NATCO PHARMA LTD NATCO HOUSE ROAD NO.

2 BANJARA HILLS, HYDERABAD-50033 SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE CONTENTS

I. Essentials of Grammar (17 classes) 1. Parts of Speech a. Nouns - types, countable and uncountable b. Pronouns - subjective and objective, relative (wh- words) c. Verbs c. Adjectives - degrees of comparison d. Adverbs - types e. Prepositions - types f. Conjunctions - types (simple and compound sentences) g. Interjections 2. Types of Sentences 3. Types and forms of verbs 4. Tenses (Brief coverage of all the tenses with examples) 5. Gerunds 6. Modal verbs/auxiliaries, attitude words 7. Voice (Brief discussion) 8. Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech (Brief discussion) Written by: Shaik Hussain Saheb, English Trainer, Natco house, Former VicePrincipal of Kendriya Vidyalaya, Associate Professor , Asmara University, Eritrea, N.E. Africa, Former Educational Officer, M.O.E,Maldives ,Former Head Of the Dept. of Training, Peoplelink corporation pvt ltd.

PART-1 (Essentials of Grammar) 1) Parts of Speech a) Nouns 1) Types. 2) Countable Nouns - Uncountable Nouns Types of nouns 1) A Common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. E.g., fan, class room, man, paper, black board, lady, student, plant etc 2) A Proper noun is the name of some particular person or place. E.g., Ram, Sita, Mumbai, PeopleLink Corporate Solutions Pvt Ltd etc. Note 1-proper nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning. Note 2-proper nouns are sometimes used as common nouns. E.g. He is the Shakespeare of our school. She is the Lata Mangeshkar of our institute. 3) A Collective Noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things

taken together and spoken of as one whole; as, crowd,mob,team,flock,herd,army,fleet,jury,nation,parliament,committee A fleet= a collection of ships or vessels An army= a collection of soldiers. A crowd= a collection of people. The police dispersed the crowd. The French army was defeated at Waterloo. The jury found the prisoner guilty. A herd of cattle is passing. 4) An Abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs; as. Quality Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, Brightness, honesty, wisdom, bravery etc. Action laughter, theft, movement, judgment, hatred etc

State childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty etc Countable and uncountable nouns Countable nouns are the names of objects, people, etc. that we can count and have plural forms, e.g. book-books, pen-pens, apple-apples, boy-boys, Sister-sisters, doctor-doctors, horse-horses. Uncountable nouns are the names of things which we cannot count, e.g., milk, oil, sugar, gold, honesty. They mainly denote substances and abstract things. Countable nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not; for example, we say books but we cannot say milks and waters. Activity in the class room How plurals are formed: 1) By adding s to the singular; as, Cow-cows, desk-desks, book books 2) Nouns ending in s,-sh,-ch or x by adding es to the singular; as, class classes, kiss-kisses , dish-dishes brush-brushes matchmatches, watch-watches, branch-branches, tax-taxes, box-boxes 3) nouns ending in o also form the plural by adding es to the singular ; as, buffalo-buffaloes, mango-mangoes hero-heroes potato-potatoes , cargo-cargoes, echo-echoes negro-negroes , volcano-volcanoes. 4) nouns ending in o merely add s ; as, dynamo-dynamos, solo-solos, ratio-ratios canto-cantos pianos-pianos kilo-kilos memento-mementos photo-photos quarto-quartos stereo-stereos

logo-logos

commando-commandos

5) nouns ending in y , preceded by a consonant , form their plural by changing y into i and adding es ; as, baby-babies lady-ladies army-armies story-stories v and adding es ; as, thief-thieves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves, life-lives calf-calves, leaf-leaves, loaf-loaves, knife-knives shelf-shelves, half-halves, elf-elves, self-selves, sheaf-sheaves 7) nouns dwarf,hoof,scarf and wharf take either s or ves in the city-cities pony-ponies

6) Nouns ending in f or fe form their plural by changing f or fe into

Plural: dwarfs-dwarves, hoofs-hooves, scarf-scarves, wharfs-wharves 8) Other words ending in f or fe add s; as, chief-chiefs, safe-safes, Proof-proofs, gulf-gulfs, cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs 9) A few nouns form their plural by changing the inside vowel of the singular; as, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth goose-geese, mouse-mice, louse-lice 10) There are a few nouns that form their plural by adding en to the singular; as, ox-oxen, child-children Note: The plural form of fish is fishes. In current English fish is the usual plural Fishes is sometimes used to talk about different kinds of fish. 11) Some nouns have the singular and the plural alike; as, swine, sheep, deer; cod, trout, salmon aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, pair, dozen, score, gross, hundred, thousand (when used after numerals). I bought three dozen oranges. Some people reach the age of three score and ten. The sari cost me five thousand rupees. Stone, hundredweight. He weighs above nine stone. Twenty hundredweight make one ton. 12) Some nouns are used only in the plural. 1) Names of instruments which have two parts forming a kind of pair; as, Bellows, scissors, tongs, pincers, spectacles. 2) Names of certain articles of dress; as, Trousers, drawers, breeches, jeans, tights, shorts, pyjamas. 3) Certain other nouns; as, Annals, thanks, proceeds (of a sale), tidings, environs, nuptials, obsequies, Assets, chattels. 13) Some nouns originally singular are now generally used in the plural; as, Alms, riches, eaves. Riches do many things. 14) The following nouns look plural but are in fact singular: 1) Names of subjects:

Mathematics, physics, electronics, etc. 2) The word news 3) Names of some common diseases Measles, mumps, rickets 4) Names of some games Billiards, draughts Mathematics is his favorite study. No news is good news. India won by an innings and three runs. Measles is infectious. Billiards is my favorite game. Pronouns A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS The following are the different forms of the Personal Pronouns: Subjective Pronoun: Personal pronoun 1st person I (Singular) We (Plural) 2nd person (Masculine or Feminine) you(Singular) you(Plural) 3rd person He, She, it They (Plural) him,his, her, hers, it, its, them, theirs,their Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns/Wh-words: What, which, who, whose, whom, where, when, why, how 1) What do you want? himself herself itself ,themselves (Plural) you,yours,your, you,yours,your, yourself yourselves(Plural) POSSESSIVE PRONOUN me, mine, my, us, ours, our, Reflex pronoun myself (Singular) ourselves(Plural) Objective Pronoun :

2) Which car would you like to buy? 3) Who is coming there? 4) There are several players whose talent was incredible? 5) With whom do you want to go? 6) Where do you want to go? 7) When do you join PeopleLink Solutions? 8) Why dont you come tomorrow? 9) How do you know it? Class room Discussion 1) Use Subjective and Objective Pronouns in your own sentences: 2) Use WH - words in your own sentences. VERBS A verb is a word used to tell or assert something about some person or thing. 1) I am a student of PeopleLink Solutions. 2) She goes to market to buy fruits. 3) Hari laughs at Sita. 4) The window is broken. 5) There is a movie in the theatre, The Talkie Town. 6) The weather is hot. 7) It is nine now. A verb often consists of more than one word; as, E.g.: 1) The girls are dancing on the stage. 2) I have seen him going to a hotel. 3) I love eating fruits. Regular and Irregular Verbs 1) Regular verbs (-ed ending verbs): 1) talk-talked-talked 2) Irregular verbs: 1) sit-sat-sat 4) let-let-let 2) ring-rang-rung 5) set-set-set 3) come-came-come 6) build-built-built 2) kill-killed-killed 3) print-printed-printed 4) promise-promised-promised

7) bleed-bled-bled 8) seek-sought-sought

FORMS OF VERBS
Base form past tense Past participle Present participle

dismiss close clarify calculate commence convey continue cry act ask indicate interest impress hesitate happen guess gather fine fail entrust enjoy delay murmur move lecture look lift kidnap kill join invite introduce interrupt

dismissed closed clarified calculated commenced conveyed continued cried acted asked indicated interested impressed hesitated happened guessed gathered fined failed entrusted enjoyed delayed murmured moved lectured looked lifted kidnapped killed joined invited introduced interrupted

dismissed closed clarified calculated commenced conveyed continued cried acted asked indicated interested impressed hesitated happened guessed gathered fined failed entrusted enjoyed delayed murmured moved lectured looked lifted kidnapped killed joined invited introduced interrupted

dismissing closing clarifying calculating commencing conveying continuing crying acting asking indicating interesting impressing hesitating happening guessing gathering fining failing entrusting enjoying delaying murmuring moving lecturing looking lifting kidnapping killing joining inviting introducing interrupting

interfere insist invent instruct bet burst cost cut hit hurt let put read set shut split spread beat become bend bleed breed bring build burn buy catch come creep deal dig dream feed feel fight

interfered insisted invented instructed bet burst cost cut hit hurt let put read set shut split spread beat became bent bled bred brought built burnt/burned bought caught came crept dealt dug dreampt fed felt fought

interfered insisted invented instructed bet burst cost cut hit hurt let put read set shut split spread beaten become bent bled bred brought built burnt/burned bought caught come crept dealt dug dreamt fed felt fought

interfering insisting inventing instructing betting bursting costing cutting hitting hurting letting putting reading setting shutting splitting spreading beating becoming bending bleeding breeding bringing building burning buying catching coming creeping dealing digging dreaming feeding feeling fighting

find get hang hang have hear hold keep lay lead lean learn leap leave lend light lose make mean meet pay run say sell send shine shoot sit sleep smell spell spend spill speed spell spit

found got hung hanged had heard held kept laid led lent/leaned learnt/learned leapt/leaped left lent lit lost made meant met paid ran said sold sent shone shot sat slept smelt/smelled spelt spent spilt/spilled sped spelt spat

found got hung hanged had heard held kept laid led lent/leaned learnt/learned leapt/leaped left lent lit lost made meant met paid ran said sold sent shone shot sat slept smelt/smelled spelt spent spilt/spilled sped spelt spat

finding getting hanging hanging having hearing holding keeping laying leading leaning learning leaping leaving lending lighting losing making meaning meeting paying running saying selling sending shining shooting sitting sleeping smelling spelling spending spilling speeding spelling spitting

spoil stand stick sting strike sweep swing teach tell think understand win wind be begin bite blow break choose do draw drink drive eat fall fly forbid forget forgive freeze give go grow hide know lie

spoilt/spoiled stood stuck stung struck swept swung taught told thought understood won wound was/were began bit blew broke chose did drew drank drove ate fell flew forbade forgot forgave froze gave went grew hid knew lay

spoilt/spoiled stood stuck stung struck swept swung taught told thought understood won wound been begun bitten blown broken chosen done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen given gone grown hidden known lain

spoiling standing sticking stinging striking sweeping swinging teaching telling thinking understanding winning winding being beginning biting blowing breaking choosing doing drawing drinking driving eating falling flying forbidding forgetting forgiving freezing giving going growing hiding knowing lying

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Adjectives A word used with a noun to describe or point out, the person, animal, place or thing, which the noun names, or tells the number or quantity, is called an Adjective. Eg: hot, good, bad, clever, tall, beautiful, tiring, interesting, charming, educated. Etc Kinds of Adjectives 1) Adjectives of Quality (or descriptive Adjective) Eg: Mumbai is a commercial city. Lata is a beautiful lady. The foolish old crow tried to sing. Balu is the most intelligent boy in the class.

2) Adjectives of Quantity: Show how much of a thing is meant; as, Eg: I ate some rice. He showed much patience. He has little intelligence. We have had enough exercise. He has lost all his wealth. You have no sense. He did not eat any rice. Take great care of your health. He claimed his half share of the booty. There has not been sufficient rain this year. The whole sum was expended. 3) Adjectives of Number (or numeral Adjectives) Show how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands; as, Eg: The hand has five fingers. Few cats like cold water. There are no pictures in this book. I have taught you many things. All men must die.

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Here are some ripe mangoes. Most boys like cricket. There are several mistakes in your exercise. Sunday is the first day of the week. 4) Definite Numeral Adjectives: One, two, three, etc. Cardinals. First, second, third etc. Ordinals. 5) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives: All, no; many, few; some, any; certain, several, sundry.

6) Demonstrative Adjective This boy is stronger than Hari. That boy is industrious. These mangoes are sour. Those rascals must be punished. Yonder fort once belonged to Shivaji . Dont be in such a hurry. I hate such things. Degrees of Comparison 1) Positive Degree 2) Comparative Degree 3) Superlative Degree Formation of Comparative and Superlative Positive sweet bold kind young great Comparative sweeter bolder kinder younger greater superlative sweetest boldest kindest youngest greatest

When the Positive ends in e, only r and st are added

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brave fine large able

braver finer larger abler

bravest finest largest ablest

When the positive ends in y, preceded by a consonant , the y is changed into i before adding er and est. happy heavy merry wealthy red hot sad fat beautiful difficult Courageous happier heavier merrier wealthier redder hotter sadder fatter more beautiful more difficult more courageous happiest heaviest merriest wealthiest reddest hottest saddest fattest most beautiful most difficult most courageous

Convert the following into other degrees: 1) Radha is more beautiful than Kavitha. (Comparative) Kavitha is not as beautiful as Radha. (Positive) 2) Eucalyptus is taller than Neem. (Comparative) Neem is not as tall as Eucalyptus. (Positive) 3) Ravi is the most intelligent boy in the class. (Superlative) Ravi is more intelligent than any other boy in the class. (Comparative) No other boy in the class is as intelligent as Ravi. (Positive) 4) Anwar is the dullest boy in the class.(superlative) Anwar is duller than any other boy in the class. (Comparative) No other boy in the class is as dull as Anwar. (Positive)

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Irregular Comparison Positive Good, well Bad, evil, ill Little Much Many Late Old Far (Fore) (Fore) (In) (Up) (Out) Comparative better worse less, lesser more more later, latter older, elder farther (Former) further inner upper outer, (utter) ARTICLES There are two articles: 1) A (or an) 2) The A (or an) is called the Indefinite article and the is called the Definite article. A or AN The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns. A is used before the singular countable nouns starting with a consonant or Consonant sound. Eg: a book, a cat, a dog, a fox, a gun, a hen, a jug, a kite, a lion, a man, a nest, a pigeon, a queen, a rat, a student , a tub, a van, a woman, a Xerox copy, a yak, a zoo. Words which have consonant sound Eg: a university, a one rupee note, a union, a unicorn, a uniform, a unit, a European etc. Superlative best worst least most (quantity) most (quantity) latest, last oldest, eldest farthest foremost, first furthest inmost, innermost upmost, uppermost utmost, uttermost

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An is used before the singular countable nouns starting with a vowel or Vowel sound. Eg: an ant, an artist, an artisan, an actor, an engineer, an interesting novel, an owl, an useful instruction . Words which have vowel sound Eg: an hour, an honest man, an honour, an heir, an heiress, an MP, an MLA, an MCom, an MBA, an MCA etc. THE The Definite article The is used before the words that are unique in nature. Eg: The Earth, the universe, the sun, the stars, the moon, the comet, the meteor, the asteroid, the sky. Before (the name of) a person or a thing when you are identifying the person or the thing by giving more information. Eg: The woman in pink suit, the men in black, the lodge where we stayed, the book we have read . Before the names of rivers, seas , oceans , mountain chains and famous buildings and monuments Eg: The Ganges, the Nile, the Godavari, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, The Arabian Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas, the Nilgiris, the Alps, The Red Fort, the Taj Mahal, the China Wall etc. Before the names of famous and religious books Eg: the Koran , the Bible, the Ramayana. Before the names of the important posts, musical instruments, directions Eg: the President, the Prime Minister, the General Manager, the veena the guitar, the east, the west, the north, the south. Before the superlatives. Eg: the most beautiful lady, the best athlete, the best cricket batsman. Before the places that come in plural or that have union or united in them. Eg: the Andamans, the West Indies, the United States of America,

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the United Kingdom , the United Arab Emirates. With words such as last and next. Eg: the last Phrase, the next candidate. With Ordinal numbers. Eg: the first edition, the second row. Where the is not used With names of individual people or places. E.g.: Latha, not the Latha. London, not the London. With names of material. E.g.: Aluminum, not the Aluminum, Platinum, not the Platinum The is not used before the words, school, college, university, court, office, temple, church, hospital, etc. when they are mentioned with reference to the purpose for which they are set up. Sita, a student says: I go to school. Sitas mother says: I am going to the school to pay Sitas fees. The is not used before the names of meal. E.g.: breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, supper. The is not used before the names of games E.g.: cricket, not the cricket, Volleyball, not the volley ball. ADVERBS The words that describe / qualify verbs, adjectives, adverbs are called Adverbs. E.g. very beautiful, extremely wonderful, terribly boring, quite good etc KINDS OF ADVERBS Time adverbs: tomorrow, today, yesterday, next week, before, after, by, around, now, lately daily, already, since, formerly late, ago, soon ever, never etc Adverbs of Frequency: occasionally etc once, twice often, seldom, frequently, again, always,

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Adverbs of Place: here, there, little, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere, within, away, out, backward etc. Adverbs of Manner: clearly, well, soundly, slowly, quickly, bravely, hard, agreeably, so etc. Adverbs of Degree or quantity: too, almost, fully, very, enough, altogether, pretty well, any, quite rather, partly, as as. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: Surely, certainly, no, not. Adverbs of Reason: hence, therefore etc. Other Examples of Adverbs: delightfully, far, far better, ***************** PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are location words placed before a noun or pronoun KINDS OF PREPOSITIONS Simple Prepositions: Place prepositions: at, by, in , out, near, here, there, through, on, off, from, to, till, up, below, behind, in front of, back, under, with, between etc. Time prepositions: in, at, on, by, around, about, before, after, next, since, for. Compound Prepositions: about, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without etc. Phrase Prepositions: according to, in accordance with, in place of, in addition to, in reference to , along with, on behalf of, in regard to, away from, in case of, in spite of, because of, in comparison to, instead of, in the event of, by means of, on account of, in course of, by reason of, by way of, in front of, in lieu of with reference to, for the sake of, in order to, with regard to etc.

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**************** CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction is a word which merely joins together two sentences and sometimes words. Balu and Vishal are good bowlers. Balu is a good bowler and Vishal is also a good bowler. E.g. and, so, but, as, yet, so far, that, if, whether, when, etc. Some conjunctions are in pairs. E.g. either-or, neither nor, both and, not only-but also. Compound conjunctions E.g in order that, on account of, even if, so that, in order to, provided that, as though, in as much as, as well as, as soon as, as if. Etc. Subordinating conjunctions. E.g. after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, however, in spite of, etc SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES A simple sentence is one which has only one subject and Predicate. Eg: The moon is very bright. We go for a walk in the morning. A compound sentence is one made up of two or more Principal or Main Clauses E.g.: 1) I shall do it now or I shall not do it at all. 2) My brother is a rich man but he doesnt help anyone. 3) My sister is a teacher and a singer. 4) Either you pay the rent or vacate the house. 5) He neither paid the rent nor vacated the house. If you separate the individual sentences, the meaning will remain the same. A complex sentence consists of a main clause and one or more sub-ordinate clauses.

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She was crying because she had lost her handbag. She was crying (main clause). Because she had lost her handbag. (Sub-ordinate clause) The Second sentence needs the first sentence to make a complete sense We cannot separate the individual sentences making the group. E.g. 1) She failed in her exams because she didnt work hard. 2) Ask him whether he is interested or not. 3) Although he has all the qualifications, he has not got selected for job. 4) Unless you pay the advance the flat cannot be booked on your name. 5) As he was not well, he could not attend the meeting. 6) If I get any information I will let you know immediately. 7) Dont tell any one that I got you the job. 8) Please wait here till I come back. 9) He speaks as if he knew everything. 10) Even if you say a thousand times I will not believe you. 11) Since it was raining we couldnt go out. 12) There was a call while you were out. 13) I just cant understand where you are joking or serious. 14) Please hand over this parcel Mohan when you meet him. THE INTERJECTION An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion. Interjection may express1) Joy; as Hurrah! Huzza! 2) Grief ; as Alas 3) Surprise; as, ha! What! 4) Approval; as, bravo! 5) Wonder; as, wow! KINDS OF SENTENCES There are four kinds of sentences: 1. Those which make assertions and statements are called Assertive sentences. E.g.:

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 2. E.g. 3

The cat sat on a wall. She did not come to class yesterday. Mohan married Radha.

Those which ask questions are called Interrogative Sentences Are you going to college now? Do you eat fish? Were you swimming in the sea? Did he marry Radha? Was he mad? Where are you going now? What do you cook today? How did you manage? Those which express commands, requests, or entreaties are called Imperative sentences. E.g 4 Be quiet. Keep yourself punctual. Come here. Go to the market. Have mercy on us. Please make coffee for me. Take this criminal to the forest and cut his behead him

Those which express strong feelings are called exclamatory sentences. E.g What a shame! How cold the night is! What a beautiful building it is! What a charming face she has! What a beautiful handwriting you have!

TENSES There are three main Tenses The Present, the Past, the Future

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THE SIMPLE PRESENT USAGE: 1) Simple present is used in case of a permanent activity. E.g.: S Rule: The present form of the action verb takes an S if the subject is a third person singular. E.g. She drinks coffee in the morning. He goes for a walk in the evening. It plays with the bone. Madhu works in an MNC. Radha marries Mohan. She cooks breakfast daily at 7. It drinks milk. He lives in Hyderabad. My father works in a bank. She lives abroad. I am a doctor. Manoj is a bank employee. She has two children. They are students of Peoplelink Corporate Solutions. We have a lot of property.

2. Simple Present is used for habits and customs. She wakes up daily at 5. I pray in the morning. Muslims celebrate Ramzan. Hindus worship in temple. She bites her nails. They worship the Sun. She visits her relatives occasionally. My grand father goes out rarely.

4) Simple present is used for routine regular activities

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She calls him up frequently. I go to bank normally in the morning hours. Light travels at three lakh kilometers per second. The Ganges flows in to the Bay of Bengal The sun rises in the east. NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS

5) Simple Present is used for general truths:

Negative statements: 1) I am not busy. 2) She is not a doctor. 3) He is not an actor. 4) They are not tired. 5) We are not worried 6) Mohini is not satisfied. 7) They are not at home. Questions (Yes or No) 1) Are you busy now? 2) Are you not busy? (or)Arent you busy? (Contracted form) 3) Is she an advocate? 4) Is he not a singer? (or) Isnt he a singer? 5) Are you tired? (or) Arent you tired? (Negative Question) Wh Questions 1) What is he? (or) Whats he? (Contracted form) 2) Where is she? (or) Wheres she? 3) How are they? (or) Howre they? 4) How is Basheer? (or) Hows basher? 5) Which is his car? 6) Whose pen is this? 7) Whose is over there? 8) When is your next class? 9) Why is your brother so lazy? ********************************** NAGATIVES AND QUESTIONS IN SIMPLE PRESENT

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The auxiliaries (helping verbs) like do or does are used in negative statements and questions. Contracted forms: do+not=dont, does +not=doesnt NAGATIVE STATEMENTS I do not drink milk daily. He does not go for a walk in the morning. (Or )He doesnt go for a walk in the morning. She doesnt marry Madhu. We dont eat bitter gourd. They dont play Football. Madan doesnt come late.

QUESTIONS (YES OR NO) Confirmation questions. Do or does occupy the front position in question form. Do you take tea twice a day? Do you do yoga in the morning? Does he go to office at 9? Do they play in the sun? Do Ahmed and Raziya go to college at 10? Does she come to class regularly? Does she not drink coffee? or Doesnt she drink coffee? ( negative questions) Dont you eat fish? Dont they behave well in the class? Doesnt he play well? Wh-QUESTIONS (Information questions) What does she eat in her breakfast? Where does he work? How do you come to Peoplelink? When do you go to college? What time do you wake up in the morning? How long do you wait for her? How much does it cost for you? How many apples do you eat?

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How far do you travel to go to your office? Which one do you select? Whose car does Anwar use? Whom do you meet everyday? Why dont you come to my house for dinner? Who comes to office first? Where does Nalini buy the vegetables? How long does Deepak work in the office? Who take the class now? What do you do on Sundays? Where do you do shopping generally? When do take your dinner normally? Which car do you like to buy? Whose pen do you use daily? ****************************************

(Do or does is not used with Who)

SIMPLE PAST TENSE Actions of the past are related by using the past form of the action word. He ate a lot of rice. She drank coffee everyday last week. I went to railway station yesterday. You came late to the class? They arrived here last month. Mary bought a pen and a pencil.

Structure Subject+ past form+ object + adv Negatives are formed by using did not. (Didnt) Structure: Subject + did not +present form of verb + object. He did not come to class yesterday. She didnt drink tea in the morning. Shamshad didnt come early to the class.

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The train didnt arrive in time. The flight didnt take off so far. I didnt eat well yesterday.

Time adverbs of simple past: Yesterday, ago, back, recently, lat week, last year etc. QUESTIONS (Yes/ No) 1) Did you visit the zoo? 2) Did he marry Radha last month? 3) Did she go for shopping yesterday? 4) Did they play cricket well? 5) Did Madan attend Spoken English class yesterday? 6) Did you note down all the points? 7) Did you not come to class yesterday? (Or) Didnt you come to class yesterday? 8) Did you buy Toyota car last week? 9) Did she live here earlier? 10) Did the train depart? 11) Did you print the article? 12) Didnt you finish your lunch? Wh Questions 1) What did you eat in your breakfast? 2) Which car did you buy? 3) What time did you come to the bus stop yesterday? 4) How did you reach the railway station in time? 5) When did you come to Hyderabad? 6) Why did you come late to the class? 7) Where did you go yesterday? 8) How long did he wait for her? 9) For how much did he buy the plasma TV? 10) How many times did she eat yesterday? 11) Whose bike did you use yesterday? 12) Why didnt she go to movie yesterday? 13) Whom did you consult for your visa?

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE STRUCTURE Subject + am/ is/are + present participle(v4) + object+adv E.g.: I am running now. I am listening to music. She is waiting for her dad. They are watching a movie. RULES OF USAGE 1. The present continuous tense is used if the action is happening right now. Radha is dancing now on the stage. Mohan is singing a song now. 2. This structure can also be used to speak about whats happening these days. E.g.: I am learning English in NATCO nowadays. (Not at the time of speaking, but these days). He is staying at his friends place. 3. This structure is also used for speaking about any activity that you consider as of temporary nature. E.g: He is studying in JNT University. She is working as a secretary in a small firm. .This structure however is frequently used for speaking about a programmed or planned action that is to happen at a particular time in future. E.g.: She is arriving tomorrow. They are holding the meeting on the 24th of January. Negatives are formed by using not with am, is or are.

E.g.: I am not joking. She is not working here. They are not coming tomorrow. I am not going to office tomorrow. It is not going to end at 3 Oclock. Questions are formed by bringing am, is or are to the front position. E.g.: You are joking.

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Are you joking? You are coming tomorrow. Are you coming tomorrow? It is raining. Is it raining? He is waiting for the bus. Is he waiting for the bus? She is not returning tomorrow. Is she not returning tomorrow? We are progressing. Are we progressing? Questions with wh-words. What are you doing? For whom are you waiting? Why are you laughing? When are you completing your exams? Where are you going? How are you coming? Whom am I speaking to? Which one are you choosing? Discussion I am having two sisters. (In correct) I have two sisters. (Correct) I am having a class tomorrow. (Standard) I have a class tomorrow. (Non Standard) ******************************** PAST CONTINOUS TENSE Was/Were combine with ing words to form the past continuous. This structure is used to speak about what was happening in the past. E.g.: She was working in a bank then. Raghu was waiting for his friend at that time. The structure does not indicate when the action started when it ended. The main focus is on the progressive nature of an action in the past.

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This structure is also used in a description to narrate a background action against which the main action took place. E.g.: The accident happened when I was doing my final year B.Tech. action) (Back ground action) (Main

If two actions were taking place simultaneously, both the actions are expressed using this structure.

E.g. He was reading the news paper and she was making coffee for me. QUESTIONS (Yes/No) Questions are formed by shifting was or were to the front position. E.g.: He was waiting for me. Was he waiting for me? She was washing the clothes. Was she washing the clothes? You were watching TV. Were you watching TV? Negatives are formed by using not with was or were E.g.: She was not washing the clothes then. They were not watching TV. Wh- Questions What was he doing all the day? What were they doing on Sunday? Which language were they using? How long was she waiting for me? How was he studying? How many years were they practicing cricket? Where were you going yesterday? At what time was Mohini coming to class? With whom were you studying? Why were you quarrelling with her this morning? Whose bike were you using so far? FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE When an ing action word combines with Will be it forms the future continuous tense. This structure is used for speaking about what the speaker thinks happening now.

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I must leave now .My father will be waiting for me. Dont go now .She will be having her lunch. The Planned action in the future Eg: They will be announcing the result tomorrow We will be having a meeting this Friday. Negatives are formed by using not with will be Eg: She will not be coming tomorrow. We will not be meeting there. She will not be marrying Santhosh. Yes/ No Questions: Will he not be buying a car tomorrow? Will Sita not be dancing on the stage tomorrow? Wh- Questions: How will you be coming to class tomorrow? Which job will you be taking after your Post-Graduation? When you will be marrying? Where you will be working? Who will be calling you tomorrow?

Going to Going to is used for speaking about imminent actions. Eg:The train is going to leave. The show is going to start. Its going to rain. Going to is also used to speak about an action in the future which is caused by a situation by a situation in the present. Eg: He has bought a new car. He is going to sell the old one. Negatives Its not going to rain. The clouds are moving away. I am not going to visit Bangalore next week. She is not going to attend the interview tomorrow. Here is not going to quit the job. Yes/ No Questions Are you going to marry next week? Is she going to join the duty tomorrow?

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Is Rani going to dance on the stage tomorrow? Are they going to play cricket next week? Wh- Questions: What are you going to do? When are you going to complete the project? How are you going to invite? How long are you going to stay there? Which one are you going to select? ************************************ PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Structure: subject + has/ have + past participle of verb + object Have is used with I, you, we, and they and with any plural noun. I have We have You have They have Farida and Radha have

Has is used with he, she, it or any singular subject. He has She has It has Mohan has The present perfect is used for speaking about actions just completed. The train has just arrived. I have just eaten my lunch. She has just married. Time Adverbs to be used with present perfect tense Just, already, so far, yet, ever, never Time adverbs used for simple past like yesterday, back, last week, last year, ago are not to be used for present perfect. E.g. I have seen you yesterday. (Wrong)

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I saw you yesterday. (Correct) The difference between the past and the present perfect The past tells us what happened. E.g. to the past action. He has come = He came + He is here now. She has applied for her passport. It means she applied for her passport +she is waiting for it to be processed. Negatives and questions Negative statements: I have not yet registered my name. He hasnt bought a bike. They havent finished their project. She hasnt got her degree so far. You havent done your homework. We havent received our parcel still. Anwar and Ahmed havent got their admission in engineering college. It hasnt drunk milk. He came yesterday. The present perfect says what happened and what is the position now in relation

Questions (Yes or No) The auxiliaries, has and have take the front position in interrogative form. Have you gone to the museum? Has he spoken to you about the courses? Has she attended the class? Havent you brought your lunch?( negative question) Have you got admitted in M.Com? Hasnt she come to class? Have they not played well? Or, havent they played well? ( Contracted form) Hasnt it eaten food? Have you ever visited the Tajmahal? Have you ever been to Kashmir? What have you brought for me? What has she decided? Why have you come late to the meeting? Why havent you done the work?

Wh- Questions

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Who has come here? Which one has she selected? How have you reached the airport? How long have you waited for her? Where have you kept the files? When have you completed the course? At what time has the movie begun? Whose computer has she used? Whom has she met What has he done so far? *****************************

The Present Perfect continuous tense Has been and have been combine with an ing action word to form what is called the present continuous tense. This structure is generally used to speak an action that started the past and continues into the present. I have been waiting here for half an hour. She has been crying since 8 o clock. Mary has been working as a receptionist for the past 3 years. Saraswati has been studying for over six months.

Like the present perfect, the present perfect continuous can be used for a past activity that is connected to the present. Her eyes are red. She has been crying. You look tired. You have been working since morning.

NEGATIVES Negative sentences are made by using not after have or has. She has not been studying here. He has not been doing well here. Sita has not been coming to class regularly. They have not been practicing well. I have not been eating properly.

QUESTIONS (YES/ NO) Questions are made by shifting have or has to the front position. Have you been searching for the files? Has he been playing in the sun?

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Have you been studying in JNTU? Hasnt she been playing well? Why has she been crying? How have you been studying? What have you been doing? How long have you been working in this firm? Where have you been studying so far? Who has been attending the meeting?

WH- QUESTIONS:

Class room discussion 1. I am reading news paper since 8 o clock.(non-standard) I have been reading newspaper since 8 o clock? (Standard) 2. He has been working here since five years. (Wrong) He has been working here for five years. (Correct) 3. She has been crying from 10 o clock. (Incorrect) She has been crying since 10 0 clock? THE PAST PERFECT TENSE The had + the pas participle is used in the structure of the past perfect tense. This structure is used for an action that happened earlier to a past action you are speaking about. When I went to Gopals house, he had already left for the office. When we had reached the airport, the plane had already taken off. I didnt eat much at home as I had already had my dinner at a restaurant. I am glad you reminded me about the conference. I had totally forgotten about it. She passed in distinction since she had worked very hard. When Sudha reached the Mall shop, they had already closed it.

NEGATIVES: Not is used after had to form negative statements. He had not yet received his degree from the university. She had not visited the Golconda fort so far. I had not been to Hardwar so far. You hadnt submitted your project.

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Questions (Yes or No) Had you dispatched the goods? Had she married Suman? Had Anwar spoken well? Had they received the award? Had he responded to your mail? What had happened that day? How had you approached her? Why had you behaved like that? Who had called you? Where had you been? How long had you waited? *********************************** FUTURE PERFECT AND MODAL PERFECT The future perfect tense is used to talk about actions that will be completed by a certain future time. Will have + past participle tense. I will have completed my course then. She will have come home by Friday. The plumber will have repaired the pipe by tomorrow. The children will have slept by the time the parents return home. He would have reached London by now. She would have cooked food by 8 o clock. You would have learned Spoken English by next month. or would have + past participle are used in future perfect

WH- QUESTIONS:

Modal perfect I could have completed the project by this evening. She must have withdrawn money from the bank. Mohan should have married Reema by next week. Suman might have reached home by now. Sweta may have undergone the operation.

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She need not have frightened that much. I ought to have discussed with my wife. You must have taken admission in PEOPLELINK for communication skills and personality development. I can have slept for some more time. I shall have chosen that course. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is used to talk about the actions which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in future. Will have been + -ing of an action word is used to form this tense. He will have been making cake by next week. I will have been teaching for 20 years next august. She will have been completing 25 years in the same job by next February. We shall have been living here for four years.

MODAL AUXILIARIES The verbs can could, may , might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, need to

are called Modal Verbs. They are used before base verbs. They dont follow s-rule in case of singular third person. I can swim in the ocean. She could do only half the work yesterday. Today it may rain. She might go to Bangalore tomorrow. I must go to bank to withdraw money She will marry Suman. Mohan would buy a car. We shall go to a movie today. He should join PEOPLELINK CORPORATE SOLUTIONS to develop spoken English and communication skills. I must go to ATM to draw money. I need to buy a pen.

ATTITUDE WORDS.

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Words that express the speakers attitude towards people, event and information are called Attitude Words. E.g. can, could, may, should, must, have to, should not, must not, dont have to, doesnt have to need not etc Can and could Can is used to speak about a persons/ things ability to do something. It can print 10 copies a minute. I can work on Linux. Cannot is used to speak about a persons or a things inability to do something. E.g. I cant speak Arabic. You cannot complete this project by evening. Mohan cannot run for five kms. Cant you speak French? Can is also used with the meaning it is possible. E.g. they can work on Linux. We can complete this project in a week. Can you complete this work by tomorrow? Can you are used to ask about a persons ability to do something. E.g. can you work for ten hours a day? Can you come tomorrow and collect the cheque? Can you go there alone at midnight? Can with you is also used in polite requests. Can you please hold on for a minute? Can you please give your pen? Cant you is used to make the request more persuasive. Cant you come to my house for dinner tonight? Cant you type this letter for me? Could is used to speak about a person or a things ability to do something in the past. E.g. I could finish only half the work yesterday. She could come to office in time despite traffic jams. Somehow we could reach the airport though there were no buses. Could not express inability to do something in the past. E.g. cant you do this for a friend? E.g. can you help me in getting aerogram from the post office? E.g. We can speak and write English.

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E.g. I could not reach the railway station in time and I lost my train. Sheela could not go to that movie as she didnt get the tickets. Mahaboob couldnt marry Shamshad due to his accident. She couldnt attend the birthday party of her friend. Could you is used for making a polite request. (Could you is more polite than can I) E.g. Could you please come and collect your cheque tomorrow? Could you please pause for a minute? ************************************** Attitude words should, must, and have to Should is used for giving advice, opinion or suggestions.

E.g. Everyone should read news papers daily to improve their knowledge and general awareness. You should help the poor. I think you should attend her birthday party tonight. You should go and meet Mr. Hamed. I feel you should your doctor. Should is also used to speak about a gentle or friendly pressure on someone to do something. E.g. You should come for lunch tomorrow. You should attend my wedding. Must is used to express the speakers compulsion on someone or himself/herself to do something. E.g. You must bring your ID card daily to office. Everybody must produce his or her original certificates of the degree. All the candidates must fill up the application in their own handwriting. Have to is used for expressing a situational compulsion (a necessity) on someone to do something. E.g. 1. Now I dont have any money in my purse. So I have to go to bank to withdraw money. 2. She has to go to office to meet the branch manager. 3. He has to complete the project by this evening as the clients are already restless

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Had to is used for expressing past form of have to function at home. I couldnt come to movie with you yesterday as I had to attend important meeting at office.

E.g. I couldnt attend your birthday party as I had to attend a small

Should not, must not, dont have to , doesnt have to, and need not Should not is used for giving advice, opinion or suggestion as not to do something. E.g. You should not speak to your mother like that. He should not behave indecently with his classmates. You shouldnt use mobile phones during the class hours. Must not is used for expressing a speakers compulsion on himself/herself or someone as to not to do something. E.g. you must not enter computer room with your shoes on. You must not drink alcohol too much. She must beat her child. Dont have to/ doesnt have to indicate that there is no compulsion to do something. E.g. you dont have to come to class on Sundays. You dont have to bring all the books everyday to class. She doesnt have to cook today. We are all going to a hotel today. Need not indicates that there is no necessity to something. You neednt talk to them. We have settled the matter. She need not hurry. There is ample time. He need not for her. ***************************** Shall I, Can I, Could I, Should I and May I Shall I is used for making offers or suggestions or asking for advice. Shall I buy this car? Shall I buy this flat? E.g. He need not come to class tomorrow.

E.g. What shall I do for you?

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Can I is used for seeking permission to do something. Can I meet the minister please? Can I proceed?

E.g. Can we speak later?

Could I is used for seeking permission to do something. Could I see the manager? Could I use your mobile please?

E.g. Could I come in please?

(Could I is more polite than Can I) May I is used for seeking permission to do something. May I talk to the MD? May I use your mobile please? (May I is more polite than could I and can I) Should I is used for asking whether it is necessary to do something. Should I pay any advance? Should I go in person to collect money? May also expresses a possibility (a doubt) of something happening. E.g. 1.He may come to class. 2. It may rain. May not expresses a possibility (a doubt) of something not happening. **************************** Would, used to, supposed to, likely to Would is used for speaking about actions that happened regularly in the past and have stopped now. E.g. When I was In Chennai, I would go to the Golden Beach by car, get down from the car, have jogging for some time and give a five rupee coin to a beggar. He would talk to us like a friend and give guidance in every walk of life. We loved his lectures very much. Would you is used for polite request. Would you please explain again? Would you please move a little? Would like to is used with the meaning want to E.g. would you please give you pen? E.g. 1. The CM may not visit the city. 2. It may not rain today? E.g. Should I remind you? E.g. May I come in sir?

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E.g. I would like to teach you spoken English. Would you like to have some soft drink? I would like to speak to the manager please. Would rather is used to express ones choice or priority. E.g. What would like to have? Soft drink or orange juice? I would rather have some orange juice please. Used to is used for speaking about actions that happened in the past and dont happen now. E.g. my grandfather used to smoke cigars a lot. Now he doesnt smoke. He often used to look at me and smile. Supposed to be used for speaking about actions that are planned or expected to happen. E.g. The train is supposed to depart at 10. But it departed at 10-30. I am supposed to go to office at 9. Today I reached office at 9-15. Likely to is used for speaking about actions or situations that are possible. It is likely to rain today. ********************************** E.g. I am likely to get promotion next month.

Infinitives To+ base verb (present form) is called an infinitive.

E.g. to see, to halt, to know, to die, to live, to promise etc. USAGE: THE INFINITIVE is used to indicate the purpose of an action. Mohan came to office to meet Krishna. She has gone to market to buy vegetables. I have come to PeopleLink to learn Spoken English with confidence. The infinitives are used after a be word. I am to go to college today. She is to type a letter. He is to attend interview now. Some of the verbs like want, like, refuse, manage, agree, seem, appear, aim can take an infinitive. She wants to marry Mohan. He likes to go to the UK for pursuing higher studies. I refused to take up the sales job. Mohini managed to negotiate with her clients.

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The manager finally agreed to sign on the contract. He seems to be very busy. She appears to be a rich lady. Did you aim to fulfill your desires? An infinitive can come after the structure, it is/was+ adjective. It is very easy to correct grammatical errors. Its too bad to be too good. It is easy to say but difficult to implement. Infinitives without to are called bare infinitives. Bare infinitives come after the modal verbs like may, shall, will, must, might, could, should. She may visit your office. He can ride bicycle continuously for 12 hours. I must go home now. Bare infinitives can come after verbs like make, let and help. She makes her children study themselves. My manager will let us go home early if there is any urgency. Madhu helped me get a good job. *********************

GERUNDS
I am fond of eating strawberry ice creams. She loves taking coffee in a restaurant. The italicized words are the present participles working as nouns. They are called Gerunds. The gerunds or the ing words can be used as nouns/subjects. Playing is a good entertaining exercise. Smoking causes cancer in lungs. Reading develops your knowledge and vocabulary. Seeing is believing. Running makes you tired. The Gerunds can come after certain verbs like love, hate, like, dislike, stop etc E.g. She loves playing computer games. She hates waiting in a queue. Mohan dislikes playing kabaddi. E.g. Walking controls high BP.

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I like teaching spoken English. The girl stopped weeping. The gerunds can come after the prepositions like, without, for, of etc. I think of going to Bangalore next week. She is afraid of going out alone at night. We are all looking forward to meeting you eagerly. Sheela is not interested in working abroad. ****************************** ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OICE The structure be+ past participle of verb, for example is done, was done used for speaking about action performed by someone or something. This kind of structure is called passive voice. E.g. I eat a mango. (Active voice) A mango is eaten by me. Table showing the change of tense in active voice and passive voice. TENSE Simple present ACTIVE VOICE take Takes PASSIVE VOICE am taken is taken Are taken .. E.g. I thank you for inviting me for the party.

Present continuous

am taking Is taking Are taking has taken

am being taken is being taken are being taken has been taken have been taken Was taken

Present perfect

have taken

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Simple past

took

were taken

Past continuous was taking Were taking was being taken were being taken

. Past perfect had taken Will take Simple future May/ can/must/ +base verb shall take may take Can take Must take E.g. Active passive had been taken will be taken shall be taken may be taken can be taken must be taken

He buys a new dress. She is eating an apple. We spoke in Urdu. They were playing cricket. I will pay money tomorrow. She will be playing volley ball Mohan has taken a book. Mohan has been doing his job. She may sing a song. You must take up this job. I want to type a letter. She is to a buy a suit.

A new dress is bought. An apple is being eaten by her. Urdu was spoken by us. Cricket was being played by them. Money will be paid by me. no passive A book has been taken by Mohan. No passive A song may be sung by her. This job must be taken up by you. I want a letter to be typed. A suit is to be bought by her.

Where the passive voice is used. The prime Minister was given a warm welcome. The meeting is put off. The room was broken into.

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Some of the trains have been cancelled. An article has been published. *************************

Direct and Indirect speech (reported speech)

We may report the words of a speaker in two ways: 1) We may quote his actual words. This is called Direct speech. 2) We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indict(or Reported) speech. Direct: Ramu said, I am very busy now. Indirect: Ramu said that he was very busy. Rules for changing Direct into Indirect speech When the reporting verb is in the past tense, all the present tenses of the Diract are changed into the corresponding past tenses. Direct: Direct: Direct: Direct: A simple present becomes a simple past. Hari said, I write a letter to my mom. A present continuous becomes a past continuous. Radha said to Ravi, I am going to Bangalore tomorrow. A present perfect becomes a past perfect. Krishna said to Ramu, I have sold my old car. The will/ shall of the future is changed into would/ should. Sita said, I will go to Koti later. When the reporting tense is in past tense, all the past tenses are changed into their corresponding past perfect tenses. Direct: Seema said to Komal, I went to the mall shop yesterday to buy some clothes and jewels. Indirect: Seema told komal that she had gone to the mall shop the next day to buy some clothes and jewels. Direct: Harpreeth said to Suman, I was traveling to my native place. Indirect: Harpreeth told Suman that she had been traveling to her native place. The tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is universal fact. Direct: Gopi said, I know her address. Indirect: Gopi said that he knows/ knew her address.

Indirect: Hari told that he wrote a letter to his mom.

Indirect: Radha told Ravi that she going to Bangalore the next day.

Indirect: Krishna told Ramu that he had sold hid old car.

Indirect: sita told that she would go to Koti.

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Direct:

The teacher said, The earth goes round the sun.

Indirect: The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. (That is often omitted in spoken English) Words of time and distance are changed as appended. DIRECT Now ---Here ----Ago -----Thus Direct: Direct: Direct: Diect: INDIRECT then there before DIRECT INDIRECT today ----- that day tomorrowthe next day yesterdayprevious day/ the day before last night --- the night before QUESTIONS For yes/ no question (confirmation) the reporting verb is followed by if/whether. He said to me, Will you listen to me? Radha said to Krishna, Did you visit the Big Bazaar? For Wh- questions (information) the reporting verb is followed by the same Wh- word. Krishna said to Vinay, what are you going to do on weekend? Rama asked Sita, Where did you go yesterday? **************************************** Indirect: Krishna asked Vinay what he was going to do on weekend. Indirect: Rama enquired Sita where she had gone the day before. Indirect: He asked me whether I would listen to her. Indirect: Radha enquired Krishna if he had visited the Big Bazaar.

----- so

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