.

Fig 7: Failure mechanism in soil nailing This makes it necessary to put into consideration the wedge factor when designing a soil nail wall. In addition when designing a soil nail wall a slope
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stability mechanism with an approximately shaped slip surfaces that can handle the nails is used. Estimate design mechanisms basically rely on the assumed shape of the slip surface, this can be done by estimating the lateral and vertical spacings of the nails sh and sv respectively, and an assumed lateral earth-pressure distributions. This defines an influence area for each nail which may be multiplied by a factor of safety, FS, in order to calculate the required resistance from each nail, Treq Treq= (FS) h sv sh(i)
Where h is the horizontal vertical stress. The minimum value of FS is 2.

Analysis will always be backed by the type of problems and applicability of the said analysis method. There are basically two principles that can be followed when analysing the applicability of soil nailing that is to say, the limit equilibrium method and finite element method. Limit equilibrium Method; This is used to evaluate the overall stability of the soil nail wall and helps in determining the total required nail forces required to support the soil mass. Finite Element Method is normally used to predict stresses, bending moments and axial loads in the structural components, movement of the wall and the settlement in the supported ground. 3.2 Soil nailing as compared to tie backs and Mechanically Stabilised Earth (MSE) walls We should appreciate the big similarity between soil nail walls and tie backs as both are in-situ reinforcement methods but there also differences which may make one more suitable than the other under given conditions. Though MSE walls are slightly different they also exhibit some similarities with soil
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nailing as a method of ground reinforcement since they also exhibit a passive kind of reinforcement. The table (Tab 1) below as adopted from the FHWA,i998, Manual for construction and Design of soil nail walls. Shows the principle comparisons amongst soil nailing tie backs and mechanically stabilised Earth walls.

Soil Nail Walls Top-Down (Cut in-situ) Reinforcements are Drilled and grouted through both passive and active zones Reinforcements are Actively stressed throughout excavation process. Loads in reinforcement decrease from top to bottom. Facing caries only load not Wall behaviour supported by nails. Load transfer between soil and

Tie backs Top-down(Cut in situ)

MSE Walls Down up(fill up) Sheets for

Reinforcements are only in active zones.

reinforcement are sandwiched between active and passive zones.

Construction

They are Actively stressed only at present excavation point.

Passively stressed as fill construction progresses.

There is almost uniform load distribution.

Loads in reinforcement decrease from bottom to top Facing caries

Facing caries full soil dressing

only load not supported by reinforcement sheets.

Load never distributes to the

Load transfer between soil

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reinforcement occurs along full length of the soil nail.

active zones

mass and nail occurs along full length.

Tensile forces in Anchor results Tensile forces on reinforcements are due to gravity forces acting on the soil mass in active zones. from equilibrium between tensile forces applied to the anchor head during stressing and self weight of soil in active zones. Soil is mostly confined by Soil is partially confined by nails. Soil is confined by facing only. reinforcement depending on reinforcement used and spacing. Maximum wall deflection is at the top of the wall. Maximum wall deflection is mid way the wall Empirical Earth pressure Design approach (internal) Limit equilibrium approach is used to approach is used to derive reinforcement stress, which is equated to reinforcement Maximum deflection mostly at lower third level of the wall Empirical earth pressure distribution is used to calculate reinforcement stress, which is equated to reinforcement Tensile forces on reinforcements are due to gravity forces in active zones of the soil

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capacity to determine safety factor against rupture and pull out.

capacity to determine the safety factor against reinforcement rupture and pull out. (but this is done differently from the one for tie backs)

Reinforcement strength and pull Reinforcement strength and pull out resistance is calculated once throughout the entire wall construction or at intermediate stages. out resistance is calculated at each and every stage of construction basing on the anchor capacity required for the facing to structurally resist the lateral earth pressure. Facing and facing-nail connection system are checked for possible failure modes such as flexural and shear using empirical Facings such as soldier piles and facing tieback system is checked for possible failure modes under the installed tie back pre-stress

Reinforcement strength and pull out resistance is calculated at each and every stage of construction in order to resist the local lateral earth pressure in the tributary area of the reinforcement. Facingreinforcement system is checked for possible failure modes using empirical earth pressure distribution at the

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earth pressure distribution at the facing Only slope stability behind Reinforced zone is treated as a Design approach (external) rigid body, evaluating overturning and bearing capacity. wall is typically evaluated, but bearing failure of the gravity wall must be evaluated under adverse foundation conditions Tab 1

facing.

Reinforced zone is treated as rigid body, putting; sliding overturning, and bearing capacity into consideration. Slope stability behind the wall is also evaluated

Though soil nailing is one of the best technique for soil wall reinforcement bit may not be always applicable and therefore another technique such as tie backs and MSE walls may be applied as discussed below. Soil nailing should be given priority over tie backs where applicable because There is no need for high capacity structural facing since most loads are not transferred to the excavation facing in soil nailing. Soil nails have a very small diameter and therefore are less obstructed in heterogeneous cobbles boulders and any other hard obstacles unlike the soldier piles used in tie backs whose diameter is so large. Easier to construct and less time spent during construction of soil nails than tie backs because; no soldier piles required, no prestressing of soil nails and the construction equipments are less thus mobile and quite. The vertical components of the nail reaction at the facing are lower than those for tie backs and are more evenly distributed on the entire

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excavation wall and hence no need for significant embedments in soil nailing as its the case with tie backs. There is higher system redundancy in soil nailing than in tie backs thus consequences of failure are less.

For soils with low water content granular back fills that are predominantly frictional in nature MSE walls may be used instead of the soil nail walls since properties of soil in MSE walls can be pre-selected. The nail excavations are more suited for temporary and permanent structures as compared to tie backs because more movement is required for mobilisation of nail resistance than tie back resistance.

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CONCLUSION Applicability of any ground improvement technique will always depend on the number of soil factors such as its properties and the topography of the landscape so always feasibility of the ground improvement technique to be used must be evaluated. The feasible ground improvement technique taken should always meet the economic/financial plan. Though there are various methods of stabilising walls soil nailing should be given priority where soil conditions are favourable given its economic advantages and so ever.

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Appendix A SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Before any construction work takes place an authorisation by the local bodies must be obtained. One of the pre requisites before authorisation is given is to provide a well detailed safety plan for the anticipated risks together with the mitigations to be undertaken. Soil nailing as a project is very risky since it involves working at heights, using electrical equipments, chemical components. So to ensure safety at the site guidelines should be laid out and strict regulations imposed on following them. The following are some of the guide lines that may be followed Safety Precautions While At Site in Soil Nail Wall Construction
(Adapted from Safety, Health policy and Manual, Visage Contractors Sdn. Bhd.)

1. Personal safety a. All workers on site are supposed to observe and abide by the rules and regulations as laid down and approved at the construction site b. One should eliminate any obvious hazardous element at the site by oneself or inform the concerned personnel such as site supervisor. c. Maximum care should be undertaken while walking or moving about the site in order to avoid slipping, falling or tripping. d. Never stand under a suspended load. One should stay alert at all times. e. Ensure that tools or other materials on scaffolds or other elevators are not left where they may dislodge and fall f. Never throw tools, materials or equipment up to down from one working level to another-use safe working method. 2. Personal Protection equipment a. Wear face shield when engaged in grinding work. b. Wear gas welding gaggles when engaged in gas cutting work. c. Use welding shield when engaged in welding work. d. Use safety belts whenever working at heights greater than 3meters. e. Wear clear safety glasses when working at the site (not specifically for cutting, welding etc)
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f. Wear ear plugs when working in noisy environments. g. Always wear working garments safety boots and helmet inclusive. 3. Excavations a. For excavations more than 1.5 meters deep, safety precautions should be taken such as slope edge, barricade, ladder etc. b. Excavation work should be left to competent work men but under tight supervision. c. A proper sheet pile should be constructed around inside the excavation pit 9incase there is sand mix with soil and water). d. The excavation pit should be inspected on a daily basis and hazardous things such as unprotected cables, leakages on gas cylinder checked on. e. In case of any changes in the support soil or surrounding surface condition, no one should enter and immediate action should be taken such as reporting the condition to safety officers or supervisors f. Safe ladder access should be placed into the excavation pit. g. Excavation should not be too close to any vehicle or scaffold erection. h. A proper barrier should be created around the excavation pit. i. Remember to always wear protective equipment such as helmet and suitable footwear. 4. Carpentry a. Erection, dismantling of form work must be carried out under supervision of competent supervisor. b. Timber and plywood should be clamped firmly at designated platform c. All off-cut from timber should be kept under a rubbish pit d. Tidiness/housekeeping should be carried out at all times whilst on site. e. Hammer, measuring tape chisels and other tools should not be left at edges. f. Always remember to wear the right protective equipments such as face mask, helmet and safety boots while at work. g. Incomplete form work area must be barricade temporary for example using timber or warning tape.
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h. Underside form work erection (slab) that is to be concreted must be labelled as dangerous and barricaded. 5. Concreting /casting a. Before concreting commences, firm and proper working platform must be installed and erected by competent workmen. b. It should be carried out by competent work men under supervision. c. Always remember to wear protective equipment whilst carrying out concreting work. d. Signalman should be used during concreting using the crane. e. Sufficient lighting must be in place whilst concreting at night. f. Edge area should be barricaded immediately after concreting. g. Support form work should be barricaded to avoid other workers from entering whilst concreting is in progress. h. Do not exceed/overload the concrete bucket to avoid spillage. 6. Working At heights a. Always use your safety belt whilst working at heights and remember to check your belt for any damages or defects. b. Use a life line when you cannot find a secure place to attach your safety belt/harness lanyard. Remember your safety belt/harness is only as strong as the point where it is attached. c. Excavations and trenches more than 1.5 meters (5ft) deep must have an access/exit ladder at travel intervals of 7.6 meters. (25ft). d. Do not attempt to carry tools or materials up or down ladders and monkey boards. Use a rope and bucket to raise or lower your tools or materials. e. The top of an erected ladder should be properly extended at least 60 centimetres (2ft) above the landing. The ladder should be properly secured to the landing to prevent falling or slipping. f. When handrails, toe boards, safety nets, platforms or scaffolds are to be removed to perform work, they should be replaced as soon as the work is finished.

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g. In case of dizziness or illness the worker should immediately tell the supervisor and s/he should stop working at heights. h. Remember not to throw or toss materials or any other objects to the ground whilst at heights. 7. Safety signage/signboards There should be signage at the site which are understood by all workers undertaking the project and they should not be ignored by whosoever is on site. Workers and community members may undertake a safety training program before construction commences to ensure effective communication at the site through use of signage and sign boards. The following safety and signage tools must be installed at the site before commencing work; First aid box which is fully equipped with all the necessary elements Fire extinguishers at different points on the site; they should be located in such a way that they are easily accessible, Keep clean sign board Danger openings/emergency exits Scaffold in progress Safe for use Alarm which is well functioning Call centres for easy communication

8. Emergency Procedures In case of fire; Sound the alarm Extinguish Call the fire department or emergency service In case of injuries; First aid should be applied to the patient Consider visiting a clinic for minor injuries
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 Call ambulance service in case of serious injuries Report injuries/discrepancies however minor/small they may seem. All workers are advised to offer a helping hand in case of any emergency but should always ensure their safety first. Proper communication among workers should be emphasized. Re-enforcement To ensure security at the site the following records may be taken; An emergence response plan should be put in place fully illustrating the procedures to be taken in case of any emergence. Records of all workers; a roll call should be taken at least twice a day (at arrival and departure time) for big projects. Checklist of all gadgets/machines/instruments: it should fully illustrate their working condition periodically. Accident report forms should be in place A safety program sheet Safety statistics

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Appendix B - BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT THE SITE VISITED FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT The case study was carried out at Taman Bukit Segar hill development project, Cheras Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Topography: it is a highland (hill) which is over 15m high. The slope is a 90 o slope. Engineering consultants: Kamal TI Sdn. Bhd. This project was intended to protect the residents around the area from a threat of a Land slide due to the slope instability. The slope had once collapsed leading to great economic loss and lives ceased. The inner layers of the Earth component of the area consist of hard rocks and thus a soil nail wall is applicable since the earth can stand during construction The high water content in the soil loosened the top layers thus leading to the slope instability which later resulted into its collapse in March, 2009 leaving many dead and others in fear. This awakened the concerned authorities and means to prevent further collapsing had to be devised. The photograph below gives a glimpse at how the hill was like before the construction of the soil nail.

(Source: Landslides under microscope-Web blog)

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A slope stabilisation technique had to be set up and the drainage also had to be improved to make the area below the highland habitable. The engineering consultants deemed it necessary to set up a soil nail wall and vertical drainage visit. system to cater for the stability of the wall.

The photograph below shows how the place was like as at the time of the site

. Source: Pictures taken at Bukit Segar on 22nd October, 2009)

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APPENDIX C- PHOTOGRAPHY

a-d,i- future engineers struggling their way up the soil nailed wall, f-sheet pile at the site,e- a clear view of the nail heads,

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REFERANCES Rodrigo Salgado, The Engineering Of Foundations, Mc-Graw Hill International Edition. Petros P. Xannthankos, Ground Anchors And Anchored Structures Wiley Inter-Science Publication Coastal Caisson Corporation, http://www.coastalcaisson.com/en/products/soilnailing/ (accessed on14th November, 2009) Landslides under Microscope, :http://landslidesgib.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html (accessed on1st October, 2009 Liew Shaw Shong, Soil Nailing for slope Strengthening, retrieved from http://www.gnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L_09.pdf - (on 14th october, 2009) U.S Department for Transport, Federal Highway Administration, (1998), Manual for Design and Construction Monitoring of Soil Nail Walls , (FHWA-SA96-069R) Retrieved from http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/FHWA/010571.pdf, accessed on 5th October, 2009 Visage Contractors Sdn. Bhd. And JV. Suhati Sdn. Bhd., Safety, Health Policy and Manual, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, unpublished. Landslides under microscope, http: //landslides gib.blogspot.com/2008/12/landslide-caused-by-human-activity.html Accessed on 14Th October, 2009

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Structure Source, http:// www.structsource.com/retainingwall/types/soilnail.htm. Retrieved on27th October, 2009 Coastal caisson, http://www.coastalcaison.com/en/products/soilnailing.jpg (accessed on26 October, 2009)

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