Introduction to Chemistry

Jonas A. Almerino, MAEd Colegio San Agustin - Makati

 Treat CSA as our home. Follow school rules on good grooming. Maximize the use of available materials. Live within your means; buy what is only necessary

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

History of Chemistry: Alchemy to Chemistry

Our Goal:

Your Task:

History of Chemistry Timeline

The aims and objectives for creating a timeline are as follows:
u

To present of a chronological sequence of related events along a drawn line To enable the reader to quickly understand how each event might impact on another event in time A fast 'snapshot' of time, people and events To be able to know the events happening in the Philippines during the discoveries of chemicals and technologies.

u u

(Reference: http://www.history-timelines.org.uk/creating-atimeline.htm)

Performance Task 1

History of Chemistry Timeline

Scale of 1-10 (highest) except Writing-Mechanics which is 1-5 (highest)
Attractiveness (10)
u

The timeline is exceptionally neat, colorful, and creative with pictures and/or illustrations. The timeline is well planned, thought-out, and information is clearly arranged in chronological order (the order in which events happened). Nearly all-important events in Chemistry are represented on the timeline, including discoveries, technologies, and the situation of the Philippines. Extra information may be included. Capitalization, punctuation, and spelling are correct no errors.

Organization (10)
u

Content (10)
u

Writing- Mechanics (5)

u

History of Chemistry: Alchemy to Chemistry

Introduction to Chemistry

Jonas A. Almerino, MAEd Colegio San Agustin - Makati

 Read the Bible. Show interest and enthusiasm in studies. Ask reflective questions. Apply what you have learned. Visit and utilize library resources.

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

Four Types of Naming

Binary compounds Ternary compounds
Contain only two types of elements

Contain more than two types of elements

Coordination compounds Organic compounds

These will not be covered

We will cover these in a separate unit

1+

Binary Compounds

H 1 1 Li

2+
Be

3+
B 5 Al C 6 Si N 7 P O 8 S F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I

He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe

3 4 Na Mg 11 K 19 Rb 12 Ca 20 Sr

1+ 2+
Sc 21 Y 39 *
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co

13 14 15 16 Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se 33 34 Sb Te 51 52 Bi Po 83 84

Binary compounds that contain a metal 5 of fixed oxidation number (group 1, group 2, Al, Zn, Ag, etc.), and 6 7 a non-metal.

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn 40 Hf 41 Ta 42 43 44 W Re Os 45 Ir 46 47 48 49 50 Pt Au Hg Tl Pb 78 79 80 81 82

37 38 Cs Ba 55 56 Fr Ra 87 88

53 54 At Rn 85 86

72 73 74 75 76 77 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 104 105 106 107 108 109

To name these compounds, give the name of metal followed by the name of the non-metal, with the ending replaced by the suffix ide. Examples:

NaCl CaS AlI3

sodium chlor ide ine calcium sulf ide ur aluminum iodide ine

(Na1+ Cl1-) (Ca2+ S2-)

(Al3+ 3 I1-)

Criss-Cross Rule
Aluminum Chloride Chloride Example: Aluminum Step 1:
write out name with space

Step 2:
write symbols & charge of elements

Al

3+

Cl AlCl3

1-

Step 3:
criss-cross charges as subsrcipts

Al 1

Cl 3

Step 4:
combine as formula unit

(1 is never shown)

Criss-Cross Rule

Example: Aluminum Oxide

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Aluminum Oxide

Al3+ Al 2 O Al2O3

O23

Criss-Cross Rule

Example: Magnesium Oxide

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Magnesium Oxide

Mg2+ Mg 2 O Mg2O2 MgO

O22

Criss-Cross Rule
criss-cross rule: charge on cation / anion becomes subscript of anion / cation ** Warning: Reduce to lowest terms.

Al3+ and O2 Al2 O3 Al2O3 aluminum oxide

Ba2+ and S2

In3+ and Br1 In1 Br3 InBr3 indium bromide

Ba2 S2 BaS barium sulfide

Naming Binary Compounds

Formula 1 BaO Name barium oxide ____________________ sodium bromide magnesium iodide ____________________ potassium chloride ____________________ strontium fluoride cesium fluoride

NaBr 2 ________________ 3 4 MgI2 KCl

SrF2 5 ________________ CsF 6 ________________

Binary Compounds
Containing a Metal of Variable Oxidation Number
To name these compounds, give the name of the metal (Type II cations) followed by Roman numerals in parentheses to indicate the oxidation number of the metal, followed by the name of the nonmetal, with its ending replaced by the suffix ide.

Examples FeCl2 FeCl3 SnO SnO2

Stock System Iron (II) chloride Iron (III)chloride Tin (II)oxide Tin (IV) oxide

Traditional (OLD) System Ferrous chloride Ferric chloride Stannous oxide Stannic oxide (ic ending = higher oxidation state; ous is lower oxidation state)

Type II Cations
Common Type II Cations Ion Fe 3+ Fe 2+ Cu 2+ Cu 1+ Co 3+ Co 2+ Sn 4+ Sn 2+ Pb 4+ Pb 2+ Hg 2+ Hg2 2+ Stock System iron (III) iron (II) copper (II) copper (I) cobalt (III) cobalt (II) tin (IV) tin (II) lead (IV) lead (II) mercury (II) mercury (I) Traditional System ferric ferrous cupric cuprous cobaltic cobaltous stannic stannous plumbic plumbous mercuric mercurous

*Mercury (I) ions are always bound together in pairs to form Hg2 2+
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 90

Naming Binary Compounds

Formula 1 2 Hg2O HgO Name mercury (I) oxide ____________________ mercury (II) oxide ____________________ copper (II) fluoride copper (I) sulfide chromium (III) oxide ____________________ lead (IV) oxide

CuF2 3 ________________ Cu2S 4 ________________ 5 Cr2O3

PbO2 6 ________________

1+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

H
1

Single-charge cations Multiple-charge cations Elemental anions

2+ Be
4

Periodic Table with charges

H
1

He
2

3+ B
5

3C
6

2O
8

1F
9

Li
3

N
7

Ne
10

Na Mg
11 12

Al 1+ Ti
22

Si
14

P
15

S
16

Cl
17

Ar
18

2+

13

K
19

Ca Sc
20 21

V
23

Cr Mn Fe Co
24 25 26 27

Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Kr
36

Rb Sr
37 38

Y
39

Zr
40

Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

In
49

Sn Sb Te
50 51 52

I
53

Xe
54

Cs Ba
55 56

Hf
72

Ta
73

W
74

Re Os
75 76

Ir
77

Pt Au Hg
78 79 80

Tl
81

Pb
82

Bi Po At Rn
83 84 85 86

Fr
87

Ra
88

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
104 105 106 107 108 109

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Ac Th Pa
89 90 91

U
92

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
93 94 95 96 97 98

Es Fm Md No Lr
99 100 101 102 103

T E S M E L B O R P PARTY

 Read the Bible. Show interest and enthusiasm in studies. Ask reflective questions. Apply what you have learned. Visit and utilize library resources.

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

Language of Chemistry Our Goal:

Your Task:

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Laboratory Activity
! ! ! !
23

FeCl3! 3+ (Fe )! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

MgSO4! 2+ (Mg )! ! ! ! !

CuSO4! 2+ (Cu )!

! ! Analysis! Precipitate!(ppt)! formation.! ! Milky! ! Grainy! ! Cloudy! ! Gelatinous!

Na2CO3!!!!!!!!!!!(CO ! 3 )! Na3PO4!!!!!!!! (PO4 )! NaOH!!!!!!!!!! (OH )! (SO423)!

3 33

Na2SO4!

 Read the Bible. Show interest and enthusiasm in studies. Ask reflective questions. Apply what you have learned. Visit and utilize library resources.

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

Binary Compounds
Containing Two Nonmetals
To name these compounds, give the name of the less electronegative element first with the Greek prefix indicating the number of atoms of that element present, followed by the name of the more electronegative nonmetal with the Greek prefix indicating the number of atoms of that element present and with its ending replaced by the suffix ide.

Prefixes you should know: Mono 1 Di 2 Tri 3 Tetra 4 Penta 5 Hexa 6 Hepta 7 Octa 8 Nona 9 Deca 10

Binary Compounds
Containing Two Nonmetals (Type III Compounds) As2S3 1. ________________ SO2 2. ________________ 3. P2O5

diarsenic trisulfide sulfur dioxide diphosphorus pentoxide ____________________ carbon dioxide dinitrogen pentoxide ____________________ dihydrogen monoxide ____________________

CO2 4. ________________ 5. 6. N2O5 H 2O

Prefixes Binary Molecular Compounds

Greek Prefixes for Two Nonmetals Number Indicated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Prefixes monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca-

Binary Molecular Compounds

N 2O N2O3 N2O5 ICl ICl3 SO2 SO3 dinitrogen monoxide dinitrogen trioxide dinitrogen pentoxide iodine monochloride iodine trichloride sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide

Naming Binary Compounds

Binary Compound?
Yes

Metal Present?
No Yes

Type III Use Greek Prefixes

Does the metal form more than one cation?

No Yes

Type I Use the element name for the cation.

Type II Determine the charge of the cation; use a Roman numeral after the cation name.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 98

T E S M E L B O R P PARTY

Introduction to Chemistry

Jonas A. Almerino, MAEd Colegio San Agustin - Makati

 Read the Bible. Show interest and enthusiasm in studies. Ask reflective questions. Apply what you have learned. Visit and utilize library resources.

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

History of Chemistry: Alchemy to Chemistry Our Goal:

u

Write and name chemical formulas using Traditional and IUPAC systems.

Your Task:

Chemicals in Consumer Products Poster

The aims and objectives for creating an informational poster are as follows:
u u u

To make aesthetic and useful poster. To communicate information about chemicals present in consumer products. Apply the knowledge of naming compounds.

Performance Task 2 Chemicals in Consumer Products Poster Scale of 1-10 (highest) except Main Idea which is 1-5 (highest) Main Idea (5) Poster has a clear title, which gives specific information about the main idea of the poster. Details from Research (10) Poster includes all details from research and has clear labels, phrases, or sentence descriptions. Effectiveness of Poster (10) Poster gives others a thorough understanding of topic researched with specific examples or illustrations. Quality of Poster (10) Poster includes illustrations and labels. Content of poster is edited for spelling and punctuation and has no errors.

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Laboratory Activity
! ! ! !
23

FeCl3! 3+ (Fe )! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

MgSO4! 2+ (Mg )! ! ! ! !

CuSO4! 2+ (Cu )!

! ! Analysis! Precipitate!(ppt)! formation.! ! Milky! ! Grainy! ! Cloudy! ! Gelatinous!

Na2CO3!!!!!!!!!!!(CO ! 3 )! Na3PO4!!!!!!!! (PO4 )! NaOH!!!!!!!!!! (OH )! (SO423)!

3 33

Na2SO4!

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Laboratory Activity
! ! ! !
23

FeCl3! 3+ (Fe )! ! !Fe2(CO3)3 ! orange ppt. ! ! FePO4 ! white ppt. ! ! Fe(OH)3 brown ppt. ! ! !Fe2(SO4)3 ! ! !

MgSO4! 2+ (Mg )!

CuSO4! 2+ (Cu )! ! !

! ! Analysis! Precipitate!(ppt)! formation.! ! Milky! ! Grainy! ! Cloudy! ! Gelatinous!

Na2CO3!!!!!!!!!!!(CO ! 3 )! Na3PO4!!!!!!!! (PO4 )! NaOH!!!!!!!!!! (OH )! (SO423)!

3 33

MgCO3
white ppt.

CuCO3
turquoise ppt.

NR
! !

Cu3(PO4)2
blue ppt.

Mg(OH)2
white ppt.

! !

Cu(OH)2
blue ppt.

Na2SO4!

NR

NR

Ternary compounds are those containing three different elements. (NaNO3, NH4Cl, etc.). The naming of ternary compounds involves the memorization of several positive and negative polyatomic ions, (two or more atoms per ion), and adding these names to the element with which they combine.

Ca3(PO4)2

2+ Ca +

PO4

3-

Binary rules for indicating the oxidation number of metals and for indicating the numbers of atoms present are followed. The polyatomic ions that should be learned are listed in a separate handout.

Calcium hydrox ide Ca2+

vs.

OH1Ca - O

CaOH2 Ca(OH)2

H H

HO - Ca - OH

Introduction to Chemistry

Jonas A. Almerino, MAEd Colegio San Agustin - Makati

 Read the Bible. Show interest and enthusiasm in studies. Ask reflective questions. Apply what you have learned. Visit and utilize library resources.

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

History of Chemistry: Alchemy to Chemistry Our Goal:

u

Write and name chemical formulas using Traditional and IUPAC systems.

Your Task:

1 Metal&with&a&Radical& a Metal&with&stable&oxidation&state& Examples& Metal& & Radical& & Product&

GENERAL RULE " Name of the positive ion (metal or radical) is written first, followed by the name of the negative radical. # Check if the metal has variable oxidation states. If yes, follow the rules using Traditional System and Stock System. # Check the hand-out on List of Ions for additional list of radicals.

B3+& +& SiO325& boron& & silicate& & Ag1+& silver&

!& B2(SiO3)3& & boron& silicate& & & & & !& AgBrO2& +& BrO215& & bromite& & silver& bromite&

&

& Metal&with&variable&oxidation&states& Examples& Metal& & Radical& & Product&

Traditional& System&

Stock&System&

Au3+& Pb2+&

+& MnO415& !& Au(MnO4)3& auric& permanganate& !& Pb3(PO3)2& plumbous& +& PO335& phosphite&

gold(III)& permanganate& lead(II)& phosphite&

Magnesium Phosphate
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Magnesium Phosphate

Mg2+ Mg 3 (PO4)

PO432

Mg3(PO4)2

Phosphate

(PO PO43)35+ = 5+ 1 P @ 334 O @ 2- = 8113? "

Fluorine and oxygen are highly electronegative and will attract electrons very strongly. Generally, phosphorus will be 3- oxidation state: however, when combining with oxygen, phosphorus will lose five electrons and take on a 5+ oxidation charge.

Polyatomic Ions - Memorize

Eight -ATEs
PO43SO4

phosphate phosphATE sulfate sulfATE carbonate carbonATE chlorate chlorATE nitrate nitrATE NH41+ OH1CN1-

2-

Exceptions:
ammonium

CO32ClO3 NO3

..

1- ..

hydroxide cyanide

..

1- ...

Polyatomic Ion: a group of atoms that stay together and have a single, overall charge.

BrO41-

Perbromate ion

Bromate ion

BrO31CO32-

Bromite ion

BrO21CO22ClO21IO21NO21PO33SO32-

BrO1Hypobromite ion

CO42ClO41IO41NO41PO53SO521 more oxygen

CO2ClO1IO1NO1PO23SO222 less oxygen

Carbonate ion

Chlorate ion

ClO31Iodate ion

IO31-

Nitrate ion

NO31PO43SO42normal

Phosphate ion

Sulfate ion

1 less oxygen

Ternary Compounds
NaNO2 KClO3 Ca3(PO4)2 Fe(OH)3 NaHCO3 sodium nitrite potassium chlorate calcium phosphate iron (III) hydroxide sodium bicarbonate sodium hydrogen carbonate

Common Polyatomic Ions

Names of Common Polyatomic Ions
Ion NH4 1+ NO2 1NO3 1SO3 2SO4 2HSO4 1OH 1CN 1PO4 3HPO4 2H2PO4 1Name ammonium nitrite nitrate sulfite sulfate hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate is a widely used common name) hydroxide cyanide phosphate hydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate Ion CO3 2HCO3 1ClO 1ClO2 1ClO3 1ClO4 1C2H3O2 2MnO4 1Cr2O7 2CrO4 2O2 2Name carbonate hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate is a widely used common name) hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate acetate permanganate dichromate chromate peroxide

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 100

1 Radical'with'a'Radical' Examples' Positive( ( Radical(

Negative( Radical(

Product(

NH4 ( ammonium( ( H3O1+( hydronium(

(

1+

+( ( ( +( (

BO3 ( borate( ( CO329( carbonite(

39

!( (NH4)3BO3( ( ammonium'borate' ( ( !( (H3O)2CO2( ( hydronium'carbonite'

Ternary Compounds
Ca3(PO4) 2 1. ________________ (NH4)2CO3 2. ________________ Al2(SO4)3 3. ________________ 4. 5. 6. Na2SO4 LiCN Ba(ClO3)2 calcium phosphate ammonium carbonate aluminum sulfate sodium sulfate ____________________ lithium cyanide ____________________ barium chlorate ____________________ copper (II) hydroxide

Cu(OH)2 7. ________________

Binary Hydrogen Compounds

of Nonmetals When Dissolved in Water
(These compounds are commonly called acids.) The prefix hydro- is used to represent hydrogen, followed by the name of the nonmetal with its ending replaced by the suffix ic and the word acid added.

Examples: *HCl HBr Hydrochloric acid Hydrobromic acid

1 Ternary'Acids' 'formed''by'H ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Examples' ' '

1+

'+'Radical'''
' ' ' Chemical' Formula' '
Naming Salt Name Acid Name ! Refers to acid in water solution ! -ate ending is replaced by ic + acid ! -ite ending is replaced by -ous + acid ! Check Additional Informatio n.

'may'be'viewed'as'a'salt'or'as'an'acid' H1+' Radical' Used'

Refers to acid in liquid or gaseous state'

Named by: hydrogen + (name of radical)'

'

H ' hydrogen' H1+' hydrogen' ' H1+' hydrogen' H1+'

1+

+' ' +' ' ' +' ' +'

2@' SO4

sulfate' SO32@' sulfite' ' PO43@' phosphate' PO33@'

"' H2SO4' "' H2SO3' ' '

"' H3PO4' "' H3PO3'

hydrogen' sulfate' hydrogen' sulfite' ' hydrogen' phosphate' hydrogen' phosphite'

sulfuric'acid' sulfurous'acid' ' phosphoric' acid' phosphorous+ acid'

Naming Ternary Compounds from Oxyacids

The following table lists the most common families of oxy acids. one more oxygen atom most common one less oxygen two less oxygen HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO hypochlorous acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid H3PO3 phosphorous acid H3PO2 hypophosphorous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid (HNO)2 hyponitrous acid

An acid with a name ending in -ous -ic

forms

A salt with a name ending in -ite -ate

forms

Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 1999, page 60

Oxyacids Oxysalts
If you replace hydrogen with a metal, you have formed an oxysalt. A salt is a compound consisting of a metal and a non-metal. If the salt consists of a metal, a nonmetal, and oxygen it is called an oxysalt. NaClO4, sodium perchlorate, is an oxysalt. OXYACID HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO hypochlorous acid OXYSALT NaClO4 sodium perchlorate NaClO3 sodium chlorate NaClO2 sodium chlorite NaClO sodium hypochlorite

ACID
per stem ic stem ic stem ous hyper stem ous

SALT
changes to changes to changes to changes to per stem ate stem ate stem ite hypo stem ite

HClO3
acid

Na1+
cation

NaClO3 + H1+
salt

Naming Simple Chemical Compounds

Ionic (metal and nonmetal) Covalent (2 nonmetals)

Metal

Nonmetal

First nonmetal

Second nonmetal

Forms only one positive ion

Forms more than one positive ion

Single Negative Ion

Polyatomic Ion

Use the name of element

Use element Use the name name followed of the by a Roman element, but numeral to end with ide show the charge

Use the name of polyatomic ion (ate or Ite)

Before element name use a prefix to match subscript

Use a prefix before element name and end with ide

T E S M E L B O R P PARTY

Introduction to Chemistry

Jonas A. Almerino, MAEd Colegio San Agustin - Makati

 Treat CSA as our home. Follow school rules on good grooming. Maximize the use of available materials. Live within your means; buy what is only necessary

Essential Questions

How do you use history to improve the future? How do you classify things? What will happen if a certain procedure has not been followed? How do you troubleshoot? How will you use Chemistry in solving problems? Pull-out: When will you say that Chemistry improves or destroys life?

Suffixes have meaning

q-ide sodium chloride (NaCl) q-ite or -ate sulfite (SO32-) sulfate (SO42-) q-ol methyl alcohol (methanol) q-ose

binary compound polyatomic compound

-ate means one more oxygen than -ite

alcohol sugar enzyme

sucrose
q-ase

sucrase

Oxidation States in Formulas and Names

Traditional System
(Two non-metals)
+1 -2

Stock System
N 2O
+3 -2

dinitrogen monoxide dinitrogen trioxide dinitrogen pentoxide sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide

nitrogen (I) oxide nitrogen (III) oxide nitrogen (V) oxide sulfur (IV) oxide sulfur (VI) oxide
stock system is NOT preferred for two non-metals

N2O3
+5 -2

N2O5 SO2 SO3

+6 -2 +4 -2

Problem sets