Electricity and Magnetism II - Homework Assignment 4

Alejandro Gomez Espinosa

February 27, 2013
Jackson, 9.2 A radiating quadrupole consists of a square of side a with charges q at alternate corners.
The square rotates with angular velocity about an axis normal to the plane of the square and
through its center. Calculate the quadrupole moments, the radiation elds, the angular distribution
of radiation, and the total radiated power, all in the long-wavelength approximation. What is the
frequency of the radiation?
Figure 1: A radiating quadrupole place in the x y plane, according to Jackson 9.2
An sketch of this problem is shown in Figure 1. Here d =
a

2
and once the system start to rotate,
it will do it with an angle = t. Then, the charge density in each point (where 1 represents the
charge placed in the positive side of x, 2 the one in the positive side of y, 3 in the negative x and 4
the negative y) is given by:
(r) = q(r r

) =
1
+
2
+
3
+
4

1
= q
_
x
a

2
cos t
_

_
y
a

2
sin t
_
(z)

2
= q
_
x +
a

2
sin t
_

_
y
a

2
cos t
_
(z)

3
= q
_
x +
a

2
cos t
_

_
y +
a

2
sin t
_
(z)

4
= q
_
x
a

2
sin t
_

_
y +
a

2
cos t
_
(z)

gomez@physics.rutgers.edu
1
Once we got the charge density of our system, we can calculate the quadrupole moment tensor
(9.41):
Q

=
_
(3x

r
2

)(r)d
3
x (1)
Let us calculate each term separate:
Q
11
=
_
x
2
d
3
x
=
_
x
2
q
_

_
x
a

2
cos t
_
+
_
x +
a

2
sin t
_

_
x +
a

2
cos t
_
+
_
x
a

2
sin t
__
dx
= q
_

a
2
2
cos
2
t +
a
2
2
sin
2
t
a
2
2
cos
2
t +
a
2
2
sin
2
t
_
= qa
2
_
cos
2
t + sin
2
t
_
= qa
2
cos
2
(2t)
Similar for Q
22
:
Q
22
=
_
y
2
d
3
x
=
_
y
2
q
_

_
y
a

2
sin t
_
+
_
y
a

2
cos t
_

_
y +
a

2
sin t
_
+
_
y +
a

2
cos t
__
dy
= qa
2
cos
2
(2t)
Q
12
= Q
21
=
_
xy d
3
x
=
_
xyq
_

_
x
a

2
cos t
_

_
y
a

2
sin t
_
+
_
x +
a

2
sin t
_

_
y
a

2
cos t
_
...
_
dx dy
= q
_
4
a
2
2
cos t sin t
_
= qa
2
sin(2t)
Q
33
=
_
z
2
d
3
x =
_
z
2
(z)d
3
x = 0
Q
31
= Q
31
= 0
Q
21
= Q
21
= 0
Let us now compute the magnetic eld (9.44):
H =
ick
3
24
e
ikr
r
n Q(n) (2)
where n = sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z and Q(n) can be calculated by using the expression:
Q

(3)
2
therefore:
Q
1
=

Q
1
n

= Q
11
x + Q
12
y
= 3qa
2
cos(2t) sin cos 3qa
2
sin(2t) sin sin
= 3qa
2
sin (cos(2t) cos + sin(2t) sin )
= 3qa
2
sin cos(2t )
= 3qa
2
sin e
i(2t)
Q
2
=

Q
2
n

= Q
22
x + Q
21
y
= 3qa
2
cos(2t) sin sin + 3qa
2
sin(2t) sin cos
= 3qa
2
sin sin(2t )
= 3qa
2
sin ie
i(2t)
Q
3
= 0
Q(n) = 3qa
2
sin e
i(2t)
( x + i y) (4)
Hence,
n Q = (sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z)
_
3qa
2
sin e
i(2t)
( x + i y)
_
if = 3qa
2
sin e
i(2t)
= (icos ) x + (cos ) y + (isin cos sin sin ) z
= icos x + cos y + isin e
i
z
Plugging this expression in (2), the magnetic eld is given by:
H =
ick
3
24
e
ikr
r
_
3qa
2
sin e
i(2t)
__
i cos x + cos y + i sin e
i
z
_
(5)
Once we got H, we can calculate the electric eld, given by:
E = Z
0
Hn (6)
For simplicity, let us call =
ick
3
24
e
ikr
r
_
3qa
2
sin e
i(2t)
_
and then work the cross product:
H

n =
_
i cos x + cos y + i sin e
i
z
_
(sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z)
=
_
cos
2
i sin
2
sin e
i
_
x +
_
i sin
2
cos e
i
+ i cos
2

_
y
+(i cos sin sin cos sin cos ) z
=
_
cos
2
i sin
2
sin e
i
_
x +
_
i sin
2
cos e
i
+ i cos
2

_
y +
_
cos sin e
i
_
z (7)
Therefore:
E = Z
0

__
cos
2
i sin
2
sin e
i
_
x +
_
i sin
2
cos e
i
+ i cos
2

_
y +
_
cos sin e
i
_
z
_
(8)
3
Now that we found the radiating elds, we can calculate the angular distribution of radiation, given
by:
dP
d
=
c
2
Z
0
k
6
1152
2
|(n Q) n|
2
(9)
where we can see that the cross product expression is basically (7) squared multiply by
2
:
_
H

n
_
2
=
_
cos
2
i sin
2
sin e
i
_
2
+
_
i sin
2
cos e
i
+ i cos
2

_
2
+
_
cos sin e
i
_
2
= 2 cos
2
sin
2
e
2i
sin
4
sin
2
e
2i
sin
4
cos
2
e
2i
+ cos
2
sin
2
e
2i
= cos
2
sin
2
e
2i
sin
4
e
2i
= e
2i
sin
2

_
cos
2
sin
2

_
= e
2i
sin
2

Thus,
dP
d
=
c
2
Z
0
k
6
1152
2

2
_
e
2i
sin
_
=
c
2
Z
0
k
6
1152
2
_
9q
2
a
4
sin
2
e
2i(2t)
__
e
2i
sin
2

_
=
c
2
Z
0
k
6
q
2
a
4
128
2
sin
4
e
4it
And the total radiated power:
P =
_
dP
d
d
=
c
2
Z
0
k
6
q
2
a
4
128
2
e
4it
_
sin
4
d
=
c
2
Z
0
k
6
q
2
a
4
128
2
e
4it
16
5

=
c
2
Z
0
k
6
q
2
a
4
40
e
4it
Finally, the frequency is 2 according to (5) in this case.
4
Jackson, 9.3 Two halves of a spherical metallic shell of radius R and innite conductivity are separated
by a very small insulating gap. An alternating potential is applied between the two halves of the
sphere so that the potentials are V cos t. In the long-wavelength limit, nd the radiation elds,
the angular distribution of radiated power, and the total radiated power from the sphere.
This problem is similar to the one discuss in Section 9.2 for an electric dipole elds, since we have
two halves of an sphere with dierent potentials. Then, the magnetic eld in the radiation zone can
be written as:
H =
ck
2
4
(n p)
e
i(krt)
r
(10)
where p is the electric dipole moment, n is the unit vector and, we include the alternate part of the
potential cos as e
it
in the radiating eld.
Since we have azimuthal symmetry, we can recall Section 3.3 of Jacksons book, when we review the
potential outside an sphere where one half had potential V and the other V . The total outside
potential in this case of an sphere of radius R is given by:
(r, ) = V
_
3
2
_
R
r
_
2
P
1
(cos )
7
8
_
R
r
_
4
P
3
(cos ) +
11
16
_
R
r
_
6
P
5
(cos )...
_
(11)
according to (3.36). Since relation (11) corresponds to the sum of all the contributions of the electric
potential, we can keep only the rst leading term, due to the electric dipole. If we compare the
relation for the potential in the multipole expansion in the direction of z in cylindrical coordinates:
(r, ) =
1
4
0
p z
r
3
=
1
4
0
p cos
r
2
(12)
we found:
V
3
2
_
R
r
_
2
P
1
(cos ) =
1
4
0
p cos
r
2
3V R
2
cos =
p cos
2
0
p = 6
0
R
2
V
that must be in the direction of z. Plugging this expression in (10):
H =
ck
2
4
e
i(krt)
r
((sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z)
_
6
0
R
2
V z
_
)
=
3ck
2
R
2

0
V
2r
e
i(krt)
(sin cos y + sin sin x)
=
3ck
2
R
2

0
V
2r
sin e
i(krt)
(sin x cos y)
For the electric eld, we can use (6):
E = Z
0
Hn
= Z
0
_
3ck
2
R
2

0
V
2r
sin e
i(krt)
(sin x cos y)
_
(sin cos x + sin sin y + cos z)
=
3ck
2
R
2

0
V Z
0
2r
sin e
i(krt)
(cos cos x cos sin y + sin z)
5
Once we got the relations for the radiating elds, we can compute the angular distribution of the
radiating power:
dP
d
=
c
2
Z
0
32
2
k
4
|(n p) n|
2
=
c
2
Z
0
32
2
k
4

_
6
0
R
2
V sin (sin x cos y)
_
n

2
=
c
2
Z
0
32
2
k
4
(36
2

2
0
R
4
V
2
sin
2
) |cos cos x cos sin y + sin z|
2
=
9c
2
Z
0

2
0
R
4
V
2
8
k
4
sin
2

_
cos
2
cos
2
+ cos
2
sin
2
+ sin
2

_
=
9c
2
Z
0

2
0
R
4
V
2
8
k
4
sin
2

Finally, the total radiated power:

P =
_
dP
d
d
=
9c
2
Z
0

2
0
R
4
V
2
8
k
4
_
sin
2
d
=
9c
2
Z
0

2
0
R
4
V
2
8
k
4
8
3
= 3c
2
Z
0

2
0
R
4
V
2
k
4