1.

Although all of the steps involved in expressing a gene can in principle be regulated, for most genes the most important point of control is: A. B. C. D. E. transcription initiation. RNA processing. RNA transport and localization. mRNA degradation. mRNA translation.

2. In bacteria when transcription regulators bind to regulatory DNA sequences close to where RNA polymerase binds, they: A. activate transcription of the gene. B. repress transcription of the gene. C. activate or repress transcription of the gene depending upon where they are located relative to the promoter. D. activate or repress transcription of the gene depending upon their concentration. 3. Which of the following statements accurately describes the expression of the repressor protein of the tryptophan operon? A. The gene for the tryptophan repressor is turned on in response to high levels of tryptophan in the cell. B. The gene for the tryptophan repressor is turned off in response to high levels of tryptophan in the cell. C. The gene for the tryptophan repressor is expressed constitutively. 4. In the bacterial cell, the trytophan operon encodes the genes needed to synthesize tryptophan. When the concentration of typtophan inside the cell is high: A. it inactivates the tryptophan repressor allowing transcription of the tryptophan operon. B. it inactivates the tryptophan repressor which shuts down the tryptophan operon. C. it activates typtophan repressor which shuts down the typtophan operon. 5. Which of the following describes the lac operon in E. coli when lactose, but not glucose, is present in the culture medium? A. CAP and the lac repressor are both bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is not expressed. B. Neither CAP nor the lac repressor is bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is not expressed. C. CAP, but not the lac repressor, is bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is expressed. D. The lac repressor, but not CAP, is bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is not expressed

6. Which of the following describes the lac operon in E. coli when both lactose and glucose are present in the culture medium? A. CAP and the lac repressor are both bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is not expressed. B. Neither CAP nor the lac repressor is bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is not expressed. C. CAP, but not the lac repressor, is bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is expressed. D. The lac repressor, but not CAP, is bound to the lac operon's regulatory DNA, and the lac operon is not expressed. 7. In eucaryotes, where do transcription regulators bind? A. B. C. D. Upstream from a gene Downstream from a gene Either upstream or downstream from a gene The TATA box

8. Which of the following is false? A. Eucaryotic gene activator proteins stimulate transcription initiation by recruiting proteins that modify chromatin structure. B. Eucaryotic gene activator proteins stimulate transcription initiation by aiding in the assembly of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase at the promoter. C. Eucaryotic gene activator proteins stimulate transcription initiation by recruiting a DNA polymerase to the promoter 9. All of the following are examples of housekeeping genes except _____. A. B. C. D. E. beta galactosidase ribosomal protein genes enzymes required for basic metabolic pathways common to most cells rRNA genes RNA polymerase

10. The assembly of transcription factors on a promoter begins some 25 nucleotides upstream where it binds to a start _______________ sequence. A. B. C. D. E. ATAT AATT TTAA TAAT TATA

11. Lactose utilization by E. coli requires the gene _____ which transports lactose into the cell. A. B. C. D. lacZ lacA lacY lacI

12. What would be the consequence if a mutation in lacI caused its inactivation? A. "Continuous expression of the lacZ, lacY, and lac A genes" B. Inability to transport lactose into the cell C. Inability to form allolactose D. Inability to hydrolyze lactose into its monosaccharide components E. Inability of the catabolite activator protein to bind to cAMP

13. The lactose repressor is encoded by the _____ gene. A. lacY B. lacZ C. lacA D. lacI E. catabolite activator protein

14. The location where the lactose repressor binds to the lactose operon is called the ______. A. operator B. promoter C. inducer D. catabolite activator site E. heat shock module

15. .When the lactose repressor is bound to the lactose operon _____. A. lactose but not glucose metabolism occurs B. the transcription of lacI is blocked C. access to the promoter by RNA polymerase is blocked and transcription of the operon does not occur D. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter but only lacZ is expressed E. the repressor is unable to bind to allolactose

16. If lactose and glucose are both provided in the growth medium of a culture of E. coli, _____." A. both lactose and glucose are metabolized at similar rates B. the lactose operon is not transcribed C. lactose metabolism is favored D. elevated levels of cAMP are synthesized E. adenylate cyclase is activated

17. ."When glucose interferes with the inductive effects of lactose on the lactose operon, this is called _____." A. co-repression B. basal response inhibition C. antitermination D. diauxie E. attenuation

18. All of the following are required for expression of genes in the lactose operon except _____. A. allolactose B. lacI gene product C. cAMP D. adenylate cyclase E. RNA polymerase

19. Which of the following is not an example of an inducible operon? A. Arabinose operon B. Tryptophan operon C. Galactose operon D. Lactose operon

20. ._____ use the product of a biosynthetic pathway to regulate gene expression. A. B. C. D. E. Inducible operons Heat shock modules Repressible operons Basal promoter elements Housekeeping genes

21. .Which of the following statements regarding repressible operons is not true? A. Repressible operons code for catabolic enzymes that degrade substrate compounds. B. Examples of repressible operons include the tryptophan and phenylalanine operons. C. "Repressors cannot by themselves bind to the operator of repressible operons, but instead require the assistance of co-repressors." D. "In the absence of a co-repressor, a repressible operon is actively transcribed." E. Repressible operons are controlled by the product encoded by that operon.

22. Gene response to cellular damage induced by external stressors utilizes a regulatory element known as a(n) _____. A. B. C. D. E. basal promoter element octamer sequence enhancer heat shock module hormone response element

23. Signal-independent transcription rates are controlled by _____ in eukaryotes. . A. B. C. D. E. basal promoter elements operators steroid hormones cell-surface receptors STATs

24. All of the following are examples of basal promoter elements except _____. A. B. C. D. CAAT boxes enhancers octamer sequences GC boxes

25. Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A. B. C. D. E. Estrogen: binds to a steroid receptor protein MAP kinase system: induces cell proliferation Glucocorticoids: STAT activation Retinoic acid receptor: binds to hormone response element Heat shock module: recognized by HSP70

26. The RNA polymerase II initiation complex in yeast _____. A. "binds not only to promoter elements, but also to adjacent introns residing within flexible DNA regions" B. binds directly to the activator protein that is bound to DNA regulatory elements C. "is a multisubunit structure with distinct head, middle, and tail domains" D. associates with the activator protein via an intermediate multisubunit protein called the mediator

27. .All of the following statements are correct regarding regulation of gene expression except _____. A. Attenuation is a regulatory process used by bacteria to control the initiation of transcription. B. Bacteria possess only one type of RNA polymerase but different promoter recognition properties are possible depending on which subunit the polymerase contains. C. Sets of genes can be turned on or off simultaneously in bacteria depending on the subunit composition of the RNA polymerase. D. "In bacteriophage , antiterminators such as the N and Q proteins cause RNA polymerase to ignore termination signals so that transcription of downstream regions can occur."

28. .Which of the following bacterial operons is not controlled by attenuation? A. B. C. D. E. Threonine Arabinose Tryptophan Histidine Leucine

29. Examples of internal stimuli originating from within the organism that coordinate gene expression include all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. steroid hormones growth factors sunlight HSP70 protein hormones

30. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT A. Gene regulation is fundamental to cell specialization in multicellular organisms. B. Patterns of gene expression established during early developmental stages are not permanent, enabling one cell type to differentiate into a different cell type later in the life cycle. C. Some gene family members are expressed at different phases of development. D. Changes in the rate of synthesis of a gene product affects the steady state concentration of that gene product. E. Post-transcriptional and post-translational processing events can regulate the synthesis rate of gene products. 31. Lactose utilization by E. coli requires the gene _____ which transports lactose into the cell. A. lacZ B. lacA C. lacY D. lacI 32. All of the following are correctly matched EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. Lactose: glucose and galactose subunits lacI: structural gene Permease: transports lactose to the inside of the cell Operon: one promoter transcribes more than one gene as a single mRNA molecule Allolactose: inducer of the lactose operon

33. When the lactose repressor is bound to the lactose operon A. lactose but not glucose metabolism occurs B. the transcription of lacI is blocked C. access to the promoter by RNA polymerase is blocked and transcription of the operon does not occur D. the repressor is unable to bind to allolactose

34. Somatic hypermutation occurs in what portion of the immunoglobulin locus? A. B. C. D. V D J C

35. The mechanism that produces most of immunoglobulin diversity is A. alteration during protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. B. alternative splicing of transcripts. C. heavy-chain switching. D. site-specific recombination within heavy- and light-chain genes. 36. Gene amplification is seen in ribosomal genes of developing amphibian oocytes. seen in the genes for muscle proteins of developing muscle cells. seen in the genes for immunoglobulins during B lymphocyte development. never seen in eukaryotic cells, since the amount of DNA per cell is always constant except during S phase of the cell cycle. 37. The major class of highly repetitive transposable elements in the human genome consists of elements called A. B. C. D. SINEs. TINEs. LINEs. KINEs. A. B. C. D.

38. The discovery that genes can move from one chromosome location to another was made by A. Barbara McClintock, in studies on corn genetics. B. Howard Temin, in studies on retrotransposon viruses. C. Gerald Rubin, in studies on transposable elements in Drosophila. D. Susumu Tonegawa, in studies on rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes in mice. 39. Retrovirus and retrotransposon DNA sequences insert into the DNA of the host with the aid of sequences at their ends. These virus end sequences are called A. B. C. D. telomeres. inverted repeats. short terminal repeats. long terminal repeats.

40. DNA rearrangements occur commonly during A. B. C. D. mitosis of somatic cells. meiosis of germ cells. development of immune-system cells. meiosis of germ cells and development of immune-system cells

Answer key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A C C C C B C C A E 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C A D A C B D B B C 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 A D A B C D A B C B 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 C B C A D C A A B D