Chap. 4.

Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations

Safe : Bearing Capacity Failure, Shearing Failure chap.6 Existence in the Allowable Settlement chap.7

* Recently, there is no case of shearing failure. * Sand Settlement is control but Liquefaction Shearing Failure is control

* Saturated Clay ( Soft Clay) Liquid Storage Tank, Mat Foundation

* Allowable Bearing Capacity,

qa
(4.15)

qa

qult

SF

* Estimation Method of Bearing Capacity Bearing Capacity by Building Code (Table 4.8) Method based on experience, based on soil classification No case of lab test & technological alternative plan NAVFAC Bearing Capacity Equation (too many equation) 1) = 0 Soil Clay (Soft), Undrained Strenth, Total Stress Analysis 2) C= 0 Soil 3) C, Soil Sand, Drained Strength, Effective Stress Analysis Drained Strength (OC) Undrained Strength (Compacted Clay)

* Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Clay ( = 0) - UU Test

Cu Su

=0 (Total Stress)

- Strip footing

plane strain

Uniform Soil w / Const. C u Undrained Condition ( = 0) Circular Surface Failure (assume center) B q R

M d = Driving Moment M R = Resisting Moment

Limite Equilibrium Condition: M R = M D

Cu

M D = (B q) B = qB 2 2
M R = C u ( B) B = B2 C u

MD = MR

q = 2 Cu = N c C u

Ultimate Bearing Capacity

N c = 2 = 6 .2 8

.. Bearing Capacity Factor

Calculation with changing the center of the circle

- Why we use the undrained strength when we design the foundation on the soft clay(OC)? - Relation between load speed and drain speed Excess pore water pressure dissipation Total stress Uniform Effective stress increase Drained strength increase Short term vs. Long-term Stability

- In case of Sand and Excavation ? - Most Critical Failure Surface B q

Straight line Straight line long-spiral

=0
Plane strain

N c = 2 + = 5.14

=0
On the ground surface ( No embedment )

Flat. Surface Load at Center ( No eccentricity )

* General Equation

q ult = C N c Sc d c lc g c + Df

Df

total

Where

qult = ultimate bearing capacity

C= undrained strength

Sc , d c , lc , g c
1) Shape Factor

factors

Sc = 1 + 0.2 B

( L)

B L

width of footing length of footing

2) Depth Factor

D d c = 1 + 0.4 f B
But,

d c 1.5
2

3) Inclination Factor

ic = 1 90

4) Ground Surface Inclination Factor

gc = 1

147

- Foundation subjected to eccentric loads When column is eccentric from the center of the foundation When section is cut or new load is added * Meyerhof (1953) Linearly decrease of ultimate bearing capacity depending in eccentricity ( e B , eL ) of two section L Effective foundation section

L = Effective length = L 2eL

B eB eL e Q q max =

B = Effective width = B 2eB

6e Q (1 + ) BL B

q min =
qmin qmax

Q 6e (1 ) BL B
redesign

q min 0 e B 6

) Calculation of ultimate bearing capacity ( q ult

- use

B = B , L = L

for shape factor not for depth factor

S c = 1 + 0 .2

B L D d c = 1 + 0.4 f B

Calculation of allowable bearing capacity

= q allow

qult F .S

( q app

( B ')( L ') Consideration loss on ultimate bearing capacity Pallow = qallow

so, Proper Design w / Concentrated Load

 Net ultimate bearing capacity

q net = q ult Df
* Comments
1. never place a footing directly on NC clay compacted fill for small structures

Compacted Clay NC Clay

2. Unsaturated Clay

compacted fill

c-

3. Undrained Strength Uniaxial Compression(UC) UU Test(UU) standard Field Vane(Vane)

Cu (UC) = 0.85 Cu (UU) Cu (Vane) = 1.31 Cu (UU) Cu (Vane) = 1.43 Cu (UC)

4. Layered System

Clay Layered Ground

C1

C2

Button (1953) Program using Circular Activity Failure & Undrained Strength of each Layers the minimum value trial & error Strength Ratio between two layers C R = C 2 C1 0 .6 C R 1 .3 C1 C 2 ( soft over stiff ) possible

(Solution) possibility of squeezing out Deep Foundation (If it is not economic) Removal of Soft Clay replacement as compacted clay or sand/ ground improvement C1 C 2 Building as compacted clay

Cu

C1 C 2

most common by desiccation

if

H 2 B or B
in between

use

C1

depth

use weighted average (up to 2B or B)

A large number of Model Equations

* Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Sand ( C = 0 )

= C + tan
C=0

Why do we use drained strength?

= tan

- General Equation

1 2

Df

B B

q = 1Df

qult = 1 D f N q f q +

1 B 2 Nr fr 2

1 D f N q S q d q iq g q + B 2 N r S r d r ir g r

1 2

N q , N r = f ( )

Various Factor
1. Shape Factor

B S q = 1 + ( ) tan L

B=width of footing

B S r = 1 0.4( ) L
2. Depth Factor

L= length of footing

d q = 1 + 2(tan )(1 Sin ) 2 k

k=

Df B

for Df B

Df B for

1
Df B

dr = 1

k = tan 1

3. Load Inclination Factor

Safe Against Sliding

AF = B L
i q = (1 0.5 H 5 ) V

H V tan Af Af

ir = (1 0.7

H 5 ) V

4. Ground Inclination Factor

T = W Sin T N tan tan < tan

N = W Cos

T W

Note : must be less than

Infinite Slope Failure

g q = g r = (1 0.5 tan ) 5
5. Eccentric Loading Same as I Saturated Clay

Effect of Water Table (undrained strength) Saturated Clay However Total Stress Analysis

(total unit wt.) (submerged unit)

Sand drained strength

'

1 = 2 = '

1 = 2 = '

Dw Dw Df B

D f <D w <B

1 =

Dw + ( D f Dw ) ' Df

1 =
2 =
( Dw D f ) + ( B + D f Dw ) B

2 = '
*

q = 1D f
1 2B 2

above the foundation below the foundation

* General Shear

vs. Punching Shear

P
Dense

Load-Sett. Curve Sett

Dense Sand

Loose

- sudden Failure - Failure surface is extended to the ground surface (burging) General Shear Failure (When we derive the equation of the bearing capacity, we assume this ) Loose Sand - failure surface is not extended to the ground surface - Punching Shear or Local Shear

* For Loose Sand : (N<10 or so ) - general failure does not apply - using general bearing capacity Eq as reducing friction angle

= tan 1 ( tan )

2 3

C = 2 C 3

6. 11 Bearing Capacity of Rock

- Allowable Bearing Pressure Presumptive values in the code mostly Empirical rules Rational methods on bearing capacity and settlement Full scale load test - Discontinuities joint, seams, fault, bedding planes spacing, orientation, strength of discontinuity

- Carter and Kulhawy (1988) = J C N cr qu where,

J = correction factor C = cohesive strength of rock mass

N cr = bearing capacity factor

- C,

from intact sample

reduction factor for reduction factor for

= 0,5~0.75 C = E = 0.1 where RQD70%

0.6 where RQD=100%

- If rock is very strong, concrete strength governs

q a 0.33 f c

- Soluble Rocks

lime stone, gypsum, rock salt underground cavity (*caution)