NPTEL Course on Power Quality in Power Distribution Systems Dr.

Mahesh Kumar
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600 036

Contents

SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS: POWER DEFINITIONS AND ITS COMPONENTS (Lectures 1-8) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power Terms in a Single Phase System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sinusoidal Voltage Source Supplying Non-linear Load Current . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 8

Non-sinusoidal Voltage Source Supplying Non-linear Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 1.4.7 Active Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Reactive Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Apparent Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Non Active Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Distortion Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Fundamental Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

THREE PHASE CIRCUITS: POWER DEFINITIONS AND VARIOUS COMPONENTS (Lectures 9-18) 2.1 27

Three-phase Sinusoidal Balanced System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.1 2.1.2 Balanced Three-phase Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Three Phase Instantaneous Active Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2

Three Phase Instantatneous Reactive Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Power Invariance in abc and 0 Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Instantaneous Active and Reactive Powers for Three-phase Circuits . . . . . . . . 33 2.2.1 2.2.2 Three-Phase Balance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Three-Phase Unbalance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.3

Symmetrical components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3.1 2.3.2 Effective Apparent Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Positive Sequence Powers and Unbalance Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.4

Three-phase Non-sinusoidal Balanced System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 Neutral Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Line to Line Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Apparent Power with Budeanu Resolution: Balanced Distortion Case . . . 54 Effective Apparent Power for Balanced Non-sinusoidal System . . . . . . 54

2.5

Unbalanced and Non-sinusoidal Three-phase System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.5.1 2.5.2 Arithmetic and Vector Apparent Power with Budeanus Resolution . . . . . 58 Effective Apparent Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

FUNDAMENTAL THEORY OF LOAD COMPENSATION (Lectures 19-24) 3.1 3.2 69

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Fundamental Theory of Load Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 Power Factor and its Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Voltage Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 An Approximation Expression for the Voltage Regulation . . . . . . . . . 75

3.3 3.4

Some Practical Aspects of Compensator used as Voltage Regulator . . . . . . . . . 81 Phase Balancing and Power Factor Correction of Unbalanced Loads . . . . . . . . 85 3.4.1 Three-phase Unbalanced Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
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3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.5

Representation of Three-phase Delta Connected Unbalanced Load . . . . . 88 An Alternate Approach to Determine Phase Currents and Powers . . . . . 90 An Example of Balancing an Unbalanced Delta Connected Load . . . . . . 92

A Generalized Approach for Load Compensation using Symmetrical Components . 95 3.5.1 3.5.2 Sampling Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Averaging Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

3.6

Compensator Admittance Represented as Positive and Negative Sequence Admittance Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

CONTROL THEORIES FOR LOAD COMPENSATION (Lectures 25-35) 4.1 119

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 State Space Modeling of the Compensator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Switching Control of the VSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Generation of Ploss to maintain dc capacitor voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Computation of load average power (Plavg ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

4.2 4.3

Some Misconception in Reactive Power Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Theory of Instantaneous Symmetrical Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 4.3.1 4.3.2 Compensating Star Connected Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Compensating Delta Connected Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

SERIES COMPENSATION: VOLTAGE COMPENSATION USING DVR (Lectures 36-44) 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 169

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Conventional Methods to Regulate Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Operating Principle of DVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 5.4.1 General Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
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5.5 5.6

Mathematical Description to Compute DVR Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Transient Operation of the DVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 5.6.1 Operation of the DVR With Unbalance and Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . 182

5.7 5.8

Realization of DVR voltage using Voltage Source Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Maximum Compensation Capacity of the DVR Without Real Power Support from the DC Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

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