Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
16/08/2009
Agenda
Why GPRS ? GPRS Architecture GPRS Subscriptions GPRS Registration GPRS Mobility Management GPRS Session Management GPRS Channels
GPRS Overview
GSM Limitation:
Data Rates too slow about 9.6 kbps Connection setup time too long Inefficient resource utilization Circuit switched Charged by air-time have limited bandwidth no QOS
GSM Lower bit rates (up to 9.6kbit/s) Reserved bandwidth Fixed access time Time-based billing
GPRS Higher bit rates (up to 170kbit/s) Shared bandwidth Variable access times Traffic based billing
Supplementary Services
SMS Short Message Service CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional CFNRc Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber not reachable CUG Closed User Group
Digital Analog National NMT TACS AMPS R2000 Digital Circuit mode only GSM CDMA (IS95) GSM + Packet mode GPRS EDGE HSCSD Worldwide IMT-2000 (ITU)
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For internal use 9 Nokia Siemens Networks
2000
2 Mbps
IMT 2000 384 Kbps EDGE 144 Kbps Evolved 2G (GSM, HSCSD, and GPRS, IS-95B) 10 Kbps Basic 2G (GSM, IS-95) Fixed / Low mobility
For internal use 10 Nokia Siemens Networks
GPRS Architecture
Requires new network elements like SGSN and GGSN to integrate GPRS in GSM network. Changes are required to most existing GSM network elements including BTS, BSC, MSC (VLR and HLR) and OMC
HLR /AuC
Agprs Gr Gb Frame Relay Backbone Gb Gn SGSN
Gn Gi
PCU
Gn GGSN Gr PDN Gi
HLR+GPRS Register
MSC/VLR
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node(SGSN) serves a similar
role to the MSC/VLR for the GPRS network. SGSN is the node that is serving the MS. The SGSN is responsible for:
Logical connections to GPRS Mobile Stations Mobility Management At PS attach, the SGSN establishes a mobility management
context containing information pertaining to e.g. mobility and security for the MS. Packet routing and transmission into the GPRS network At PDP Context Activation, the SGSN establishes a PDP context, to be used for routeing purposes, with the GGSN that the subscriber will be using. Authentication, Encryption GSM Circuit Switched interactions (Paging)
GGSN
The GGSN is the gateway, Router and Firewall in and out of the
GPRS system.
Responsible for : Packet translation from GSM<->Packet Data Network(IP) Packet routing and transmission Mobility Management Access Control (security and roaming ) Charging
GPRS interfaces
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Interfaces..
Gs Interface ( MSC/VLR SGSN) The Gs interface is located between the MSC/VLR and the SGSN. It involves the BSSAP+ (Base Station System Application Part +), SCCP and MTP3/2 layers. Through this interface, an association is created between SGSN and MSC/VLR. This association is used for coordinating MSs that are both GPRS-attached and IMSIattached (coordination of LA and RA update, CS paging via SGSN,...).
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Information in HLR
Field Description IMSI MSISDN SGSN Number SGSN Address SMS Parameters MS purged for GPRS MNRG IMSI is the main reference key MSISDN of the MS for SMS The SS7 address of the SGSN currently serving this MS. The IP address of the SGSN currently serving this MS. SMS related parameters.e.g., operator determined barring. Indicates that the MM and PDP contexts of a MS are deleted from the SGSN. Indicates that the MS is not reachable though a SGSN, and that the MS is marked as not reachable for GPRS at the SGSN and possible at the GGSN
GGSN list
The GGSN number and optional IP address pair relate to the GGSN that shall be contacted when activity from the MS is detected and MNRG is set.
Each IMSI contains zero or more of the following PDP context subscription records
PDP type PDP address QoS profile Subscribed VPLMN address Allowed Access point name
PDP type e.g., X.25, IP E.g., X.121 address. This field is empty if dynamic addressing is allowed. The QoS profile subscribed for thid PDP context.
A label according to DNS naming conventions describing the access point to the external packet data network
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MNRG
Indicates whether the MS is not currently reachable and, next time
when the MS becomes attached again, the GGSNs in the list shall be informed. Used for network requested context activation.
PDP Address
Address of the protocol
QoS profile
Default QoS for this PDP context.
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QoS Parameters...
QoS Parameters
Precedence class (priority)
Definition
In the case of limited resources, data packets of services with low values are discarded first.
Delay class
The transfer of a data packet through the network takes acertain amount of time, which is called delay time. The acceptable delay time depends on the type of the service e.g.,: Twoway real-time (telephony), one-way real-time (video), interactive, non-real-time (web browsing), background non-real-time (SMS). Considers the probability of errors - e.g., data loss, data delivery out of sequence, duplicate data delivery, data corruption. Limits the rate at which data is transferred through the network Specifies the average rate at which data is expected to be transferred through the network during the activation period of a PDP context.
Mean throughput
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Quality Of Service
Default QoS per user is defined in the HLR SGSN has the main control on QoS MS request the QoS during PDP Context activation SGSN can downgrade the MSs requested QoS. GGSN may further downgrade the requested QoS.
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IPv4 address
Used when user has subscribed IP access service The address is visible to external packet data network.
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Cell id (CI) -- defines the cell where MS is currently located. RAI = MCC +MNC+LAC+RAC
SGSNs servicing a specific routing area can be defined using the DNS
naming convention as RACxx.LACyy.MNCzz.MCCqq.gprs
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GPRS Procedures
Registration (Attach) Session management Location management
GPRS Registration
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Authentication
Update Location Request Cancel Location Cancel Location Ack Insert Subscribers data Insert Subscribers data Ack Update Location Ack Attach Accept
Attach Complete
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MSC/VLR
HLR
Old
MSC/VLR
1. Attach request 2. Identification Request 3. Identity Request 3. Identity Response 2. Identification Response 4..Authentication 6a. Update Location 6b. Cancel Location 6c.Insert Subscribers data 6d. Update Location Ack 7a. Location Updating Request 7b. Update Location 7c. Cancel Location 7e.Insert Subscribers data 7h. Location Updating Accept 8. Attach Accept 9. Attach Complete
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GPRS Detach
An MS to inform the network that it does not want to access the SGSN-based services any longer The network to inform an MS that it does not have access to the SGSNbased services any more. The different types of detach are: IMSI detach;
GPRS detach; and combined GPRS / IMSI detach (MS-initiated only).
In the Mobile-originated Detach Request message there is an indication to tell if the detach is due to switch off or not. The indication is needed to know whether a Detach Accept message should be returned or not. In the network-originated Detach Request message there may be an indication to tell the MS that it is requested to initiate GPRS Attach and PDP Context Activation procedures for the previously activated PDP contexts.
For internal use 42 Nokia Siemens Networks
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3 . IM SI D e ta ch Ind ica tio n 4. G PR S D e tac h In d ica tio n 5 . D e ta ch Accep t 6 . PS Sig n a llin g C o nne ctio n R e le a se
1. Detach Request (A) 2. Delete PDP Context Request 2. Delete PDP Context Response C1 3. GPRS Detach Indication 4. Detach Accept C2
2. Detach Request
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Session Management
Mobile Station applies for PDP address For each session PDP context is created & it contains PDP type PDP addressed assigned to MS Address of GGSN that servers access point
to PDN With active PDP context MS able to send or receive data packets Allocation of PDP address can be static or dynamic
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Session management
A GPRS subscription contains the subscription of one or more PDP addresses Each PDP address is described by an individual PDP context in the MS, the SGSN, and the GGSN. Every PDP context exists independently in one of two PDP states. The PDP state indicates whether the PDP address is activated for data transfer or not All PDP contexts of a subscriber are associated with the same MM context for the IMSI of that subscriber
PDP STATES
INACTIVE
ACTIVE
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PDP ADDRESS
Static PDP Address PDP address assigned permanently to the MS For every MS one or more static PDP address per PDP Type can be subscribed to Dynamic PDP Address PDP address assigned to the MS once a PDP context is activated . For every MS one or more dynamic PDP address per PDP Type can be assigned
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MS
Activate PDP context Request
GGSN
Location Management
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Location/Mobility Management
current location of an MS within the PLMN or within another PLMN. The Mobility Management (MM) activities related to a subscriber are characterised by one of three different MM states. The MM states for a GPRS subscriber are IDLE STANDBY READY
MS States
No or Very Low Traffic
IDLE
GPRS Attach
High Traffic
READY
Packet Sent
Medium Traffic
STANDBY
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Routing Area
GPRS introduces a new network area - RA RA can consists of one or more cells RA is always served by only one SGSN One SGSN can serve more than one RA 1 cell < RA < LA.
SGSN 2 SGSN 1
X
RA LA
RA RA
RA 1
RA 2
If MS is in IDLE state No location update message is sent No matter how fast and how far the mobile moves
If MS is in STANDBY state If mobile moves across routing areas then update message is sent to the SGSN If mobile moves across cells in a routing area, no update message is sent to SGSN If MS is in READY state If a mobile moves across any cell, an update message is sent to SGSN.
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Idle State
In GPRS IDLE state, the subscriber is not attached to
GPRS mobility management. The MS and SGSN contexts hold no valid location or routeing information for the subscriber. The subscriber-related mobility management procedures are not performed. Data transmission to and from the mobile subscriber as well as the paging of the subscriber is not possible. The GPRS MS is seen as not reachable in this case. In order to establish MM contexts in the MS and the SGSN, the MS shall perform the GPRS Attach procedure
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STANDBY State
Is attached to GPRS mobility management. MS and SGSN have established MM contexts. Pages for data or signalling information transfers may be received. It is also possible to receive pages for the CS services via the SGSN Data reception and transmission are not possible in this state. The MS performs GPRS Routeing Area (RA) and GPRS cell selection and reselection locally. The MS executes mobility management procedures to inform the SGSN when it has entered a new RA The MS does not inform the SGSN on a change of cell in the same RA. Therefore, the location information in the SGSN MM context contains only the GPRS RAI for MSs in STANDBY state. A PDP context shall be activated before data is transmitted or received. The MM state in the MS is changed to READY when the MS responds to the page, and in the SGSN when the page response is received Also, the MM state in the MS is changed to READY when data or signalling information is sent from the MS and, accordingly, the MM state in the SGSN is changed to READY when data or signalling information is received from the MS. The MS or the network may initiate the GPRS Detach procedure to move to the IDLE state. After expiry of the mobile reachable timer the SGSN may perform an implicit detach in order to return the MM contexts in the SGSN to IDLE state. The MM and PDP contexts may then be deleted.
READY State
In READY state, the SGSN MM context corresponds to the STANDBY MM
context extended by location information for the subscriber on the cell level. The MS performs mobility management procedures to provide the network with the actual selected cell. The MS may send and receive PDP PDUs in this state. The SGSN transfers downlink data to the BSS responsible for the subscriber's actual GPRS cell. The MS may activate or deactivate PDP contexts while in READY state. Regardless if a radio resource is allocated to the subscriber or not, the MM context remains in the READY state even when there is no data being communicated
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Abnormal RLC condition: The SGSN MM context returns to STANDBY state in case of delivery
problems on the radio interface or in case of irrecoverable disruption of a radio transmission.
Cancel Location: The SGSN receives a MAP Cancel Location message from the HLR, and removes
the MM and PDP contexts
G P R S A tta c h
G P R S D e ta c h
G P R S A tta c h
G P R S D e ta c h or C a n c e l L o c a ti o n
READY
I m p li c it D e ta c h or C a n c e l L o c a tio n
READY
R E A D Y t im e r e x p ir y or F o r c e to S T A N D B Y
P D U tr a n s m i s s io n
R E A D Y tim e r e x p i ry or F o rc e to S T A N D B Y or A b n o r m a l R L C c o n d itio n
P D U r e c e p ti o n
STANDBY
STANDBY
M M S tate M o de l o f M S
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M M S ta t e M o d e l o f S G S N
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MS
BSS
SGSN
1. Routeing Area Update Request 2. Security Functions 3. Routeing Area Update Accept C1 4. Routeing Area Update Complete
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CS Paging
When an MS is both IMSI and GPRS-attached , the MSC/VLR executes
paging for circuit-switched services via the SGSN.
MS
BSS
SGSN 1. Page
MSC/VLR
2. Paging Request 3. Paging Request 4. SABM (Paging Response) 5. SCCP Connection Request (Paging Response)
GPRS Channels
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Channels in GPRS
Physical Channels
Logical Channels
Group Packet data traffic channel Packet broadcast control channel Packet common control channel (PCCCH) Packet dedicated control channels For internal use
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PBCCH
Broadcast control
MS
BSS
Random access Access grant Paging Notification Associated control Timing adv ance control
MS MS MS MS MS MS
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Physical Channel for GPRS Traffic PDCH are taken from all channels available in the cell Depending on current traffic load and priority of service, the physical
channel are allocated to either GPRS or GSM services. Physical channels not currently used by GSM can be allocated as PDCH to increase the QOS for GPRS
Billing
GPRS call records are generated in the GSNs. GSNs may not be able to store charging information. Packet counts are passed to Charging Gateway (CG)
that generates Call Detail Records (CDR), that are sent to the billing system. Tariff is on a certain amounts of GPRS traffic at a flat rate and monitor whether these allocations are exceeded.
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Limitations of GPRS
Speed much lower in reality, It is unlikely that a network operator will
assign all time slots for GPRS GPRS uses GMSK as compare to 8-PSK in EDGE which allows much higher bit rate over the air interface. Packets are routed indifferent direction ( like in the internet) and retransmissions as part of data integrity introduces delays. No store and forward
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