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OFDM Transmission Technique

Dr.-Ing. L. Hring

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

Organization
Lecture with exercises
Lecture: 2 SWS (90 minutes) a week Exercise: project at the end of semester

Elective course Oral examination (30 minutes)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 2

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

Preliminaries
Required previous knowledge
Communications 1 (System theory) Communications 2 (Statistical signal processing) Transmission Techniques (Modulation techniques) (Coding Theory) Radio Propagation Channels

Recommended previous knowledge


Matlab for Communications (for project)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 3

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

References
Further references:
Scripts regarding lectures of NTS H. Rohling: OFDM A Flexible and Adaptive Air Interface for a 4G Communication System, Hamburg R. van Nee and R. Prasad: OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications A. Paulraj et al: Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 4

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

Outline
1. Introduction 2. Radio Propagation Channels 3. OFDM Basics 4. OFDM Transmitter 5. Synchronization Mismatches 6. OFDM Receiver 7. Advanced Techniques 8. Introduction to MIMO Systems 9. Multiuser Systems 10. Case Study
L. Hring OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 5

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

1 Introduction
History: Transmission principle of dividing data into several bit streams more than 50 years ago Wide range of application by advanced signal processing techniques (e.g. Fast Fourier transform) Papers:
1967 by Saltzberg: Performance of an efficient parallel data transmission system 1971 by Weinstein: Data transmission by frequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform 1990 by Bingham: Multicarrier modulation for data transmission An idea whose time has come
L. Hring OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 6

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

1 Introduction
In 2008:

[Source: H. Rohling: A Flexible and Adaptive Air Interface for a 4G Communication System] L. Hring OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 7

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

1 Introduction
Application areas of OFDM:
UMTS LTE (downlink)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 8

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channel


2.1 LTI System: Multipath Propagation

line-of-sight (LOS)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 9

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channel


2.1 LTI System
Channel Impulse Response (CIR) hc():
Time Domain number of paths

path coefficient

path delay

Channel Transfer Function (CTF) Hc():


Frequency Domain

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 10

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.1 LTI System
Relation of input signal x(t) and output signal r(t) in linear, timeinvariant systems:
impulse response

transfer function

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 11

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.1 LTI system
Statistical properties of time-invariant CIR:
Power Delay Profile (PDP) PPDP():

coherence bandwidth Examples: IEEE 802.11a-standard (indoor)


Model A (small rooms)
30 20 10 100 200 300 4 00 5 00 30 20 10 2 00 400 600 800

Model B (large office rooms)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 12

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.1 LTI system
Discrete time representation

Tapped delay line (finite impulse response filter)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 13

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.1 LTI system
Path coefficients hc,l: often used model
and variance: mean: zero independent complex Gaussian distributed (central limit theorem) non-line-of-sight (NLOS) line-of-sight (LOS)

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 14

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.1 LTI system
Rayleigh (NLOS) or Rice (LOS) pdf uniformly distributed in [0,2) (NLOS)

Rayleigh distribution:

Rice distribution with different K-factors

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 15

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.1 LTI system
Matlab simulation example Exercise 1: Calculation of output signal variance
Assumption: xi independent complex Gaussian CN(0,x2)

Problem: Distribution of received signal ri?

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 16

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.2 Linear Time-Variant (LTV) system
Movement of transmitter and receiver

observation time delay time

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 17

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.2 LTV system
Relation of input signal x(t) and output signal r(t) in linear, timevariant systems:

Linearity property:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 18

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.2 LTV system
Example: Reaction to input signal x(t)=(t-t0)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 19

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.2 LTV system
Time correlation of path coefficients hc,l(t) often modeled by Jakes (Doppler) spectrum:

with

for

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 20

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.2 LTV system
Coherence time :

Simulation model (time-variant coefficients)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 21

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.3 Narrow- and Wideband Systems Symbol duration occupied bandwidth

-2

-1

-2

-1

-4

-3

-2

-1

-4

-3

-2

-1

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 22

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.3 Narrow- and Wideband Systems Narrowband channel
Signal bandwidth B < coherence bandwidth Bc frequency-flat frequency-nonselective No intersymbol interference (ISI) occurs

Wideband channel
Signal bandwidth B > coherence bandwidth Bc frequency-selective Intersymbol interference (ISI) occurs

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 23

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.3 Narrow- and Wideband Systems Frequency domain

constant factor

frequency-flat

Time domain

no intersymbol interference

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 24

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.3 Narrow- and Wideband Systems Frequency domain
frequency-selective

Time domain
subsequent symbols will severely overlap

ISI occurs
L. Hring OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 25

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

2 Radio Propagation Channels


2.3 Narrow- and Wideband Systems Frequency-flat (Bc>>B)

Symbols overlap marginally (no ISI) Simple receiver sufficient

Frequency-selective (Bc<<B)

Symbols overlap (ISI) Sophisticated time-domain receiver needed


L. Hring OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 26

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.1 Idea of multicarrier transmission Idea of multicarrier transmission: Wideband channel N narrowband channels
within each subband

frequency-flat

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 27

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.1 Idea of multicarrier transmission Comparison: Single-Carrier vs. Multi-Carrier

single symbol has bandwidth: time duration:

B TS/N
L. Hring

B/N=f TS
OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 28

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.1 Idea of multicarrier transmission Transmitter block diagram

Tx signal:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 29

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.1 Idea of multicarrier transmission Receiver block diagram

Rx signal:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 30

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.2 OFDM as special case Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Special choice of pulse-shaping filter:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 31

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.2 OFDM as special case Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Special choice of frequency spacings:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 32

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.2 OFDM as special case Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Special choice of frequency spacings:

-3 -2 -1

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 33

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.2 OFDM as special case Discrete time representation
x(t) is sampled at t=iT+kTS:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 34

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.2 OFDM as special case Discrete Time representation
Receiver: Reverse operation

Exercise 2: Proof

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 35

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.2 OFDM as special case Simplified OFDM transmission chain

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 36

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.3 Usage of cyclic prefix Block transmission
block 1 block 1 block 1 block 2 block 2 block 2 block 3 block 3 block 3 path 1 path 2 path L

DFT window

time

InterBlock Interference (IBI)


L. Hring OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 37

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.3 Usage of cyclic prefix Block transmission with guard interval (GI) / cyclic prefix (CP)
GI GI GI block 1 block 1 block 1 GI GI GI block 2 block 2 block 2 GI GI GI block 3 block 3 block 3 path 1 path 2 path L

DFT window

time

no InterBlock Interference (IBI)


L. Hring OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 38

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.3 Usage of cyclic prefix Usage of guard interval / cyclic prefix
IBI can be completely avoided if

guard interval

orthogonality interval

copy

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 39

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions Two-Dimensional Channel Assumptions:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 40

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions Transmission under ideal conditions
Discrete-time baseband Tx signal (including cyclic prefix)

information symbols

with

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 41

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions
Signal after digital/analog conversion

Tx baseband signal after pulse-shaping filter

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 42

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions Transmission via radio channel

with effective channel impulse response

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 43

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions Receiver processing
Rx baseband signal

Rx signal is sampled with period T:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 44

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions

block fading channel is assumed

Sampled received baseband signal:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 45

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions
Exercise 3: Show that holds

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 46

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions
Overview:
input signal (orthogonal subcarriers) linear time-(in)variant channel output signal (orthogonal subcarriers)

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 47

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions
Carry out DFT at receiver:

Demodulated signal:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 48

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions

Simplified OFDM block diagram:

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 49

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

3 OFDM Basics
3.4 Transmission under ideal conditions Matrix-vector representation
IDFT operation

where

L. Hring

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing p. 50

Department of Communication Systems

N NT T S S

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