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GADBA S U P P L E M E N T by T. BURROW AND S.

BHATTACHARYA

The material contained in the present supplement was collected by the authors in the autumn of 1957 partly from Gadbas living in the vicinity o f Pottangi in the Koraput District (indicated by P.), and partly from a village close to Salur (indicated by S.). Since during this period we were engaged in reconnoitering widely over the tribal Dravidian area rather than in the intensive study of any particular language, we did not have the occasion to spend long with the Gadbas. Nevertheless we were able to collect a considerable amount of vocabulary material to supplement that already available. 1 The present list contains about 400 words, compared with some 650 in the original publication. As was to be expected the list contains considerable additions to the comparative vocubulary and these are briefly indicated with references to the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (DED). 2 During our visit we were able to obtain some further clarification concerning the Gadba language. The most important point that emerged was the absence of any fundamental dialect divisions within it. This corrects previous assumptions that there existed such a cleavage between the Salur dialect and Ollari. We can now say that as regards grammar and vocabulary the language as spoken in both ares is fundamentally unitary, allowing of course for the inevitable local differences which are always found in vernacular speech. There are some phonetic differences which can be observed, notably the occurrence in the pronunciation of the Salur district of c for s and .d for .r. The former is probably an archaism preserved by those Gadbas who have descended from the hills and settled in the plains round Salur. In this respect the Gadba of the Salur region agrees with Parji, the language to which Gadba is most closely allied. The latter variation is due x In S. Bhattacharya, Ollari, A Dravidian Speech (Calcutta, 1957). T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau, A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (Oxford, 1961).

46

T. BURROW AND S. BHATTACI-IARYA

to the influence of Telugu (which has .dbut no r) and it is found only in those villages which are very close to Salur. Even here a lack of consistency was observed, with .r occurring as a variant of .d, while in the pronunciation of those villages in the plain which are not so close to Salur the original Gadba .r is retained. This corresponds always to Parji r and Primitive Dravidian ..r, as the examples in the vocabulary and the supplement dearly show. It is remarkable that this Dravidian tribe should be designated by the same name as the Kolarian tribe of quite different origin. However, since the latter in their own language use the form Gut6b in speaking of themselves, it is quite convenient to use the form Gadba of the Dravidian and Gut6b of the Kolarian tribe. Alternatively one may make the distinction by referring to the Kolarian Gadbas and the Dravidian Gadbas. The name Ollar or Hallar is used only of the Dravidian tribe, but it has the disadvantage of not being recognised over the whole area. As far as we could gather it was not current among the Gadbas in the vicinity of Salur. For this reason we cannot very well use the term Ollari to apply to the Gadba language in general. The name used by the Gadbas near Salur of themselves is Kon.dekor, which means 'mountaineers'. This fact and the fact that their village names usually terminate in valasa which is a Telugu word meaning 'migration" or "settlement of migrants" indicates that they have at some time migrated from the hills to the plain of Salur. The fact that their dialect does not differ fundamentally from that of the hills shows that this migration must have been comparatively recent. An indication of the period when this may have occurred is furnished by the historical records of the Jeypore state, from which we learn that Vi~vambhara Deo I, Rajah of Jeypore from form 1672-1676, "ruled over the whole coastal area now comprised in the modern district of Vizagapatam, and encouraged people to make settlements in the plains", a It is not unlikely that the presence of the Gadabas (and other hill tribes) in the plains around Salur may be the direct result of this policy, which of course may have also been pursued by other rulers when they had command over the plains.

a See Kumar Bidyadhan Singh Deo, Nandapur. A Forsaken Kingdom (Jeypore, 1939), p. 68.

GADBA SUPPLEMENT

47

a.dugu S. footstep [ < Te.] ad.get. (pl. ad.gesil) S. comb of cock and.al P. bowstring [Cf. Pa. and.- to attach string to bow, DED. 69]

ed- P. to arrive erg- P. to defecate [DED 696] eligp- (eliot-) P. to peel off (ft.) esar P. water in which rice is boiled
[<Te.]

an.dkir P. hunger [Pa. and.ku.d thirst:


D E D 95] addam S. mirror [ < Te.] adb- P. to press [DED 114] anisp- (artist-) P. to load (on cart) anuyk- S. to kill, destroy [DED 235] ammi S. younger sister aykil S. a kind of millet, rendered by Te. ko.r.ralu [Pa. ayk a kind of grain called in Halbi kagg] aft- P. to sift [DED 306] ay~am (pl. aygasil) P. horse arvu S. hump of bullock a.rg- P., ad.g- S. to dig al- P. to be cured alap- P. to cure avs- P. to knead akum P. steam [Pa. dkub: DED 334] acin S. that day, day before yesterday atek P. cubit ddir P., ddur (pl. -gul) S. hail [DED 348] amk- S. to yawn [DED 333] drgem S. brazier al S. pipal [DED 324] id..dig P.S. two (neut.) [DED 401] i.ndmulpfm P. back bone irpa S. mahua [DED 410] irsu S. axle [<Te.] ilia P. quill of porcupine und.a P. wheel un.dke P. pej; S. food und.tel P. forehead umbulkur P. urine [Pa. umbulku.d] umbl- P. to urinate [DED 553] uyup- (uyut-) P.S. to measure uyt- S. to kick urum S. thunder [DED 616] uruskur P. sweat [Pa. ur.iukud.: DED 565] urinal P. turban u.rv- P.S. to comb; S. to stir with ladle ulli P.S. onion [DED 605] uluk P.S. plantain [Pa. aluvi, 101. ~duvul, fdukul id.] and- P. to blow eccel S. when eccey kdlam S. hot season et.riuga S. a kind of bird end.erke S. crab [ < Te.] etap- (etat-) P. to think

~t bdm P.S. cobra [Pa. ~t bdm id.] ond.a S. den (old wild animal) odg- P. to put on (shoes) oyk- P. to stick (intr.) oyukp- (oyukt-) P. to stick (ft.) ora P. sheath, quiver [<Te.] orp- (ort-) P. to smear with cowdung [Pa ot.p-, oft- : DED807] 6rg- S. to call
dr- P. to lie down [Pa. 6r- to roll] kacin (pl. kaekil) S. seed (of fruit) kafse P.S. boiled rice [Contrasts with the form ka.rse recorded in Lamptaput.] kanuyk- (kanuyt-) P.S. to yoke bullocks (to cart or plough) [Pa. kancip-, kancit-

id.] kanul d.imba eyeball kanul mat.a eyelid (or eyelash) [Kuvi kanu mala eyebrow (or eyelash, S.)] kandi (pl. kandil) P. bead (in pl. necklace) [Pa. kandi id.] kanve P. a stick. kami P. nosering [DED 1043] kampa P. thorny bushes used for fencing kar- P. to give birth to karl P. rust karu d.ela P. a clod of earth [Pa. kad.u
sod: DED 1148]

karup- (karut-) P. to burn (tr.) [DED

10731
karup din P. summer kardi (pl. kardil) P. Cajanus indicus [Pa. kerdi: DED 1019] karv- P. to burn (intr.) [Pa. kerr-: D E D
1073]

kavve P.S. tortoise [DED 1128] kand. i irid P. scorpion kiga.t sen- P. to go hunting kifakeP, the peculiar Gadbafemale garment commonly known as kereng kite P. spade or hoe kite pan P. hip bone [Pa. kit.t.a hip, kit.a gufz~i hip, waist] kitke er- P. to be silent [Pa. kit.k- to be
silent: D E D 1285]

kiyub P. Colocasia antiquorum kfbi id.: DED 1667] kiro-moro P. a quarrel

[Pa.

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T. BURROW AND S. BHATTACHARYA

kiri P. below, beneath [Pa. kiri: DED


1348] kismul P. fireplace kukava.re P. butterfly [Pa. gogavala: DED 1556] kukun (pl. kukul) P. mushroom [Pa. kgtki, pl. kakM id] kunje S. a small basket [Pa ku~a] kund. P. anus [DED 1413] kutar P. lip kuppa S. heap kumbir P. crocodile kurud. S. a kind of vegetable kure S. tuber, edible root [Pa. kur.da id.] kurp- (kurt-) P. to plait split bamboos to make baskets kurt.um P.S. leech [Pa. kurt.ub] ku.rub P. hole in the ground, pit kure P. hut kusun (191. kuskul) P. stump of tree [Pa. kucci" DED 1369] ktLd P. handle (e.g. of knife) kar P. boil [DED 1482] kftrk- P. to doze [DED 1582] kekin (pl kekil) P.S. fruit [DED 1220] ket.- P.S. to shut [DED 1648] kendit. P., kendut. (pl. kendukul) S. feather [Pa. kgndid id.] keymbur S. bitter [DED 1~47] keral P. story, tale [Cf. Kui k~rond,i story, tale, fable, Kuvi (S.) kgrnai to sing, Malt. qdri a tale, Kur. khiri tale fable, legend] ker~- P. to lean (intr.) kerp- (kert-) P. to lean (tr.) [DED 1674] kogan und.- P. to kneel ko~alin (pl. kouasil) S. crane [DED 1767] kond.ke S. large black ant kond.su S. tick on dogs kodm- S. to cough kodumkur S. a cough, coughing kope nete P. wild dog kommu S. horn kompre P. elbow koyya S. quill of porcupine kor g~ynel S. at cock crow korni base P. fallow land korli P. a kind of basket korur P. leaf-shoot [Pa. koruug: DED 1787] korkut. P., kod.ukut. S. fat [Pa. ko.rukud. : DED 1784] kolak (pl. kolakor) P. herdsman

kolut S. horse-gram [DED 1790] kovase P. spider kove P. red-faced monkey [DED 1781] kosa P. hair-bundle kand.urun (pl. kan~lurgul) S. scorpion kati S. red-faced monkey [ < Te.] kane P. corner [DED 1834] gad. d.a S. river gampa S. a large basket [DED 1041] gana P. oil-press gabu S. weeds gave S. ulcer gina P. metal pot, cup [DED 1291] girgira P. cold [Pa. girgira id] girl P. line [DED 1352] gummi S. pit gulsa vin.du P. sling gum P. crowbar gad.u S. nest ged.d.am S. beard [DED 970] genji S. water from boiled rice [DED
927]

gond.sa S. squirrel gonde S. blanket gorpa S. shell of tortoise [Kuvi gorpo


shell of tortoise, egg]

gayu S. iguana gale P. abuse ealandi P. cold rice serving for breakfast ciku.r S. bean(s) [ < Te. cikkud.u] einup [pl. cinpul) P.S. bracelet [Pa. cMup pl.. cMpul) id.] einmakil S. children cirmul S. sambar [O11. sirmul] cirru S. buffalo [Oll sir] cikat. S. darkness cukka S. drop (of rain) co~a S. bubble [P. so~a] fit.ki P. lightening jilbe S. earwax [P. silbe] t.ipe P. point (of knife) t.od.i P. chin ~tand.a P. sugar cane d.uml.i P. flower bud ~luppi P. spotted deer ~tumpa S. root, tuber [Te. dumpa: DED
2729]

.dekka S. hoof [Te. d.ekka: DED 2412] ~lo~ga S. thief takil mM P. grand-danghter takil sind. P. grandson tap- P. to put, add (salt to food, etc.) [Pa. tapp-: DED 2500]

GADBA SUPPLEMENT

49

ta.rki P. earring (of females) [Kur. ta.rki an ear ornament of metal shaped like the moon cresent] talgir S. centipede talpu S. door tals- P. (rat, etc.) to scratch up earth timuk pind.ake P. a kind of bee tig P. creeper [DED 2675] tin pat.fu P. hive or honeycomb tuf-P.S, to apply (e.g. caste mark to forehead) tumba maran S. the babool tree [Te. tumma-cet.t.u] tuy- P. to set fire to tuy~- P. to sleep turikalu P. sparks tekiI P. lungs tel-P. (ringworm, etc.) to appear, break out on skin [Pa. t~l- (spots) to appear on skin] tokka S. bark to~goli P. loincloth tond. un S. tomorrow tomna P. snout (of pig) tolkerkalam S. rainy season [<Te. tolakari id.] tdnd.- P. to draw water t6y marin P. Ficus glomerata DED 2915 dund.u S. a kind of snake duma P. fat, corpulent dfdam S. beam [<Te.] dMi P.S. dust dokod,e S. a kind of lizard [DED 2415] dona S. a leaf cup [DED 2913] dobba ( pl. l) S. lung(s) [DED 2898] do.rga S. a kind of snake nand.ke P. bug nandal S. four (fem.) narub (91. narbul) P. vein [DED 2364] narpi S. middle, second (child) navake S. earthworm nagu S. earring [Kuvi (F.) nagt~ earring, brass wire (worn by females only)] nink- P. (flood-water) to subside [Pa. nin.dk-: DED 364] niruk- S. to light (a lamp) nisa narkam S. midnight nir nete P. otter nfr P. ashes [DED 3060] nend.in P. in the middle [Pa nendub the middle, nendunal midnight] nend. gap P. midnight netir P. blood [DED 3106]

netrat. P. red n~nz- P. to breath [DED 3120] noki P. a metal vessel nongre manjik P. broken pieces of rice after pounding [Pa. nuggur broken rice: DED 3089] pakka S. side payola P. wing pafiye P. beam pandoy (91. ~ P. shoe pand- S. (fire) to burn pay P.S. green, fresh parigp- (parigt-) P. to split (firewood with axe) [DED 3267] parj- P. to be lighted (lamp) parip- (parip-) P. to light (lamp) pars- P. to scratch [DED 3313] pal'g- P. (hair) to become grey palle S. rice seedling pince S. tail of peacock pindake P. fly pirral ( pl. pirrasil) S. buttock [DED 3452] pilup (pilut-) P. to thunder (subject mogul cloud) [DED 3447] pit P.S. straw pisu S. foam pucca kaya S. coloeynth [<Te. pucca] pu.tli S. small [DED 3498] puy marin P. the tree Schleichera trt~uga [DED 3566] purus tfte P. dove pusk- P. to extract, pull out [DED 3513] pend.ka S. roof pedeve S. lip [DED 3609] pendup- (pendut-) P. to bury [Pa. pendid: DED 3359] pelap- (pelap-) S. to push pogasur S. soot pot.- P. to blister [DED 3679] pod- P. to be wet, to get wet podup- (podut-) P. to wet, to make wet [DED 3731] podul P. flour [Pa. podil: DED 3667] pondu S. forehead poypol P. roof [Cf. DED 3730] pore P. leaf [Cf. Pa. porra bush, shrub] porege P. loincloth pore- S. to be got, obtained porp- (port-) P. to bark [Kol. po.d-, etc. : DED 3495] p6rp P. heap, stack (of grain) [DED 37521

50

T. BURROW AND S. BHATTACHARYA

ba~garam S. gold [ < Te.] bad..du S. creeper [ < Ted band.i P.S. cart bati P. lamp bamb (pl. bambul) P. snake base P. S. earth, ground bitek P. span binap- (binat-) P. to curse birap- (birap-) P. to wave (fan) bisna P. fan buggal (pl. buggasil) P. cheek [DED 3485] bun.druke S. a kind of gourd burki S. a small kind of basket burgul P. eyebrows burda P. mud [ < Te.] bulu S. fruit bftm pind. ake S. bumble bee barje S. silk cotton tree [DED 3580] beked, e S. frog beggid. S. much, more [Pa. peugot.: DEE) 3613] beugurtul S. many be.de P. female calf [DED 3208] her beret. P big river be.rap berat-) P. to surround b~k- S. (cold, etc.) is felt bogge S. charcoal [DED 3646] bo~ga P. hole [DED 3646] bot.u P. drop, spot [DED 3676] boyra P. deaf borra S. hole in tree [ < Ted bora b~mb P. python bolyar P. strong b~ra P. bald [DED 3761] man.dap P.S. man.deya grain man P. sand [Pa. man : DED 3817] maygil P. peacock maytal P. whetstone [DED 3779] maymur P. moss mar-P, to rub (oil, etc.) on oneself [Pa. mer- to rub (oneself)] marup- (marut-) P. to rub (oil, etc.) on another marl S. axe [Pa. mad.i: DED 3889] mardig maran P. Saj tree [Pa. merdeggi: DED 3862] masa P. mark, stain [DED 3783] miyortul (191.) P. beans muvgan P. nose mu~gi p~tu S. mongoose muccika S. a medium sized basket mut.a P. fist

mund. e P. post mude P. a cow [Te. modavu a milch cow] mundel P. the front muy P. black-faced monkey [Pa. muy: DED 4020] murug S. bracelet [Te. murugu: DED 4082] murg- P. to bend the head (in peeping) murga P. a kind of shrub murtand. S. Palas tree [DED 4084] mu.rsund, din P. the rainy sea,on [DED 4024] mut,g- P. to be immersed mak P. shoulder mati S. snout (of pig) [DED 4121] marp- (mart-) S. to close medik P. brain [Pa. medek: DED 4153] meykom P. cucumber [Pa. merkub(i): DEE) 4165] mers S. lightning mel- P. to flash (lightning) [Pa. melkto lighten] m~n P. body mot.o P. blunt mod.o S. bud [Kui mo.do id. : DEE) 4198] rnord.o S. stump of tree rn~ri P. flute rayak- (rayat-) S. to write rasi P. cattle reyya S. shrimp, prawn [DEE) 440] r~ku P. spoke of wheel lasa P. sap of tree vatr- P. to boil val P. door [Pa. vel doorway, Kur. ball door, or rather screen made of bamboo mats, Malt. bali a matted screen for a door] vala S. net [ < Te.] valk- P. to limp yap- [vat-) P. to swell ray P. edge of knife varp- (raft-) P. to strain (water from boiled rice) rare P. fence val P. outside [Pa. val id.] vasam (pL vasal) S. rafter vitam P. ringworm vinci- P. to become light, be illuminated viri var- P. to return vistura P. leaf plate (for eating boiled rice) vett.t,- S. (dus0 to rise, (river) to flow vedir (pl. vedirgil) bamboo verig (pl. vergil) S. cat

GADBA SUPPLEMENT

51

vgg- P. to dawn v~yu- S. to thatch salve P. a ladle [DED 1905] sarig (pl. sargil) P. footprint [Pa. cad.ug:
D E D 63]

silbe P. earwax [Cf. S. jilbe] sfnd-P, to clear nose [DED 2153] sindi S. date palm sung- P. to tie up (hair in topknot) sumt.al P. head-pad [Pa. cumt.al: DED
22041

sarmase pan P. collar bone sarit (pl. sakkil) P.S. bullock [Cf. Kui srahnu k64i id., Kon.da ran id., and Go. sarapi, etc.: DED 1986] saldi S. early morning sap (pl. sapul) P. thorn sapal S. boy same S. a kind of grain sale P. shed sale pa!tu S. spiders web sale pind.ake S. spider sikve P. ropes of shoulder yoke sigil S. a kind of gram sit-P, to gore with horns [Pa. citt-:
DEE) 2084]

suygur P. soot suydi S. ant suluskur P. pus [Pa. culjuku(l: DED 1508] sure P. spring [DED 2219] sen P. ear of paddy [DED 2300] sendra P. cloth [Kuvi handra, Pc. hendra
id.]

sinup (pl. sinpul) P. bracelet [Pa. cfdup id.] sirig (pl. siruil) P. charcoal, cinders sir- munake P. firefly sirl- S. to revolve sirlap-S, to cause to revolve [Pa. cirl-, cirlip- id.]

set- P. to press (oil with press) s~del (pl. -gil) S. porcupine [DED 2283] soda P. bubble son(l.i P. beak of bird sot P. true sotur P. clever soy- S. to itch [DED 2343] soymur P. the itch soygel S. fireplace [DED 2337] sollu S. mouth sOD- P. to pierce, penetrate sOrgul S. cultivated field.

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