N A VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 11.

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Compiled by Taronyu (Richard Littauer) www.LearnNavi.org Last updated: April 9th , 2011
This is the denitive dictionary for Navi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for the lm Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Frommer. Thanks are certainly to be given to the following people for their monumental efforts: Dr. Frommer, Tuiq, and everyone on the Learn Navi site who uses this document. Some notes: The traditional Navi transcription in use by Frommer has been maintained throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inected words and loan words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the ofcial corpus. Some inected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modier, but are bound as a sufx if situated after it. Bold indicates Navi word. Italics indicate English denition. Plain text indicates grammatical categorisation: parentheses indicate x represents an inx, where tpre-rst1ar2on are the positions: I have included periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to show inx positions (for beginners), as in [ta.Ron]. Irregular inxes are marked with (ii). Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or their transitivity is unable to be deduced. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic as added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that allomorphs, where specied, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information. Abbreviations: = morpheme boundary + = leniting morpheme boundary = inx morpheme adj. = adjective adp. = adposition adv. = adverb conj. = conjunction c.w. = compound word dem. = demonstrative intj. = interjection inter. = interrogative n. = noun num. = number part. = particle ph. = phrase pn. = pronoun prop. n. = proper noun v. = verb svin. = stative intransitive verb vtr. = transitive verb vin. = intransitive verb

An English - Navi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorised by Parts of Speech are provided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian, German, Hungarian, Portugus and Swedish. There are also other, unnished translations in other languages available. 1

Sources
I have sourced every word as best as I could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the IPA transcription, and tells where I, or the source from which I received a word, initially got their word from Frommer. In early March, Frommer sent us a list of words which he had: these are the denitive source now, and not the ASG. Some words are not present in that list, but have been conrmed by Frommer if they are here. Words that are modied by unproductive afxes are included here if Frommer has used them: words that have a modied semantic meaning due to a productive afx have also been included likewise. In order of canonicity, from most to least: PF = Paul Frommer M = The Movie JC = James Cameron G = the Avatar Games ASG = The Survival Guide PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly Frommerian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words, which Frommer then legalised. Frommer legalised some pronounciation errors made during lming: these, like osss, are now canon regardless. Finally, Frommer has deigned some constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources. These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zo Saldana, CM and Carle Meyer and Skxawng. LN is for LearnNavi, where the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous. Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no > > rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn], but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej], [aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU]. been split in ac Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Frommer, the divisions have cordance with the Maximum Onset Principle. I have edited this dictionary too many times not to assume that it will have errors. Rutxe, if you note any, let me know here, and I will change them. As for version number, Ill change the rst digit when there is a big change. Ill update .0x0 when I make a signicant, but not large change. Finally, Ill edit the .00x number when Ive made tiny edits. Refer to the Change Log for explanation. Many, many thanks are to be given to Tuiq, who took the time and had the skill to put this dictionary into an online database, to help other translators and make the process of changing this dictionary much easier.

P aaw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used with countable nouns in the singular form) ampi: ["Pam.pi] P F v. touch ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound) aw: [Paw] P F num. one awkx: [Pawk] P F n. cliff awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past) awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w. from aw one and teng same, equal) awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."jEm] P F vtr. join two things together (ii) (c.w. from awsiteng together and yem put) awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. rst (ordinal) (derived from aw one) nsyem: [Pn."sjEm] P F adj. complete rp: ["P.RIp^] P F vtr. move eal: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst efu: ["PE.fu] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive eko: ["PE.ko] P F v. attack ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic) em: [PEm] P F vtr. cook emyu: ["PEm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived from em cook) en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level en si: ["PEn "si] P F vin. make an informed guess (derived from en guess) eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived from evengan boy) eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived from evenge girl) eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from eveng child) evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from eveng child) evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of eveng child) ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant " ] eylan: ["PEj.lan P F n. friend eyng: [PEjN] P F v. answer, respond eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value eight) ia: ["PiP.a] P F vin. end, conclude ia: ["Pi.a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense) it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter > itetsyp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term of endearment) (derived from ite daughter) awn: [PI."Pawn] P F vin. remain, stay heyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral n: [PIn] P F vin. be busy, be occupied o: [PoP] P F adj. bringing fun, exciting ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (derived from ok remembrance and rol sing) okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient) (derived from ok remembrance and vur story) om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta (derived from om purple) ong: [PoN] P F v. unfold, blossom ongokx: ["Po.Nok] P F vin. be born (c.w. from ong unfold and nokx give birth to) opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color, colour ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake u: [Pu] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction) uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from u thing and pe inter. marker) upxare: [Pu."pa.RE] P F n. message

A a: [a] P F sbd. which, that a: [a] P F afx adjectival attribution and subordination marker akrrta: [a."kr.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) allo" takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta morph of from) alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready alm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (derived from lm far, be far) alo: ["a.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a number of repeated or recurring actions alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (derived from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for adpositions) alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the reason apxa: [a."pa] P F adj. large asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (derived from sim near, be near) atan: [a."tan] JC n. light atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan light) ie: [."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual) o: [".o] P F adp. below txle: [."t.lE] P F n. request E eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived from ean blue, green) ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green ekxan: [E."kan] P F n. barricade, obstruction eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer (c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic) eltur ttxen si: ["El.tuR tI."tEn si] P F vin. be interesting, intriguing (c.w. from eltu-r brain (dative) and ttxen awakeness) eltu si: ["El.tu si] P F vin. pay attention, quit goong off (c.w. from eltu brain and si do, make) emzau: [Em."za.Pu] P F vtr. pass (a test), overcome (c.w. from zau come) eo: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place) etrp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favourable, favorable, auspicious eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right eyk: [Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from eyk lead) txle si: [."t.lE "si] P F vin. request (with tsn clause for object) (c.w. from txle request and si make) atxkxe: [at."kE] P F n. land atxkxerel: [at."kE."REl] P F n. map (c.w. from atxkxe land and rel picture) au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin) au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayoeng we) ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived from po he, she) aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contraction of ay+laheru) aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived from nga you) ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived from oe I) ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (derived from oe I) (ayoenga base for sufxes) ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from u thing) (never plural u)

F fa: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell fay+: [faj] P F prex these (c.w. from f this and ay+ plural) fpa: ["f.pa] P F n. top few: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the opposite side of fewi: ["fE.wi] P F vtr. chase > fewtusok: ["fEw.tsok^] P F adj. opposite, on the opposite side (derived from few across) f: [fI] P F prex this fu: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from u thing) ffya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived from fyao path) fkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived from kem action, deed) fpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one (person or thing) (derived from po he, she) ftrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day) > " ftseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv. here, this place (derived from tseng place) ftxan: [fI."tan] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from txan great, much) ftxon: [fI."ton] P F adv. tonight (derived from txon night) fkarut: ["fka.Rut^] P F v. peel fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty fkeytok: ["fkEj.tok^] P F vin. exist (derived from kifkeyti tok be in the world) fkip: [fkip^] P F adp. up among fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (unspecied agent) fkxake: ["fka.kE] P F v. itch fkxen: [fkEn] P F n. vegetable (food) : [fl] P F vin. succeed ew: [flEw] P F n. throat fmal: [fmal] P F vtr. sustain fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report fmetok: ["fmE.tok^] P F v. test fmi: [fmi] P F vtr. try, attempt (with the subjunctive) fnan: [fnan] P F vtr. be good at fnawe: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly fnawetu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived from fnawe cowardly) 5 fne: [fnE] P F prex kind, type (derived from fnel kind, type) fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind allomorph of pefnel fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal fnu: [fnu] P F v. quiet, be quiet fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) fpak: [fpak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action fpe: [fpEP^] P F vtr. send fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benet of fpl: [fpIl] P F vtr. think fplfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of thinking (c.w. from fpl think and fyao path) fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness fpomtokx: [fpom."tok] P F n. health (physical) (c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body) fpxkm: ["fp.kIm] P F v. enter frau: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from u thing) frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (derived from" krr time) fralo: ["fRa.lo] P F adv. every time, every instance, each time (derived from alo time) frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from po he/she) frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than all (behaves like an adp.) fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived " ) from trr day > fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (derived from tseng place) fratxon: [fRa."ton] P F adv. every night (derived from txon night) frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything is ne or OK (derived from frau everything and zo be well) frp: [fRIp^] P F vtr. bite frrfen: ["fr.fEn] P F vtr. visit " frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor " ftang: [ftaN] P F v. stop ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w. " (passive participle from ftawnem pass by form) and krr time)

ftr: [ftR] P F adj. left (not right) fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w. from fte so that and ke not) (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) ftem: [ftEm] P F vtr. pass by (something) ftia: [fti."a] P F vtr. study ftu: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction) ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple ftxavang: ["fta.vaN] P F adj. passionate ftxey: [ftEj] P F vtr. choose ftxey: [ftEj] P F conj. whether, or ftx: [ftI] P F n. tongue ftxlor: [ftI."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting (c.w. from ftx tongue and lor beautiful) ftxv: [ftI."vP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from ftx tongue and v noisome) ftxoz: [fto."z] P F n. celebration, happy occasion fu: [fu] P F conj. or H ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case hangir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon hahaw: ["ha.haw] P F vin. sleep ham: [ham] P F adj. previous hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from ham previous and alo time) hangham: ["haN.ham] P F vin. laugh hapx: [ha."pI] P F n. part hapxtu: [ha."pI.tu] P F n. member (derived from hapx part) hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, nished hawl: [hawl] P F v. prepare hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from " hawng overabundance and krr time) hawnu: ["haw.nu] P F vtr. protect, shelter hay: [haj] P F adj. next hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from hay next and alo time) hek: [hEk^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, unexpected hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow urry (derived from herw snow and meyp weak) 6

fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or and ke not) fula: ["fu.la] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from ful this (agentive) and a subordinator) furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from furi this (topical) and a subordinator) futa: ["fu.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fu-t this (patientive) and a subordinator) fwa: [fwa] P F pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause marker) (c.w. from fu this (subjective) and a subordinator) fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken fwew: [fwEw] P F vtr. look for, seek, search fyao: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how allomorph of pefya fyawntxu: [fja.wIn."tu] P F vin. guide (with dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fyao path and wntxu show) fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)

hertxayo: ["hER.ta.jo] P F n. snow eld (derived from herw snow and txayo eld) herw: ["hER.wI] P F n. snow herwva: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. snowake (derived from herw snow and lva ake) hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object) heyn: [hEjn] P F vin. sit hiyk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange hang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hi small and ioang animal) hi: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size) hkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w. from hi" little, small and krr time) hm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity) hmtxampe: [hIm."tam.pE] P F inter. how much allomorph of pmtxan hmtxan: [hIm."tan] P F n. amount (c.w. from hm small and txan much) hno: [hI."no] P F adj. ne, detailed, precise, intricate (of things) htxoa: [hI."to.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived from hi small and txoa forgiveness) hol: [hol] P F adj. few

holpxay: [hol."paj] P F n. number (c.w. from hol few and pxay many) holpxaype: [hol."paj.pE] P F inter. how many (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger hu: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment) I ien: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument io: ["i.o] P F adp. above ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast : [I:] P F ller um, er l+: ["I.l] or [I."l] P F adp. by, via, following ley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry K ka: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from rel image, picture) kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet kaltx: [kal."tI] P F intj. hello kaltx si: [kal."tI "si] P F vin. say hello, greet (c.w. from kaltx hello and si make) kame: ["ka.mE] P F vtr. see, see into, understand, know (spiritual sense) kan: [kan] P F v. aim (can take subjunctive modal construction) kann: [kan.PIn] P F vtr. focus on, specialize in, be particularly interested in (derived from n be busy) kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with ngay true) kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent (for a person) kar: [kaR] P F vtr. teach karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar teach) kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "si] P F vin. betray (c.w. from kavuk treachery and si make) kawit: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. at all, not at all (see ke...kawit not...at all) (c.w. from ke aw not one and it bit) 7

hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind > hultstxem: [hul."tstEm] P F vtr. hinder hum: [hum] P F v. leave, depart

irayo: [i."Raj.o] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks irayo si: [i."Raj.o "si] P F vin. thank, give thanks (c.w. from irayo thanks and si make)

lva: ["Il.va] P F n. ake, drop, chip pxa: [I."pa] RL,P F n. fern

kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke " krr time) aw not one and kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke aw not one and tute person) kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late afternoon k: [k] P F vin. go krp: [k."P.RIp^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from k go and rp move) kmakto: [k."mak.to] P F v. ride out (c.w. from k go and makto ride) kpx: [k."pI] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w. from k go and hapx part) > ksatseng: [k."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w. from k go and tseng place) kteng: ["k.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang out with ke: [kE] P F adv. not keaw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart, strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and aw one) keu: ["kE.Pu] P F pn., adv. nothing, nothing at all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and u thing) kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun) keftxo: [kE."fto] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset, How sad! kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isnt it?, right? (c.w. from kefya not the way and srak question marker)

kehe: ["kE.hE] P F adv. no kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok] P F adj. unhealthy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health) kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house kelku si: ["kEl.ku "si] P F vin. live, dwell (c.w. from kelku home and si make) > keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w. from ke not and tsun be able) kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed kemlu: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem action and lu word) kemluvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. inx (derived from kemlu verb) kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) allomorph of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed) kem si: ["kEm "si] P F vin. do (c.w. from kem action, deed and si do) keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as kenong: ["kE.noN] or ["kE.noN] P F v. model, represent, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and nong follow) kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke not and rusey alive (participle inx)) keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke not and teng same, equal) > > ketsuktswa: [kE.tsuk."tswaP^] P F adj. unforgettable (derived from tswa forget) ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien kew: [kEw] P F num. zero kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien key: [kEj] P F n. face keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, not right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct) keyeung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid) kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river Kx

kin: [kin] P F vtr. need kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from kinam leg and til joint) kin: ["ki.n] P F num. seven kip: [kip^] P F adp. among kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived from kin seven) kong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow km: [kIm] P F v. spin kng: [kIN] P F n. thread ktee: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service ktee si: [kI.tE."PE "si] P F vin. serve (derived from ktee service) kllfro: [kl."fRoP] P F vin. be responsible " kllk: [kl."k] P F v. descend (c.w. from k go) " kllkulat: [kl."ku.lat^] P F v. dig up " kllkxem: [kl."kEm] P F v. stand " kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom " kllpxltu: [kl."pIl.tu] P F n. territory " kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground > " klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from " ) tseng place kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from " and vawm dark) kllte ground ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living things) kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline krr: [kr] P F n. time " krrnekx: [kr."nEk] P F v. take/consume time (ii) " krr time and nekx consume) (c.w. from krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when allomorph of pe" from krr time) hrr (c.w. kuup: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight) kurakx: [ku."Rak] P F v. drive out

from kxamtrr noon and maw after) kxa: [ka] P F n. mouth kxam: [kam] P F n. middle, midpoint > kxamtseng: ["kam.tsEN] P F n. center, place in kxaml: ["kam.l] P F adp. through (via the the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng middle of) (derived from kxam middle) place) kxamtrr: ["kam.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w. " and trr day) from kxam middle kxamtxomaw: ["kam.to.maw] P F n. after midkxamtrrmaw: ["kam.tr.maw] P F n. the time night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and " immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w. maw after) 8

kxamtxon: ["kam.ton] P F n. midnight (c.w. from kxam middle and txon night) kxangangang: ["kaN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (onomatopoeic) kxan: ["ka.nI] P F adj. forbidden kxawm: [kawm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe kxayl: [kajl] P F adj. high kxener: ["kE.nER] P F n. smoke > kxetse: ["kE.tsE] P F n. tail kxeyey: ["kE.jEj] P F n. error, mistake L lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else lam: [lam] P F vin. seem, appear lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one (person or thing) (c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she) laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean latem: ["la.tEm] P F vin. change (leykatem vtr. change) > latsi: [la."tsi] LA v. keep up with someone law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain lawk: [lawk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about, say something concerning law si: ["law "si] P F vin. make clear (c.w. from law clear and si make) layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived from layon black) layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black le: [lE] P F adjective deriving afx leen: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (of an action, not a person) (derived from en guess) lefkrr: [lE.f"kr] P F adj. current (derived from " ) fkrr this time lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived from fngap metal) lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joyous (not for people), pleasant (derived from fpom happiness, peace) lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok] P F adj. healthy (derived from fpomtokx health) lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived from hawng overabundance) lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived from hawngkrr late) " lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived from hrrap" danger) lek: [lEk^] P F v. heed, obey 9

kxitx: [kit] P F n. death kxll: [kl] P F n. charge, running attack " kxll si: ["kl "si] P F vin. charge (c.w. from kxll " si make) charge and kxu: [ku] P F n. harm kxuke: ["ku.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu harm and ke not) kxutu: ["ku.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu harm)

lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from kin need) lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived from koren rule) lekyeung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy (derived from keyeung insanity) lelfya: [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. concerning language, regarding language (derived from lfya language) lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (derived from maweypey be patient) len: [lEn] P F vin. happen, occur leNavi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the Navi, the People (derived from Navi the People) leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated (of a person) lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (derived from newomum be curious) lerk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rk leaf ) leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. imaginary (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar use) letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufcient (derived from tam sufce) letokx: [lE."tok] P F adj. bodily, physical (derived from tokx body) letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day) " letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived " )" from trr day > letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important (derived from tsranten matter)

> letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (derived from tsunslu may, be possible) letwan: [lEt."wan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a person) (derived from tute person and wan hide) lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid lewte: [lE.w."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argumentative (of an agent) (derived from wte argue) lew si: ["lEw "si] P F vin. cover (c.w. from lew cover and si make) leyekrr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from yekrr early) " leyn: [lEjn] P F vtr. repeat, do again li: [li] P F adv. already lisre+: ["li.sRE] P F adp. by, before, up to but not after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before) lfya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lu word and fyao way) lfyaolo: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. language group, language users (c.w. from lfya language and olo clan) lfyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of language (derived from lfya language) M ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker) makto: ["mak.to] P F vtr. ride maw: [maw] P F adp. after (time) mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm maweypey: [ma."wEj.pEj] P F svin. be patient (ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait) mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards " after and krr time) (c.w. from maw mawl: [mawl] P F n. half mkxu: [m."ku] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm) meem: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived from me+ dual marker and po he/she) mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+ dual marker and alo time) menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived from me+ dual and nari eye) meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmony, living at one with nature

lu: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word lupam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronunciation (c.w. from lu word and pam sound) lupe: [lI."Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, utterance) allomorph of pelu lm: [lIm] P F svin. far, be far lng: [lIN] P F vin. oat in the air, hover lok: [lok^] P F v. approach lok: [lok^] P F adp. close to lonu: [lo."nu] P F vtr. release, let go lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses (for things or parts of a person) lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile " lrrtok si: ["lr.tok^ "si] P F vin. smile (c.w. from " and si make) lrrtok smile lu: [lu] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predicative copula, existential verb) (signies possession with dative of possessor) luke: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why allomorph of pelun lun: [lun] P F n. reason

meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor (honour) meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear mip: [mip^] P F adj. new m+: [mI] P F adp. in, on mfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. inside mkam: [mI."kam] P F adp. between mn: [mIn] P F v. turn mnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from mn turn) mso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived from m in) mllte: [ml."tE] P F v. agree " moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive) (derived from me+ dual and oe I) mok: [mok^] P F vtr. suggest mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable (physically, sexually) mrr: [mr] P F num. ve "

10

mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fth (ordinal) (derived " ve) from mrr mui: [mu."i.] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justied muni: [mun."Pi] P F v. cut mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two munge: ["mu.NE] P F vtr. take, bring mungwrr: [muN."wr] P F adp. except muntxa: [mun."ta] P" F adj. mated, married muntxa si: [mun."ta "si] P F vin. mate (with someone), marry (c.w. from muntxa mated and N na: [na] P F adp. like, as narng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be drunk nafu: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as and fu this) nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, encouragement (mirative) nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye nari si: ["na.Ri si] P F vin. watch out, be careful (c.w. from nari eye and si make) natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example, as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tkenong example) nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (derived from nawm great) nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value nine) nk: [nk^] P F vtr. drink ne: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction) nem: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction) nef: [nE."f] P F adv. up (direction) nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction) " nekx: [nEk] P F vtr. burn, consume nemfa: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w. from ne towards and mfa inside) neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived from ne to) netrp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily new: [nEw] P F vtr. want (with subjunctive verb) newomum: [nEw."o.mum] P F vin. be curious, want to know (c.w. from new want and omum know)

si do, make) muntxatan: [mun."ta.tan] P F n. husband, male spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) muntxate: [mun."ta.tE] P F n. wife, female spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) muntxatu: [mun."ta.tu] P F n. spouse (derived from muntxa mated) muve: ["mu.vE] P F adj. second (ordinal) (derived from mune two) muwntxu: [mu.wIn."tu] P F vtr. introduce, present (derived from wntxu show)

neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived from neyn light, shade of white) neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white ni: [ni."] P F vtr. grab nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people) n: [nI] P F adverbial deriving afx naw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from aw one) nawtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one person) (c.w. from aw one and tute person) nawve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. rst (derived from awve rst) nen: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed guess, acting on intuition (derived from en guess) neng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same level (derived from engeng level) neoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (derived from eoio ceremonious) neveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, immaturely (derived from eveng child) neyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in answer (derived from eyng answer) nia: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. nally, at long last (derived from ia end) nit: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (abstract) (derived from it bit, a small amount) no: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably (derived from o exciting) nul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more nawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as you know, as is known (casual speech [naw."no.mum]) (derived from awn passive participle inx and omum know)

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nayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayoeng us (inclusive)) nfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri" ved from fkrr this time) nftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from ftue easy) nftxan: [nI."ftan] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from ftxan so, to such an extent) nftxavang: [nI."fta.vaN] P F adv. passionately, with all heart (derived from ftxavang passionate) nfyao: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (derived from fyao way) nfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult, maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult) nhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively (derived from hawng overabundance) nhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay next) nhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (derived from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not manner, adverbial) nkong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived from kong slow) nkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a smart way (derived from kanu smart) nkeftxo: [nI.kE."fto] P F adv. unfortunately, sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy) nlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from law clear) nlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously, incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke without and ftang stop) > nltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from sltsan good) nmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again nmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully (derived from mawey calm) nmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently (derived from maweypey be patient) nn: [nIn] P F vtr. look at nNavi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Navi, Navi-ly (derived from Navi the People) nnk: [nI."nk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid way (derived from nk drink) nngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from ngay true)

nno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, thoroughly nprrte: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, wel" zolau), gladly, with pleasure come (assumed (derived from prrte pleasurable) npxi: [nI."pi] P F adv. especially, pointedly, unambiguously (derived from pxi sharp) npxim: [nI."pim] P F adv. erectly, rightly (derived from pxim erect, upright) nrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to fact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive) (derived from rangal wish) nronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination, by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) nslele: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. by swimming (derived from slele swim) nsngum: [nIs."Num] P F adv. worryingly, fretfully (derived from sngum worry) nsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti be angry) nsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally, furthermore (derived from sung add) nswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (derived from swey best) nsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coincidence (derived from syayvi luck) nsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from syen last) ntam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (after an adjective) (derived from tam sufce) nteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewise (derived from teng same, equal) ntengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way as (similar action) (derived from tengfya as, same way as (conj.)) ntrrtrr: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu" " from trr day) larly (derived ntut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived from tut continuation marker) ntxan: [nI."tan] P F adv. much (abstract), very (derived from txan much) nwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by hiding (derived from wan hide) nw: [nI."w] P F adv. on the contrary, conversely nwte: [nI.w."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, begrudgingly (derived from wte argue)

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nwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast (derived from win fast) nwotx: [nI."wot] P F adv. all (of), in toto, completely (derived from wotx totality, whole) nzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (derived from awn passive participle inx and zong save) nokx: [nok] P F vtr. give birth to nong: [noN] P F v. follow, proceed after nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived " ) from krr time Ng nga: [Na] P F pn. you > ngatsyp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little (derived from nga you) ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true ngaytxoa: [Naj."to.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w. from ngey your and txoa forgiveness) ngng: [NN] P F n. stomach ngzk: ["N.zIk^] P F adj. difcult, hard ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honoric (honouric) form) (derived from nga you) ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired O oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I (derived from oe I) > oetsyp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (derived from oe I) oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause oeyktng: [o."Ejk.tIN] P F v. explain (why) (ii) (c.w. from oeyk cause and tng give) ohakx: [o."hak] P F adj. hungry P

nulnew: [nul."nEw] from new want)

PF

v. prefer (ii) (derived

nume: ["nu.mE] P F v. learn numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived from nume learn) > numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from nume learn and tseng place) > numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, division of a school (derived from numtseng school)

ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length) ngop: [Nop^] P F v. create ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from ngop create) ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root " : [Nr.po.Nu] ngrrpongu P F n. grassroots moveme" net (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party) ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from ngul grey, drab) nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (derived from way song)

ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial form) osss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, watch it! olo: [o."loP] P F n. clan oloeyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader (c.w. from olo clan and eyktan leader) omum: [o."mum] P F vtr. know (stress moves to rst syllable with inxation) ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose

pamrel si: [pam."REl "si] P F vin. write (c.w. from pamrel writing and si make) pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement > pam: [pam] P F n. sound pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from pam sound and tseo art) pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from > pam sound and rel image) pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o "si] P F vin. play music pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (deri(with fa for instrument played) (derived from ved from pamrel writing and fyao way) pamtseo music) pao: ["pa.Po] P F n. side 13

> pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (derived from pamtseo music) pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third pate: ["pa.tE] ZS v. get to a place, arrive pawm: [pawm] P F v. ask pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid pay+: [paj] P F prex plural inter. marker (from pe+ and ay+) payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay water and fyao way) payva: ["paj.I.va] P F n. drop of water (derived from pay water and lva drop) payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. sh (c.w. from pay water and ioang animal) phem: ["p.hEm] P F vin. arrive pngkxo: [pN."ko] P F vin. chat, converse, have a conversation pngkxoyu: [pN."ko.ju] P F n. chatter, converser (derived from pngkxo chat) pngkxoyu lekoren: [pN."ko.ju lE.ko."REn] P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pngkxoyu chatter and lekoren lawlike) pnu: ["p.nu] P F n. promise pnutng: ["p.nu.tIN] P F vtr. promise (a thing to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pnu promise and tng give) pe+: [pE] P F afx inter. marker peun: ["pE.Pun] P F vtr. decide pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind allomorph of fnepe pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how allomorph of fyape pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) allomorph of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed) pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr" pe (c.w. from krr time) pelu: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word, utterance) allomorph of lupe pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why allomorph of lumpe peng: [pEN] P F vtr. tell

peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where allomorph of tsengpe pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of upe pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck pey: [pEj] P F v. wait, wait for piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open piak si: [pi."ak^ si] P F vin. open (c.w. from piak open and si make) pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor pmtxan: [pIm."tan] P F inter. how much allomorph of hmtxampe pwopx: [pI."wop] P F n. cloud plltxe: [pl."tE] P F v. speak " pn. he, she po: [po] P F poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) polpxay: [pol."paj] P F inter. how many (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) pom: [pom] P F v. kiss pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. group of people, party (derived from po he/she) prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.kEn.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti" " " me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Navi idiom) (c.w. from prrte pleasurable, kxener smoke, trr day and krr time) prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby prrnesyul: " ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from prrnen baby" and syulang ower) prrte: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi" ty) prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen " ewll " baby and plant) pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six pum: [pum] P F pn. possession, thing possessed (dummy pronoun for modied nouns or pronouns) puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived from pukap six)

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Px pxan: [pan] P F adj. worthy pxask: ["pa.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way! (vulgar) pxasul: ["pa.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food pxaw: [paw] P F adp. around pxawpa: ["paw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumference, border (c.w. from pxaw around and pao side) pxay: [paj] P F adj. many (used with singular or plural noun forms) pxel: [pEl] P F adp. like, as pxelo: ["pE.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (derived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) pxey: [pEj] P F num. three pxeyve: ["pEj.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (derived from pxey three) pxi: [pi] P F adj. sharp pxim: [pim] P F adj. erect, upright pximaw: [pi."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w. from maw after (time) and pxi sharp) R ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning ralpeng: [Ral."pEN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w. from ral meaning and peng tell) ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain > ramtsyp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from ram mountain) ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well rangal: ["Ra.Nal] P F v. wish rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defense r: [R."P] P F part. do not (for negative imperatives, commands only) reo: ["RE.Po] P F n. head rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture > reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from rel image and tseo art) > reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (derived from reltseo art) reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning rey: [REj] P F vin. live reyeng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (derived from rey live) reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live and pay water) rikx: [Rik] P F vin. move, shift position rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from rim yellow) rina: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atokirina seeds of the great tree) rk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf rkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from rk leaf and ean green) ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative) rofa: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside rol: [Rol] P F v. sing (reykol play music, make to sing (poetic)) rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! Ive found it! ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. something imagined (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.Nop^] P F vtr. imagine, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation ["Ron.sREw.Nop^] ) rum: [Rum] P F n. ball pxiset: [pi."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from set now and pxi sharp) pxisre+: [pi."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from sre before (time) and pxi sharp) pxiswawam: [pi.swaw."am] P F adv. just a moment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and am past) pxiswaway: [pi.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a second from now (c.w. from swaw moment and ay future marker) pxiyern: [pi."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from yern soon and pxi sharp) pxm: [pIm] P F adv. often pxor: [poR] P F vin. explode pxorpam: ["poR.pam] P F n. ejective consonant (c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound) pxun: [pun] P F n. arm pxuntil: ["pun.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun arm and til joint)

15

ticiple inx) run: [Run] P F vtr. nd, discover rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living rutxe: [Ru."tE] P F intj. please thing (c.w. from rey live and us active parS sanok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from saatenuk C ) sanu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectionate form of sanok mother) > sanutsyp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy (used for young girls) (derived from sanu mommy) sasem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parents (not singular) (derived from sanok mother and sempul father) saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry salew: [sa."lEw] P F v. proceed, go san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote sar: [saR] P F vtr. use sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irregularly lenited after ftu from) sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion, urgh sayrp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking (normally used for men) s: [s] P F prex instrumental noun (c.w. from snume teaching and sspxin disease) so: ["s.Po] P F n. tool, utensil sfpl: [s."fpIl] P F n. idea snume: [s."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction (derived from nume learn) snumvi: [s."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived from snume teaching) sspxin: [s."spin] P F n. disease, sickness, illness (derived from spxin sick) > sspxintsyp: [s."spin.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ailment (derived from sspxin illness) ssuln: [s."su.lIn] P F n. hobby, pleasureyielding activity (derived from suln be busy (positive sense)) swte: [s.w."tE] P F n. point of contention, source of argument, thing disputed (derived from wte argue) szrp: [s."z.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein (derived from zarp pull) sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now " ) and krr time sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate form of sempul father) sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father set: [sEt^] P F adv. now sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty (primarily of females, for people only) seykxel: [sEj."kEl] P F adj. strong (emotionally, spiritually, not physical), condent seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip si: [si] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional nonbound verb do, make deriving afx sim: [sim] P F svin. near, be near s: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can be attached as s: for clauses use ulte and) sk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote slpey: [sIl."pEj] P F vin. hope (with tsn for thing hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w. from sltsan good and pey wait) slronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart (thing) (c.w. from sltsan good and ronsem mind) > sltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well done sn: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto skaa: [ska."Pa] P F vtr. destroy skepek: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. formal skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left) skxakep: ["ska.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, probably skxawng: [skawN] P F n. moron, idiot skxom: [skom] P F n. chance, opportunity > slatsu: ["slaP.tsu] P F vtr. describe sl: [sl] P F conj. but slele: ["slE.lE] P F vin. swim sleyku: [slEj."ku] P F vtr. produce (derived from slu become and eyk causative inx) slu: [slu] P F vin. become (noun predicate with ne in ambiguous constructions) smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing smon: [smon] P F vin. be familiar, be known (with dative) sngap: [sNap^] P F vtr. sting

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sngi: ["sN.Pi] P F vin. begin, start (with subjunctive) sngikrr: ["sN.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting " time (c.w. from sngi begin and krr time) sngiyu: ["sN.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived from sngi begin) sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish > sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, garbage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and tseng place) sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry sno: [sno] P F pn. his own, her own, its own (reexive, genitive form sney) snumna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim (of a person) soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive form soai) sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent som: [som] P F adj. hot sop: [sop^] P F vin. travel sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from sop travel) spaw: [spaw] P F vtr. believe sp: [sp] P F v. jump spee: [spE."PE] P F vtr. capture speetu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived from spee capture) speng: [spEN] P F v. restore spule: ["spu.lE] P F vtr. propel spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old (not for people), former spxam: [spam] P F n. mushroom, fungus spxin: [spin] P F adj. sick srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes or no questions sran: [sRan] P F adv., intj. yes (colloquial) srane: ["sRa.nE] P F adv., intj. yes sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time) sre: [sREP] P F n. tooth srefey: [sRE."fEj] P F vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from sre+ before and pey wait) srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr midday) srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.ton] P F n. before midnight (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon midnight) srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of " time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)

sresea: [sRE.sE."Pa] P F v. prophetize, prophesize, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tsea see) sresrrong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w. from sre before" and trrong dawn) sretonong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening before sunset (c.w. from sre before and txonong night-fall) srew: [sREw] P F vin. dance srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance srung si: ["sRuN "si] P F vin. help (c.w. from srung help and si make, do) starsm: ["staR.sIm] P F vtr. gather, collect stawm: [stawm] P F vtr. hear stn: ["stP.nI] P F vtr. catch steftxaw: [stE."ftaw] P F vtr. examine, check steyki: [stEj."ki] P F vtr. anger, make someone angry (derived from sti be angry and eyk causative inx) sti: [sti] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry sto: [sto] P F v. refuse (to do something) stum: [stum] P F adv. almost stxeli: ["stE.li] P F n. gift stxong: [stoN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unknown suln: [su.lIn] P F vin. be busy (positive sense), be engrossed in something one nds especially pleasant and energizing (derived from n be busy) sung: [suN] P F vtr. add sunu: ["su.nu] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment sutx: [sut] P F vtr. track, follow, lock up swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment > swawtsyp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. litte moment, second (derived from swaw moment) swey: [swEj] P F adj. best swir: [swi."R] P F n. creature swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place syaw: [sjaw] P F vin. call, name syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived from syay fate) sy: ["sj.P] P F adj. bitter syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, nal syep: [sjEp^] P F vtr. trap

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syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight), syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. ower lightweight syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, cannot be pluralised) T ta: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal sense with other time words) taem: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above taleng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin talengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue (c.w. from taleng skin and ean blue) tafkip: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w. from ta from and fkip up among) tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that takip: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from ta from and kip among) takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) allomorph of "akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta from) takuk: ["ta.kuk^] P F vtr. strike talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) tam: [tam] P F vin., intj. that will sufce, that will do, OK tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content, there there tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree) tanh: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle taron: ["ta.Ron] JC,P F vtr. hunt taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from taron hunt and yu agent sufx) > taronyutsyp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hunter (derived from taronyu hunter) tatep: ["ta.tEp^] P F vtr. lose track, lose awareness of something tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived from lam seem) taw: [taw] P F n. sky taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based on the cause tawng: [tawN] P F vin. duck, dive tftxu: [t."ftu] P F vtr. weave tftxuyu: [t."ftu.ju] P F n. weaver (derived from tftxu weave and yu agent sufx) ttxaw: [t."taw] P F vin. return te: [tE] JC part. used in full names tel: [tEl] P F vtr. receive telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord tem: [tEm] P F vin. shoot teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (situational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal and fyao path) tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as " same, equal and krr time) (c.w. from teng teri: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning terkup: ["tER.kup^] P F vin. die teswotng: [tE."swo.tIN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w. from tng give) tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade) tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surprise and pleasure teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full teya si: [tE."ja "si] P F vin. ll (with dative of thing lled) (c.w. from teya full and si do, make) teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from teyr white) til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit tireafyao: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w. from tirea spirit and fyao path) tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] P F n. spirit animal (c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal) tireapngkxo: [ti."RE.a.pN.ko] P F v. commune (c.w. from tirea spirit and pngkxo chat) tawm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived from awm camp) tawm si: [tI."Pawm "si] P F vin. camp (c.w. from awm camp and si make) tawpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (negative connotation), selshness (derived from awpo one individual) tefu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from efu feel) tem: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived from em cook) teylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived from eylan friend)

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teyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (derived from eyng answer) tiavay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end (c.w. from ia end and vay until) to: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived from o exciting) tong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (derived from ong bloom) tfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok"] P F n. state, condition, situation (derived from fkeytok exist) tfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from fmetok test) tfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from fnu quiet) tftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop (derived from ftang stop) tftia: [tI."fti.a] P F n. study (derived from ftia study) tftia kifkey: [tI."fti.a ki."fkE.j] P F n. science, the study of the physical world (c.w. from tftia study and kifkey world) tftxavang: [tI."fta.vaN] P F n. passion (derived from ftxavang passionate) tftxey: [tI."ftEj] P F n. choice (derived from ftxey choose) tfyawntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."tu] P F n. guidance (derived from fyawntxu guide) tfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) thawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (derived from hawl prepare) thawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived from hawnu protect, shelter) thawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "si] P F vin. protect (derived from thawnu protection) tkn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of business (derived from n be busy) tkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target (derived from kan aim) tkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived from kem action, deed) tkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "si] P F vin. work (c.w. from tkangkem work and si do, make) tkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, piece of work (derived from tkangkem work) tkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived from kanu smart) tkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from kawng bad)

tkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived from kenong model) tketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from ke not and teng same) tkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin need) tkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (derived from kar teach) tkxey: [tI."kEj] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness (derived from kxeyey mistake) tkxey si: [tI."kEj "si] P F vin. mess up, foul, do wrong (c.w. from tkxey incorrectness and si make) tlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from lam seem) tlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived from len happen) tlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor beautiful) tm: [tIm] P F adj. low tmeem: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general sense) (derived from meem harmonious) tmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. suggestion (derived from mok suggest) tmuntxa: [tI.mun."ta] P F n. mating, marriage (derived from muntxa mated) tmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (derived from maweypey be patient) tn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (derived from n be busy) tng: [tIN] P F vtr. give tngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay true) tngzk: [tI."N.zIk^] P F n. difculty, problem (derived from ngzk difcult) tng mikyun: ["tIm "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (derived from tng give and mikyun ear) tng nari: ["tIn "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived from tng give and nari eye) tngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from ngop create) > tng tseng: ["tIN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, give ground (derived from tng give and tseng ground) tno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to detail tnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived from newomum be curious)

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toeyktng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (derived from eyk cause (root)) (Pronounced [tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech) tohakx: [tI.o."hak] P F n. hunger (derived from ohakx hungry) tpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived from pawm ask) tphem: [tI."p.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived from phem arrive) tpngkxo: [tI.pN."ko] P F n. conversation, discussion (derived from pngkxo chat) > tpngkxotsyp: [tI.pN."ko.tsjIp^] P F n. little conversation (derived from tpngkxo conversation) tpeun: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived from peun decide) tprrte: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived from prrte"pleasurable) tran: [tI."Ran] P F vin. walk trey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live) trol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from rol sing) tronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) tskaa: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived from skaa destroy) > tslatsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived from slatsu describe) tsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som hot) tsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop travel) tspee: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from spee capture) tspxin: [tI."spin] P F n. the state of being ill, sickness (derived from spxin sick) tsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw painful) tsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."ki] P F vtr. hurt (someone or something) (c.w. from tsraw pain and seyki make (causative)) tsraw si: [tI."sRaw "si] P F vin. hurt, be painful (c.w. from tsraw pain and si make) tsresea: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived from sresea prophetize) tsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be angry) tsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script (P.S.) (derived from sung add)

ttaron: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from taron hunt) > ttslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelligence (derived from tslam understand) > ttstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived from tstunwi kind) ttusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from taron hunt) ttxanew: [tI."ta.nEw] P F n. greed (derived from txanew greedy) ttxen: [tI."tEn] P F n. awakeness, the state of waking (derived from txen awake) ttxula: [tI."tu.la] P F n. construction, constructed thing (derived from txula build) ttxur: [tI."tuR] P F n. strength, power (derived from txur strong) tvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived from vawm dark) tvng: [tI."vN] P F n. thirst (derived from vng thirsty) tvek: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from vek hate) twan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (derived from wan hide) twte: [tI.w."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (derived from wte argue) twew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived from wew cold) twusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. ghting (derived from wem ght) tyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from yawne beloved) tyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived from eyawr correct) tyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (derived from yom eat) to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (behaves like an adp.) tok: [tok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space tokx: [tok] P F n. body tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I understand! (synonym: tslolam) toltem: [tol."tEm] P F vtr. shoot tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. drizzle (derived from tompa rain and meyp weak) tomperw: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. sleet (derived from tompa rain and herw snow)

20

tompva: ["tom.pI.va] P F n. raindrop (derived from tompa rain and lva drop) tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived from toruk last shadow) toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk rider (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto ride) trr: [tr] P F n. day " : [tr."Paw.vE] trrawve P F n. Sunday (c.w. from " trr day and awve rst) trrong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from " trr day and ong unfold) trrongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after " sunrise (c.w. from trrong dawn and maw after) trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from " and ham previous) trr day trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from " and hay next) trr day trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr " kive seventh) day and trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from " mrrve " trr day and fth) trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from " muve second) trr day and trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived " day and pe interrogative marker from trr and ve ordinal number marker) Ts > tsa: [tsa] P F prex that > tsau: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsa that and u thing) > tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. from tsa- that and fyao way) > tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning or frustration, crap!, ah, hell! > tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "si] P F vin. bond with, establish a neural connection (c.w. from tsaheylu bond and si make) > tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural connection) > > tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that (action) (derived from tsa- that and kem action) > tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F dem. then, at that time (deri" that and krr time) ved from tsa-

trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr day and "puve sixth) trrpxeyve: [tr."pEj.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from " pxeyve third) trr day and > trrtsve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from " trr day and tsve fourth) trrtxon: [tr.ton] P F n. the day and night cycle of " (c.w. from trr day and txon night) Pandora tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear tul: [tul] P F vin. run tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (derived from tun red, orange) tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange tung: [tuN] P F v. allow tungzup: [tuN."zup^] P F vtr. drop (ii) (c.w. from tung allow and zup fall) tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker tut: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from tute person) tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived from tute person) tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (derived from tute person) tuvon: ["tu.von] P F v. lean

> tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up to) > tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) > tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, even so > tsam: [tsam] P F n. war > tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w. from tsam war and pongu party) > tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived from tsam si make war and yu agent sufx) > tsapalute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology > tsapalute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "si] P F vin. apologise (apologize) (c.w. from tsapalute apology and si make) > tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsau-ri that (topical) and a subordinator) > tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object)

21

> tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsau-t that (patientive) and a subordinator) > > > > tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem. there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) > tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from tsa that and tute person) > tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive subject) > tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsau that (subjective) and a subordinator) > tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun > tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall > tsawlh: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl big (in size) and hi small (in size)) > tsawl slu: ["tsawl "slu] P F vin. grow (c.w. from tsawl big and slu become) > tsay+: [tsaj] P F prex those (c.w. from tsa that and ay+ plural) > ts: [tsP] P F v. squirt > tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter) > tsea: [tsE."Pa] P F vtr. see (physical sense) > tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place > tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived from tseng place) > tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where allomorph of peseng > tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art > tsewtx: [tsEwt] P F adj. dirty > tsim: [tsim] P F n. source > tsng: [tsIN] P F num. four > tsve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived from tsng four) > tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow > tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon) > tsko swizaw: ["tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and arrow (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow) > > tskxaytsyp: ["tskaj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived from tskxepay ice) > tskxe: [tskE] P F n. rock, stone > tskxekeng: ["tskE.kEN] P F n. training, exercise > tskxekeng si: ["tskE.kEN "si] P F vin. exercise, train (derived from tskxekeng training) > tskxepay: ["tskE.paj] P F n. ice (derived from tskxe stone and pay water) > tslam: [tslam] P F vtr. understand > tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false > tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand (derived from tslam understand and ol perfect aspect inx)

> tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling > tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived from tsmuk sibling) > tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from tsmuk sibling) > tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived from tsmuk sibling) > tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup > tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat > tsngawvk: ["tsNaw.vIk^] P F vin. cry, weep > tsn: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) > tsop: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung > tspang: [tspaN] P F vtr. kill > tsranten: ["tsRan.tEn] P F vin. matter, be of import > tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village > tsrei: ["tsRE.Pi] P F vtr. throw > tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife > tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave > tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut > tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, considerate > tstu si: ["tstu "si] P F vin. close (c.w. from tstu closed and si make) > tstxo: [tsto] P F n. name > tstxolu: ["tsto.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from tstxo name and lu word) > tsuk: [tsuk] P F prex able to (c.w. from tsun able and fko one) > tsuksm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin > > tsuktswa: [tsuk.tswaP^] P F adj. forgettable (derived from tswa forget) > tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived from yom eat) > tsulf: [tsul."f] P F n. mastery > tsulf si: [tsul."f "si] P F vin. master (c.w. from tsulf mastery and si do, make) > tsulftu: [tsul."f.tu] P F n. master of an art, craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulf mastery) > tsun: [tsun] P F vin. can, be able (with subjunctive) > tsunslu: ["tsun.slu] P F vin. may, be possible (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become) > tsurokx: [tsu."Rok] P F v. rest > tswa: [tswaP^] P F v. forget > tswayon: ["tswaj.on] P F vtr. y > tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid

22

> > > tswintsyp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de- tsyokx: [tsjok] P F n. hand > tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from our rived from tswin queue) > (c.w. from tsyo our and syuve food) tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing > tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. our Tx txa: [taP] P F adj. hard txal: [tal] P F n. back (of the body) txampay: [tam."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from txan great and pay water) txampx: [tam."pI] P F n. majority, most, large part (derived from txan much) txan: [tan] P F adj. great, much, many (in quantity) txanatan: ["ta.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w. from txan very and atan light) txanew: ["ta.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from txan much and new want) txanfwerw: [tan."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (derived from hufwe wind and herw snow) > txantsan: ["tan.tsan] P F adj. excellent > txantslusam: ["tan.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w. from txan much and tslusam understand) > txantstew: ["tan.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from txan very and tstew brave) txantur: ["tan.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from txan much and txur strong) txayo: ["ta.jo] P F n. eld, open terrain, plain txrem: ["t.REm] P F n. bone txelan: [tEP."lan] P F n. heart txele: ["tE.lE] P F n. matter (subject) txen: [tEn] P F adj. awake txep: [tEp^] P F n. re txepva: ["tE.pI.va] P F n. ash, cinder (derived from txep re and lva ake) > txeptsyp: ["tEp.tsjIp^] P F n. dear or cute little re (derived from txep re) txepvi: ["tEp.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep re) U uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last ultxarun: [ul."ta.Run] P F v. encounter, meet by shadow) chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and run nd) ukxo: [u."ko] P F adj. dry ultxa si: [ul."ta "si] P F vin. meet with someone ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction) intentionally (use hu with) ultxa: [ul."ta] P F n. meeting unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream 23 txewk: [tEwk^] P F n. club (weapon) txey: [tEj] P F v. halt txin: [tin] P F adj. main, primary txintn: ["tin.tIn] P F n. occupation, primary role in society (c.w. from txin main and tn activity that keeps one busy) txm: [tIm] P F n. butt, rear end, ass txng: [tIN] P F v. leave, abandon txo: [to] P F conj. if txoa: ["to.a] P F n. forgiveness txokefyaw: ["to.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else, otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fyao-aw if not one path) txon: [ton] P F n. night txonong: [ton."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sunset, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and ong unfold) txonongmaw: [ton."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight, the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from txonong sunset and maw after) txonam: [to."nam] P F adv. last night (derived from txon night and ham previous) txonay: [to."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (derived from txon night and hay next) txopu: ["to.pu] P F n. fear txopu si: ["to.pu "si] P F vin. be afraid (c.w. from txopu fear and si do, make) txukx: [tuk] P F adj. deep (physically) txula: ["tu.la] P F v. build, construct txum: [tum] P F n. poison txur: [tuR] P F adj. strong (physically)

uniltrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok] JC,P F n. avatar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltranyu dreamwalker and tokx body) uniltranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker (c.w. from unil dream and tranyu walker) uo: ["u.o] P F adp. behind V var: [vaR] P F vin. to persist in a state, to continue to perform an action vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (derived from vawm dark) vay: [vaj] P F adp. up to vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay " time) up to and krr v: [vP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noisome vng: [vN] P F adj. thirsty vek: [vEP."kI] P F vtr. hate venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu foot and zekw nger) vewng: [vEwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be responsible for W wan: [wan] P F vtr. hide way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial) way si: ["waj "si] P F vin. sing (derived from way song) waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w. from way song and telem cord) w+: [w] P F adp. against (as in: ght against) wte: [w."tE] P F vtr. argue, dispute wtx: [wt] P F vtr. be bad at wem: [wEm] P F vin. ght wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, military clan, battle party (c.w. from wem ght and pongu group) wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold

utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree > utraltsyp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived from utral tree) uvan: [u."van] P F n. game, uvan letokx sport uvan si: [u."van "si] P F vin. play (a game) (c.w. from uvan game and si make, do)

vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin, esh vir: [vi."R] P F v. spread, proliferate vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul vol: [vol] P F num. eight volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived from vol eight) vrrn: ["vr.In] P F vin. be busy (negative sense): be tired" out and overwhelmed by an activity thats keeping one busy (derived from n be busy) vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon " vul: [vul] P F n. branch (of a tree) vur: [vuR] P F n. story vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (derived from vur story)

weyn: [wEjn] P F v. draw, illustrate win: [win] P F adj. fast win spi: ["win s."pi] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from win fast and spi do (reexive)) win si: ["win "si] P F vin. rush something, make something fast (c.w. from win fast and si do) wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or frustration, damn! wntxu: [wIn."tu] P F v. show wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud wotx: [wot] P F n. totality, whole wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside " > wutso: ["wu.tso] P F n. dinner, served meal

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Y ya: [ja] P F n. air yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived from fkeytok exist) yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from ya air and pay water) yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived from yawne beloved) yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived from yawne beloved) yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and ioang animal) yn: [jn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down yekrr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from yern soon "and krr time) Z zarp: [za."P.RIp^] P F vtr. pull (derived from rp move) zau: ["za.Pu] P F vin. come zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four zamunge: [za."mu.NE] P F vtr. bring (derived from munge bring) zapx: [za."pI] P F n. front (part or section) (derived from hapx part) zawng: [zawN] P F vin. scream zekw: ["zEk.w] P F n. nger zene: ["zE.nE] P F vin. must (with subjunctive) zenke: ["zEN.kE] P F vin. must not (with subjunctive) (ii) (c.w. from zene must and ke not) zerok: ["zE.Rok^] P F v. remember zeyko: [zEj."ko] P F vtr. heal, x (derived from zo be well and eyk causative inx) zskrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from " krr time) zst year and zst: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year zo: [zo] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should be, work correctly or as nature intended zong: [zoN] P F v. save, defend > zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge (c.w. from zong save and tseng place) zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult zoslu: ["zo.slu] P F vin. heal, become well, get xed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become) zup: [zup^] P F vin. fall zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from " krr time) zusau coming and yern: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon yem: [jEm] P F vtr. put, place yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion (into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay water) yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "si] P F vin. dip into liquid (c.w. from yemfpay dipping and si make, do) yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight ym: [jIm] P F vtr. bind yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time) yom: [jom] P F vtr. eat yomtng: ["jom.tIN] P F vin. feed (with dative object) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tng give) yur: [juR] P F v. wash

25

The Number System

The following are charts of Navi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their singular form, like awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9. Navi Numbers: 0 39 1 2 3 vol mevol pxevol volaw mevolaw pxevolaw vomun mevomun pxevomun vopey mevopey pxevopey vosng mevosng pxevosng vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr vofu mevofu pxevofu vohin mevohin pxevohin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 kew aw mune pxey tsng mrr pukap kin

4 tsvol tsvolaw tsvomun tsvopey tsvosng tsvomrr tsvofu tsvohin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Navi Numbers: 40 63 5 6 7 mrrvol puvol kivol mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw mrrvomun puvomun kivomun mrrvopey puvopey kivopey mrrvosng puvosng kivosng mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr mrrvofu puvofu kivofu mrrvohin puvohin kivohin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ordinal Numbers Number + -ve 8 volve awve 9 volawve muve 10 vomuve pxeyve 11 vopeyve tsve 12 vosve mrrve 13 vomrrve puve 14 vofuve kive 15 vohive

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x1 aw mune pxey tsng mrr pukap kin

combining -aw -mun -pey -sng -mrr -fu -hin

More Navi Numbers: x8 x64 x512 vol zam vozam mevol mezam mevozam pxevol pxezam pxevozam tsvol tszam tsvozam mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam puvol puzam puvozam kivol kizam kivozam

x4096 zazam mezazam pxezazam tszazam mrrzazam puzazam kizazam

zamtsvosng

Example Number zam + tsvo + sng 64 + 48 + 4 Non-Navi Numbers 8 eyt 9 nayn

100

26

Time

Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week. Stress is again shown with underlining. Trrtxon trrong dawn trrongmaw after dawn rewon morning srekamtrr before noon kxamtrr noon kxamtrrmaw after noon hangir early afternoon kaym late afternoon sretonong before nightfall txonong nightfall txonongmaw after nightfall txon night srekamtxon before midnight kxamtxon midnight kxamtxomaw after midnight txon night sresrrong before dawn trrong dawn

Days of the Terrestrial Week Sunday trrawve Monday trrmuve Tuesday trrpxeyve Wednesday trrtsve Thursday trrmrrve Friday trrpuve Saturday trrkive

Navi Loan Words

psketpol: [p.skEt.pol] P F n. basketball (loaned from Eng. basketball) > pts: ["p.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng. badge) plok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng. blog) puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book) > puktsyp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, booklet (derived from puk book) pxir: [piR] P F n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bier) skxaypxe: ["skaj.pE] P F n. Skype (loaned from English Skype) Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden tawsp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from Eng. ship) toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from Eng. doctor) > tsynel: [tsj.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned from Eng. channel) > tsyrf: [tsjI.R.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from Eng. giraffe)

ngls: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loaned from Eng. English) Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned " Earth) from Eng. Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned from Greek Europe) > hamets: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loaned from Hebrew chametz) jakesully: [ZEjksu:li] M n. moron, toruk mak" Eng. Jake Sully) (not nortoyu (loaned from mally allowable under Navi phonotactic rules) kunsp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from Eng. gunship) > matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned from Hebrew matsa) nFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French, in French (loaned from Eng. French) nToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German, Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German) Pari: [pa.Ri] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from French Paris)

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wou: ["wo.u] P F svin. be amazing, fascinating Yu.E.Sey: [ju.E.sEj] from Eng. USA) (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa) Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from Italian Jesu)

PF

prop.n. USA (loaned

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Navi Proper Nouns

Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Navi Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Navi of the Omatikaya Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the Omatikaya Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue Flute Clan Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. name Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female of the Omatikaya Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Navi Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Navi Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clan Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiris banshee Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiris sister Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Navi Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river (derived from swotu sacred place) Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F prop.n. Sky-person, human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person) > Tsahk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high priestess, interpreter > Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Navi > Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clan > Tsutey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Omatikaya > Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original name for the Omatikaya Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Navi Txew: ["tE.wI] P F prop.n. male Navi Txilte: ["til.tE] P F prop.n. female Navi Uniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt) Utral Aymokriy: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.j] JC,P F prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri J C ) Varu: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Navi

Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Navi Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Navi Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo (derived from Ateyo male name and itan son) Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Navi ayRam aLusng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n. the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram mountain and lng hover) ayVitray Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.j Ra."mu.noN] JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and ramunong well) nst: ["n.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Navi Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Navi Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of the Omatikaya Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (derived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL Eywaeveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n. Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN]) (c.w. from Eywa Gaia and eveng child) Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to Heaven, the rite of passage for young Navi staw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Navi Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Navi (affectionate form Kamtsyp) Kelutral: ["kE.lut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w. from kelku home and utral tree) Liona: [li.Po.na] G,P F prop.n. a clan Loak: ["lo.ak^] P F prop.n. male Navi Moat: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahk of the Omatikaya (also pronounced Moat) Moatite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of Moat (derived from Moat a woman and ite daughter) Navi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indigenous Pandoran sentient race

29

Flora and Fauna

Flora ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik] P F n. leaf pitcher plant (c.w. from ampi touch and rikx move) o: ["P.Po] P F n. pitcher plant elewll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus " (derived from ewll plant) anheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. bonacci, blue spiral plant (c.w. from ean blue and heyu spiral) apxangrr: [a."pa.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from " apxa large and ngrr root) atokirina: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the great tree awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous plant (c.w. from ean blue) eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet fkxakewll: ["fka.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w. " ewll plant) from fkxake itch and ee: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sols delight, magnetotrophic plant fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut.wl] P F n. metalfollowing plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and sutx follow) fwkwll: ["fw.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w. " and ewll plant) from fwk mantis hrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant " kllpxiwll: [kl."pi.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from " " kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant) kxaylte: ["kajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived from kxayl high) loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and heyu spiral) mnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (derived from mn turn) mulpxar: [mul."paR] P F n. roosterhead plant paliwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant (c.w. from pali" direhorse and ewll plant) > pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu" sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ewll plant) paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet " water and ewll plant) (c.w. from pay penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine, " from peng tell and hrrap fringed lamp (c.w. danger) pxayzekw: [paj."zEk.w] P F n. spiny whips (c.w. from pxay many and zekw nger) pxiut: ["pi.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w. from pxi sharp and utral tree) pxiwll: ["pi.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w. " and ewll plant) from pxi sharp pxorna: ["poR.naP] P F n. episoth, exploding seed (c.w. from pxor explode and rina seed) pxornalor: ["poR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna exploding seed and lor beautiful) rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum ball and utral tree) seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue ower smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thorned plant sngukx: [sNuk] P F n. grub plant somtlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty (c.w. from som hot and tlor beauty) syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person) tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw sky and utral tree) > tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup (c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup) thawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, protection plant (c.w. from" thawnu protection and ewll plant) tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant " and ewll plant) (c.w. from tompa rain torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.spam] P F n. octoshroom, great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom) > tsawlapxangrr: ["tsawl.a.pa.Nr] P F n. unidelta tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx) > tstxaa: ["tsta.Pa] P F n. canalyd > tsyorinawll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, our " seed and ewll seed plant (c.w. from rina plant) txllu: ["tl.Pu] P F n. hookagourd " txumpaywll: ["tum.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion " (c.w. from txum thistle, poison water plant poison and paywll water plant)

30

> txumtswll: [tum."tsP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of " from ts squirt Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree) poison-squirting plant (c.w. and ewll plant) yomhang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small anivfewll: ["v.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat " plant (c.w. from v unpleasant and fahew and hang insect) smell) vrumut: ["v.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w. yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w. from yom eat and ioang animal) from v unpleasant and rum ball) Fauna > angtsk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm (c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm) fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron fpxafaw: ["fpa.faw] P F n. medusa fwk: ["fw.kI] P F n. mantis ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee ikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not PF) kaliweya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poisonous arachnid kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard lonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja] ASG n. medusa nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Caniferratus costatus, striped armored wolf pali: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse palulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (colloquial [pa."lu.kan]) riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris talioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived from ioang animal) teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last shadow yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede zize: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellre wasp

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Useful Phrases

These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphemes are probably invariable. Ive included these not only to show instances where a phrase encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For this reason I have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from Frommers blog at Naviteri.org. Theyve been included in no specic conversational order, but rather alphabetically. efu ohakx: ["PE.fu o."hak] P F ph. be hungry ivong nkong: [] P F ph. slow is ne awa swawtsyp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit txle pa(lu)lukanur: [."t.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Ask a thanator to release its prey, its a foregone conclusion (from Navi idiom txle si palulukanur tsn smarit livonu) etrpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] P F,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you fpor syaw fko staw: [] P F ph. this is staw ftia oel lfyati leNavi no nwotx: [] P F ph. studying Navi is a ton of fun for me! ftxey...fuke: [ftEj fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not) fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sjaw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until) irayo: [i."Raj.o] P F intj. thanks, thank you n nga fyape nfkrr: [] P F ph. whats been keeping you busy lately? kaltx: [kal."tI] P F intj. hello (casual) kaltx sivi, ma staw: [] P F ph. say hello, staw kea tkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks) kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isnt that so? right? no? ke...kawit: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kawit at all) ke pxan: [kE pan] P F ph. Im not worthy ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didnt get that, I didnt understand ke zene win spivi: [] P F ph. take your time, dont rush kyevame: [kI.jE."va.mE] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion > " "kop plltxe: ["kE.tsE kxetse s mikyun sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."tE] W A,P F ph. the tail and ears speak " too ma frapo, ayngaru oey tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to you) my sister, Newey makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground) " nga lpivawk nit nul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself nga lpivawk nno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself nga pesuhu kteng ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with? ngari solalew polpxaya zst: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed? ngari txelan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri tEP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. dont worry, may your heart be calm ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well? ngaru lu pefnetxintn ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society? ngaru oey lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague

32

> ngaru tsulf: ["Na.Ru tsul."f] P F ph. to your the mastery ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject) nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me nga z(ol)au ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where are you from? ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you? > ngey kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj. "kE.tsE lu "wE.Ru] P F ph. your tail is mine, youre going down nprrte: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure " : ["o.E i."Raj.o si "Na.Ru] oe irayo si ngaru P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar) oe olongokx m sray a txampayri sim, sl set kelku si m Helutral: [] P F ph. I was born in a town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree oeri solalew zst apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honour oeru syaw (fko) Txew: [] P F ph. my name is Txew oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja si] P F ph. lls me with satisfaction, joy oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "to.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me oe tskxekeng si ssulnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery oey txintn lu fwa stn fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch sh pum ngey: [pum "NE.j] P F ph. yours, I should thank you rutxe lpivawk nit: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please? rutxe tivng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone! seykxel s nitram: [sEj."kEl sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations smon nprrte: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you " srake fnan ngal lfyati leNavi : [] P F ph. are you good at Navi? srake smon ngar oey meylan alu Entu s Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and Kamun? srefereiey nprrte: [] P F ph. looking forward to it tefum oey: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.j] P F ph. in my opinion tiavay krr: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.] P F ph. forever, until the end of time " tkangkemri varmrrn oe nwotx : [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work tknri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time? tkxey ngaru: [tI."kEj "Na.Ru] P F ph. youre wrong tori peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun? tyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F ph. youre right tokx eo tokx: ["tok "E.o "tok] P F ph. face to face, in person Tsaluri alu X, ral lu upe: [] P F ph. what does X mean? > tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say tsun mivkxu hkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment? tsun nga law sivi nit srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that further? txon lefpom: [ton lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night X-()ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean? X nNavi (slu) pelu: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Navi? zau neng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common zolau nprrte: [zol."a.Pu nI."pr.tEP] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome "

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The Alphabet

Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Navi way of listing and pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2 pseudo-vowels (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list. The Alphabet k KeK kx Kxekx l LeL ll Ll m MeM n NeN ng NgeNg o O p PeP px PxePx r ReR rr Rr

a aw ay e ew ey f h i

tFtang A AW AY E EW EY F H I

s t tx ts u v w y z

S TeT TxeTx Ts U V W Y Z

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Inections

Verbal Inxes alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am + ol: Oe tsngalmawvk. I wept. aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol: Oe halyangham. I will have laughed. am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tswamayon. I ew. arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am + er: Oe tsngarmawvk. I was weeping. ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay + er: Oe haryangham. I will be laughing. asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with determination verbal inx in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tspasyang palulukanit. I will denitely kill the thanator. > ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal inx in position 2 (INFR .): Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.) awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal inx in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe tawnaron-a tte lu. I am a hunted person. ay: [a.j] LN future tense verbal inx in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit tayaron. I will hunt the yerik. ng: [.N] LN pejorative affect verbal inx in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe srngew. I dance (ugh!). p: [.p] P F reexive verbal inx the pre-rst position (REFL .): Oe stpeftxaw. I check myself. ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal inx in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sreiew. I dance (hooray!). er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe terran. I am walking. eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal inx the pre-rst position (CAUS .): Oel teykerkup pot. I caused him to die. ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new tslilvam. I want to understand. imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oey swizaw nngay timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true. irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe new tslirvam. I want to be understanding. iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal inx in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe wivem. You want this thing: for me to ght. iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kiyevame ngati. I will see you soon. lm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived from m + ol: Oe tlmtxaw. I just now returned. ly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), derived from y + ol: Oe hlyahaw. I will have slept soon. m: [I.m] LN recent past verbal inx in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tswmayon. I just ew. rm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived from m + er: Oe trmtxaw. I was just now returning. ry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.), derived from y + er: Oe hryahaw. I will be sleeping soon. sy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal inx in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .): Oel tspsyang palulukanit. I will denitely kill the thanator soon.

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y: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit tyaron. I will hunt the yerik soon. yev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kyevame ngati. I will see you soon. ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal inx in position 1 (PERF.): Oe tolran. I walked (nished action). us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal inx in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe tusaron-a tte lu. I am a hunting person. uy: [u.j] P F honoric (honouric) or ceremonial verbal inx in position 2 (HON .): Naviy, luyu hapx. You are part of The People. Noun Case Inections : [] P F genitive sufx for nouns ending in a everything but a, , e, i and (allomorph of y) (GEN .): Oel yom ikran yerikit. I eat the ikrans yerik. it: [it^] P F patientive sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik. l: [Il] P F agentive case sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik. ri: [IRi] P F topical sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of ri) (TOP.): Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron. l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik. ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave. ru: [Ru] LN dative sufx for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru tng. I give food to you. t: [t^] LN patientive sufx for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame. I see you. ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukl. The toruk hunts you. ur: [uR] P F dative sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oey. To my friends. y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sltsan lu. Your toruk is good. ya: [ya] P F,M vocative sufx for collective nouns: Mawey, Naviya. Calm, you Navi. y: [j] LN genitive sufx for nouns ending in a a, , e, i and (allomorph of ) (GEN .): Oel yeiom Neytiriy yerikit. I happily eat Neytiris yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may look like ey) Other Inections This is a list of Navi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of the meaning. Not all Navi inections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity, where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Frommer has indicated they can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech that arent specied - for instance, attaching the clusivity marker ng would make no sense on the word for blue, ean. All of the verbal inxes and case markers, above, are entirely productive. a: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean tswayon. I y the excellent blue ikran. 36

an: [an] LN masculine sufx for certain nouns: Poan tftxuyu lu. He is a weaver. ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen . The rules succeed. e: [E] P F feminine sufx for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter. fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall. f: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fnantangit. I see this viper-wolf. fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) sufx for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape ftrr? Whats the condition of the river today? fne: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsau lu? What kind of tree is that? fra: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving afx Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone. kaw: [kaw] P F not one deriving afx Oe kawkrr ke kam. I never went. lo: [lo] P F (pro.) multiplicative number sufx for nouns: Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang. me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes. ng: [N] LN (pro.) clusivity for rst person pronouns (CLUS .): Ayoeng rol. We all sing. o: [o] P F (pro.) indenite sufx, durative sufx: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzsto. I saw someone for years. pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsramei? What knives did you throw? pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) afx inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile? pxe+: [pE] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun which often undergoes ellision) > tsa: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel kame tsanantangit. I see that nantang. > tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep. > tsyp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive sufx for nouns, pronouns: Zau ftseng, ma itetsyp. Come here, little daughter. ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal sufx for numbers: Koren aawve trusey awsiteng. The rst rule of living together. vi: [vi] P F (pro.) partitive relationship marker: Oe nume m numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom. Other Inectional Morphology These derivational morphemes are different than the inectional morphemes (in technical speak) above. In other words, the markers here dont just change the meaning - they change the part of speech. Some of these, only Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word, like t. Others are productive for certain subsets, like yu, which can go on any verb. le: [lE] P F adjective deriving afx Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous. n: [nI] LN adverbial deriving afx Oe nNavi plltxe. I speak navi-ly. (Like a Navi.) (Pro. for adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nfyao with appropriate adjective or relative clause) s: [s] P F instrumental noun deriving afx Oel snumet nume. I learn the teaching. si: [si] LN postpositional verb deriving afx Oe kelku si Kelutralm. I live in Hometree. (lit. I home make in Hometree.) t: [tI] LN noun deriving afx Tngay sltsan lu. The truth is good. t us: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving afx Tkusar eltur ttxen si. Teaching is interesting. tu: [tu] P F (pro.) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving afx Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist. yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving afx Oe kea skaayu ke lu. I am no destroyer. 37

Non-Frommerian Words

These are words that are not from Frommer: I have included them as they are in the extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Navi words. They are, for the most part, spurious inventions for the Activists Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None of these words were run by Frommer before being published, and the general consensus is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not know what their denitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use is highly discouraged. Many of them out Navi inectional rules or phonotactic constraints. Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below. h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:] Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipani Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name arlek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant Beydaamo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warrior of the Tipani chantu gorek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto] ASG n. stone jar chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from Pah sivil chey rack) Eywa ksey nivibrista: [Ejwa kPsEj niviPbriPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles everyone Eywa silivi maskit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masPkit^nivi] ASG Ewyas wisdom is revealed to all of us Eywa te _ tansey makta: [Ejwa tEP tanPsEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit. the love of Eywas embrace is gifted to (personal name) feru mpreduk: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. basket Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani Grolryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani iveh knivi sdir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. baby sling ksey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep Kaoli Tei: [ka.o.li. tE.i] G prop.n. the plains of Goliath > Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani village Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the Tipani Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai lenayga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory animal Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the Tipani mreshtuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju] ASG n. shield Malimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone Marali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani maskit nivi sanok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^] ASG mother loom Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male Navi Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Mendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Tipani mereshti caupla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or [meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher, bola, lit. nothing to see meshkai huru: [mESPkai huRu] P N D n. cooking pot mreki ulito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. re pit Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami nahla bukne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhorse lead, lit. face pull Naalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Neranak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the Tawkami > niktchey: [niktPtshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n. small bit of food, packed lunch nivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (derived from Eywa ksey nivibrista Ewya cradles everyone)

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Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of the Tipani Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami omati sampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue ute Onantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Otamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Pah sivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. personal belongings rack pxtxawng: [ptawN] JC n. douchebag Raiuk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the Anurai Raltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the Tipani Snume: [s.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahk of the Tipani (derived from snume teaching) Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami shah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under Navi phonotactic rules) sushiri tacto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or [suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran suminsey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee" ping outside of the group sumin jiitluy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plate Swawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani triti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pendulum drum Taantasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus, rocky place on Pandora Tan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the Lona

Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w. from taw sky and kame see) Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani village Tipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clan ttakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from takuk strike) tmi natsey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lantern, from food here > Tsalaw: [tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami > Tsaro: [tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tipani > Tsmuke: [tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village txei: [tE.i] G n. plain uimi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendant Uimi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG prop.n. a clan > Ukamtsu: [u.kam.tsu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani > ulivi maritsey makdinito: [Ulivi mariPtsEj makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the tree look to each other for strength, or many branches together are strong ulutah inibsey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mulsi] ASG n. leaf plate Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani village Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipani utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu mauti push fruit) utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit, push fruit Vaer Ramunong: [va.PE.R Ra.mu.noN] G prop.n. Vaderas Hollow Vayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village

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The Changelog

This is the changelog. Ive kept it in, not for translators, who should contact Tuiq, but for the reader, who would presumably like to know what Ive done. 11.849 Fixed uk. tng, teswotng = vtr. Pts now a loan word. Fixed the imv example. atokirina now in ora. Added lelfya concerning language. Mkxu. Added note about monosyllabic stress to introduction. Added the words from the January 31st naviteri post. Emzau vtr., kllfro vin. Edited si verbs to vin. Yayayr, not yayawr. Yeysu is a loan. Resyllabied the IPA for eyawr. wte inx, tswayon vtr. Added all words from the new Naviteri post. Added slele, wan swim, hide and their derivations. Syllabied vrr.n. Kar now vtr. Gave primary stress to all monosyllabic words in compound constructions, such as ultxa si or tng nari. Letwan now modies nouns. Fixed small error in ultxa si. Eyk is, of course, vtr. Spelling errors in asy example. Same for sayrp and takrra. Edited tungzup back. Fixed error in fay+, tsa, oe kawkrr ke kam example. spaw is vtr. eyawr syllabied correctly. Added ttaron hunting. Added casual speech for nayoeng, nawomum. Added the blog posts Receptive Ability and Yafkeykri pngkxo frapo Everyone talks about the weather. Edited snowake meyp to weak. Changed ii from hedge to ller. Fkeytok vtr. Waytelem is now song cord.

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