Abstract or general scheme of development for the diploma project: "The Thermodynamic and kinetic diffusion processes in the

composite materials" 1. Introduction to biocomposite materials (pp. 4/45) - Preliminary presentation of the four laws of thermodynamics; - Preliminary classifications of composite biomaterials (ceramics): a. The Classification of ceramics after Heimke: I. BIO-INERT ceramics; II. BIO-ACTIVE ceramics; III. BIO-DEGRADABLE ceramics; IV. Materials (Ceramics) based on carbon. b. An alternative classification of ceramics: I. OXIDIC ceramics; II. UNOXIDIC ceramics; III. CARBON-based ceramics; IV. GLASS ceramics; V. MULTICOMPONENT ceramics. 1.1. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) versus Titanium (Ti) - for bone tissue grafting (pp. 7/45) 1.1.1. Titanium: - A general presentation of titanium: The atomic characteristics of titanium; The specific physical properties of titanium; The chemical properties of titanium; brief history of titanium; The positive medical properties of titanium (present an experiment in which titanium is surgically inserted into a body for a certain period of time, to be able to observe the effects of titanium on the body after emerging chemical reactivity. Way they could generally show that titanium is a bio-inert material body). 1.1.2. Hydroxyapatite: a. Hydroxyapatite as a composite of inorganic calcium phosphates: The distinction between: - Hydroxyapatite (HA): Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 - Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA): Ca10-x(PO4)6-x(HPO4)x(OH)2-x - Porous hydroxyapatite (HAP): Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 b. Hydroxyapatite as natural bone mineral composed of nano-crystals (nano-disks); c. Important methods used in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite:
Ben-Nissan and his colleagues were busy thermal behavior, in particular precursor decomposition kinetics of sol-gel derived HA for several heating rates; P. Sepulveda and his colleagues were busy in vivo evaluation of hydroxyapatite foams. HA macroporous biomedical bodies with 85-90% porosity were produced by hydration and o strengthen ceramic suspension gel media. To strengthen the matrix was used sintering at 1350 C for two hours. Park and coworkers have HA in the form of flakes prepared by the hydrolysis of alpha-tricalcium phosphate, under controlled conditions of pH.

d. Methods for characterization on the basis of the information in analysis of the hydroxyapatite provided: 1. Methods for the analysis of chemical and phase composition 2. Methods of analysis of surface topography and particle morphology 3. Surface microanalysis methods 4. Electronic microanalysis methods e. The applications of hydroxyapatite:
The most interesting property of this pottery is the ability to interact with living bone tissue, forming strong bonds with the bone. It is commonly used for orthopedic applications, dental and maxillofacial either as a coating material for metal implants or as bone filler.

f. Hydroxyapatite as bone filler:

The hydroxyapatite in different forms, such as powders, porous blocks or beads may be used to fill bone defects and gaps in the bone, which may occur when the bone portions have been removed as a result of disease (bone marrow cancer) or when it is necessary elongation of the bone (for dental applications).

g. THE SYNTHESIS OF THE HYDROXYAPATITE AND BIOACTIVE GLASSES: - We presenting two methods of synthesis of hydroxyapatite.
The thermal treatment of the hydroxylapatite powder was carried out in two steps, both processes discussed in this paper. Thus, we made an initial drying the precipitate in an oven at a temperature of 100 C for 24 hours to grinding, and in the second stage calcination powder we have developed a heat treatment in the furnace at temperatures below 1200o C. In this way, the hydroxyapatite powder was heated at a rate of 8 C / min. to set the annealing temperature still was achieved at this temperature for 120 minutes, followed by a furnace cooling with a cooling rate of 4 C / min. (Figure 26. And 27.).

1.1.3. Composites based on hydroxyapatite and titanium involves the matrix and reinforced (reinforcement). Any spatial structure is a composite material made up of two basic elements:
The matrix and reinforcing materials of composite biomaterials are likely ceramic, metal or organic. Reinforcing materials can be presented in various forms: fiber, flat particles, rounded or angular grains etc. It is known use (as reinforcing materials) of fiber glass, ceramic fiber, carbon fiber or the aramid.

2. Diffusion processes: (pp. 31/45) 2.1. Types of reactions that may occur between Hydroxyapatite and Titanium: a. Reinforcement and a ceramic filler hardening organic matrices:
Organic matrix ceramic filler reinforcement is achieved by incorporating ceramic grain mass of monomer, followed Apor process of triggering polymerization; Hardening organic biomaterilelor ceramic filler is done by performing a surface treatment of ceramic granules; After blasting ultrasonic Plate it is clean and dry at 100oC. Metallic substrate is coated with hydroxyapatite plasma jet cladding layer until you reach the desired thickness. The technique to achieve this composite material consists of preparing a suspension of hydroxyapatite powder and an organic binder that is inserted when the hydroxyapatite suspension penetrates into the pores interconnected. After drying is removed by evaporation and then the o o composition is heated to the sintering temperature of hydroxyapatite, 125 -1300 C. Following this sequence of operations results in a matrial with some bioactive composite structure. In a dynamic problem, the quantities that occur in virtually all mathematical expressions are random functions of time, for example, the variation in hip reaction is impossible to determine exactly by analytical solution of equations. Even the variant differential equations of motion can be written, it is unlikely that they can and solve exactly. Therefore, the only option available is the consideration of the development of numerical methods and computer programs to enable addressing the dynamics of the human body or its parts. So it's formulas presentation: Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity), fracture resistance and flexural strength (breaking); Biocompatible materials: from bioconduction to bioinduction: - Biocompatibility: the ability of a material to be compatible living tissues; - Bio-conductivity: the ability of a material to provide conductivity, permeability living tissues. Thus living tissues can pass or be absorbed by a material biocompatible ; - Bio-inducibility: the ability of a biocompatible material, to be fully integrated as living tissues, even to the dissolution of biocompatible material in the body. Osteoconductive biomaterials: - Osteo-conductivity: the ability of a material to provide conductivity, permeability esuturille bone. Such bone tissue may pass or be absorbed by a material biocompatible; Calcium phosphate ceramics: - The most frequently used are calcium phosphate ceramics, hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate ceramics (TPC) and mixtures thereof, ceramic biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP, with different ratios HA / TCP). Modern methods of sintered titanium powder metallurgy has nanoporozitate - decisive feature osseointegration by increasing the contact surface of the bone-implant interface; We performed synthetic hydroxyapatite by both technological processes specific chemical co-precipitation method, presented in this thesis; Possible research perspectives on some of the processing technologies (synthesis) of hydroxyapatite.

b. Mechanism of ceramic matrix deposition (eg hydroxyapatite) on metallic support :

-

3.

Thermodynamic analysis of the diffusion process (pp. 33/45)

-

4.

Kinetic analysis of the diffusion process (pp. 36/45)

-

5.

Conclusions (pp. 41/45)

References (pp. 44/45)

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