MM2406/8441 _______________________________________________________________________________ SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC 2010/2011 SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATION Diploma in Bioengineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 2nd Year (A) Full Time 4th Year (A) Evenings Only Diploma in Resort Facilities and Services Management 2nd Year (A) Full Time THERMOFLUIDS ll Time Allowed: 2 Hours

_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructions to Candidates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The examination rules set out on the last page of the answer booklet are to be complied with. This paper consists of 4 questions. Answer all. Answer your questions on the answer booklet provided. A Steam Tables booklet is provided for this paper. This paper consists of 5 pages including 2 pages of appendix. For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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1.

An engine running on a Dual Combustion Cycle induces air at an inlet pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 30 oC . The air is then compressed through a compression ratio of 16:1. The maximum pressure reached in the cycle is 80 bar and the heat added at constant pressure is 48.78 % of the heat added at constant volume. Sketch the p-V and T-s diagrams for this cycle and calculate the: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) cut off ratio, , (1.14) heat addition pressure ratio, k, (1.65) heat supplied (in kJ/kg), 637.3 heat rejected (in kJ/kg), 212.5 net work done (in kJ/kg), 424.8 thermal efficiency. (0.667)

(25 marks)

2.

A steam power plant operates on the Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat. Steam enters the first stage turbine (Point 1) at 100 bar absolute and 450 oC where it is expanded isentropically to 10 bar absolute (Point 2). The steam is then reheated at constant pressure to 450 oC (Point 3) before passing through the second stage turbine to a condenser pressure of 0.10 bar absolute (Point 4). The isentropic efficiency of the second stage turbine is 95 %. The power output of the plant is 60 MW. Sketch the T-s diagram for this cycle. Neglecting the feed pump work, determine the: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) net work output (in kJ/kg), 1447.6 heat supplied (in kJ/kg), 3717.6 thermal efficiency, (0.389) specific steam consumption (in kg/kWh), 2.49 mass flow rate of steam (in kg/hr). 149,212.5

(25 marks)

3.

A single stage portable air compressor has a bore of 20 mm and a stroke of 25 mm. The clearance volume is 10 % of the swept volume. The intake conditions are 101 kN/m2 and 28 oC and the delivery pressure is 400 kN/m2. The compression and expansion processes are polytropic with n=1.3. Draw the p-V diagram for this cycle. At a compressor speed of 1450 rpm, calculate the: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) induced volume (in m3), 6.367E-06 FAD (in m3/s), 1.521E-04 volumetric efficiency at free air conditions (in %), 80.13 volumetric efficiency at inlet conditions (in %), 81.17 mass flow rate of the compressed air (in kg/s), 1.789E-04 indicated power (in W). 25.21 (25 marks)

Take the atmospheric conditions as 101.3 kN/m2 and 28 oC.

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4.

(a)

Water flows through an inclined pipe. At section (1) of the pipe, the diameter is 200 mm, the pressure is 150 kN/m2 and the velocity is 3.2 m/s. The pipe reduces to 100 mm diameter at section (2). Section (1) is 8 m above the datum and section (2) is 4 m above the datum. Determine the: (i) (ii) (iii) (b) velocity head and pressure head at section (1), 15.29, 0.52 total head at section (1), 23.81 velocity and pressure at section (2). 12.8, 112.42

(13 marks)

A water jet enters a stationary curved vane tangentially with a velocity of 48 m/s and is deflected through an angle of 60 o. The jet leaves the vane with a velocity of 42 m/s. If the mass flow rate of the water is 0.5 kg/s, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the vane. (22.65N 53.42o) (12 marks)

Take density of water = 1000 kg/m3 and g = 9.81 m/s2.

fixed curved vane V1 = 48 m/s

y
water jet m = 0.5 kg/s

60 o

V2 = 42 m/s

Diagram for Question 4(b)

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Appendix - Table of Formulae

Constant P P=C
V1 V2 = T1 T2

Constant V V=C
p1 p = 2 T1 T2

Constant T T=C
p1V1 = p2V2

Polytropic

Adiabatic

Equation of state

p1V1n = p 2V2n p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2 T2 p =( 2 ) T1 p1

n 1 n

p1V1 = p2V2 p1V1 pV = 2 2 T1 T2

=(

p V1 n 1 T2 =( 2) ) T1 p1 V2

=(

V1 1 ) V2

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

p (V2 V1 ) mR (T2 T1 )

p1V1 ln (

V2 ) V1 V2 ) V1

mRT ln (

p1V1 p2V2 n 1 mR(T1 T2 ) n 1

U +W

p1V1 p2V2 1 mR (T1 T2 ) 1

mCp(T2 T1)

mCv(T2 T1)

mCpln(

T2 ) T1

mCvln(

T2 ) T1

mRln(

V2 ) V1

mCvln(

T2 )+ mRln( T1 V2 ) V1

For air, take Cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4

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Appendix - List of Formulae

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pV = mRT
Vs =

power = mwnet
W = n mR (T2 T1 ) n 1
indicated work shaft work shaft power input power

d 2l
4

rv =

v1 v2 v s + vc vc
v3 v4 ; v2 v3

rv =

motor iso
=

isothermal work indicated work

k=

p3 p2

p c V cn = p d V dn

Wnet TH = Q s

paVFAD p (V Vd ) = 1 a Ta T1

h = hf + xhfg

v v

V FAD Vs
V a V d Vs

s = sf + xsfg
x x1 y y1 = x 2 x1 y 2 y1
S .S .C . =
isen

F = m(V2 V1 )

3600 wnet

p = gh
p1 v12 p v2 + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 g 2 g g 2 g

actual work = isentropic work

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