AnewempiricalapproachintheSearchfor ExtraterrestrialIntelligence:Astrobiological nonlocalityatthecosmologicallevel

FredH.Thaheld

Abstract Overaperiodofseveraldecadesaconcertedefforthasbeenmadetodetermine whetherintelligentlifeexistsoutsideofoursolarsystem,knownastheSearchfor ExtraterrestrialIntelligenceorSETI.Thishasbeenbasedprimarilyuponattemptingto interceptpossibleradiotransmissionsatdifferentfrequencieswitharraysofradio telescopes.Inaddition,astrophysicalobservationshavealsobeenundertakentoseeif otherworldsorsolarsystemsexistwithsimilarconditionssuchasourswhichmightbe conducivetolife.And,numerouspapershavebeenwrittenexploringdifferent possibilitiesfortheexistenceoflifeorwhywehavenotobserveditasofyet,sincenone oftheseapproacheshavebeensuccessful.Itmaynowbepossibletoexplorethisissue fromanotherstandpoint.Recenttheoreticalandexperimentalresultsinthefieldof biophysicsappeartoindicatethepossibilityofquantumentanglementandnonlocalityat thebiologicallevel,betweenspatiallyseparatedpairsofhumansubjectsandalso betweenbasinscontainingneuronsderivedfromhumanneuralstemcells.Ifthis researchcontinuestobeupheldinamorereplicablefashion,thiscouldhavevery importantimplicationsintheareaofcontrollablesuperluminalcommunication. Experimentsareproposedinanattempttoaddresstheissueofwhethercontrollable superluminalcommunicationispossibleand,ifitis,toutilizeitinanattemptto determineifextraterrestrialintelligencereallyexists,withintheframeworkof astrobiologicalnonlocality.

Theonlywayofdiscoveringthelimitsofthepossibleistoventurealittlewaypastthem intotheimpossible. ArthurC.Clarke

Introduction Aresearchprogramhasbeengoingonforover4decadesknownasSETI,which consistsmainlyofmonitoringselectedsectionsoftheskywithradiotelescopestoseeif onecanpickupsometypeofnarrowbandwidthradiosignalfromspacefromanother intelligentlifesource(Drake,Sobel,1991Zuckerman,Hart,1995Crawford,2000).So far,despitemassiveworldwidedistributedcomputeranalysis,notasinglesignalhas turnedouttomeananything.Theproblemisthatthesesignalscanonlymoveatthe speedoflight,whichdrasticallyreducestherangewithinwhichonecanconducta search,tojustafewlightyears,ascomparedtoauniversewithanageof~14Gyr.And, duetothevastdistancesinvolved,anysuchelectromagneticsignalwouldprobablyhave becometooweaklongagotodetectonearthor,hasbecomelostinthenoise.Theother majorproblemisthatwewouldonlybesearchingduringaverylimitedperiodoftime, knownastheelectromagneticeraforanyadvancedcivilization,which probably encompassesaveryshorttimeperiodbeforetheymoveontomoresophisticated techniques.Thecommunicationwindow(irkovi,2003)orwindowofopportunity then,forthistypeofsearch,isextremelylimitedascomparedtotheageoftheuniverse and,whencomparedtootherearthlikeplanetsintheGalactichabitablezonealone, whicharefrom1.83Gyrolderthanearth,withtheirimplicationsfor supercilivilizations. Ifweweretopickupsuchasignal,itwouldhavehadtocomefrommanylightyears away,meaningthattheintelligentlifewhichsentithaseitherdisappearedor,more likely,hasadvancedtechnologicallyintheinterimbeyondtheelectromagneticstage,to muchmoreexoticcommunicationtechniques.Ifweattempttorespond,oursignalwould

notreachthemforasimilaramountoftime(ifever),makingforaverycumbersome communicationprocesswheremostoftheparticipantswouldhavelongsinceexpired. Anotherproblemisthatifanadvancedcivilizationweretoencodeandcompressits electromagneticcommunications,whetherofaTVorradiosignalnature,thiswould makethesesignalsindistinguishablefromthethermalradiationofthestars,andthus impossibletodetectbecauseitwouldseemlikepartoftheuniversesbackgroundnoise (Lachmannetal,2004).And,mostlikelythebulkoftheseadvancedcivilizationswould havelongagoprogressedbeyondtheelectromagneticstageanyway. AnewscanningtechniqueknownastheSquareKilometerArray(SKA)willshortly bebroughtonline,abletoprobefurthertowardsotherpossibleearthtypecivilizations (Penny,2004).Thereisalsothepossibilityoftryingtodetectmacroengineering projectsoverinterstellardistances,whichmayprovetobemorepromisingthansearches fordirected,intentionalradioormicrowaveemissions(irkovi,2006). Finally,withalltheresearchthathasbeendonetodateregardingSETI,onehasto raisethesamequestionthatFermidid,Wherearethey?(GatoRivera,2005).The scarcityofintelligentlifeinourGalaxymayhavebeenduetogammarayburstswhich
8 werelethaltolandbasedlifeduringthesameperiodofevolution~10 yearsago(Annis,

1999).However,thissamereasoningwouldbedifficulttoapplytoalltheotherbillions ofGalaxiesintheuniverse. Additionalconsiderations IfirststartedgettinggraduallyinterestedintheSETIissuewhiledoingsomeresearch forseveraldifferentpapersintheareaofbiophysics,andcomingacrossearly experimentswhichappearedtoindicatebrainwavecorrelationsbetweenpairsofhuman

subjects(Duane,Behrendt,1965GrinbergZylberbaumetal,1994),inadditiontoa provocativepaperexploringthepossibilityofaninterfacebetweenbiologyandquantum nonlocality(Josephson,PallikariViras,1991).Recentlimitedexperimentsofan increasinglysophisticatednature,continuetoshowtheexistenceoftheseunusualbrain wavecorrelationsorautocorrelationsbetweenpairsofseparatedhumansubjects (Standishetal,2004Wackermannetal,2003).Mostofthesewereinstanceswhereone ofthepairwassubjectedtosometypeofstimulus,suchaspatternedphotostimulation, whichresultsintherepeatedappearanceofadistinctivevisualevokedpotential(VEP)in thestimulatedsubjectselectroencephalogram(EEG)at>8V.Correlatedbrainwaves oranomalouseventsnotpossessinganywaveformsimilarity,appearedsimultaneously inthenonstimulatedsubjectsEEGat<2V,whichevent(evenatthereducedV levels)tosaytheleast,isverycounterintuitive!Whatlendsfurthercredibilitytothis researchisthatmanyofthesesubjectswereinFaradaychambers,whichscreenoutmost ofthepossibleelectromagneticinfluencesorinterferencesofinterest,inadditiontoany neural,acoustical,electrolyticorvisualinfluences.Someoftheseexperimentshavealso beenconductedwhilethenonstimulatedsubjectwasundergoingfunctionalMagnetic ResonanceImaging(fMRI),withsimilarresults(Standishetal,2003).Theotherunusual thingwasthattheseexperimentshavebeenperformedonseveraldifferentcontinents, withimplicationsformyproposaltobeexploredlater.Thisappearstoimplyquantum entanglementandnonlocalityatthebiologicallevel. Inaddition,thissamecorrelationeffecthasalsobeenobservedinamuchmore replicablefashionatthemVlevelbetweentwoseparatedandcompletelyshielded2cm diabasins,containingneuronsderivedfromhumanneuralstemcells(Pizzietal,2004a

2004bThaheld,2000).I.e.,theseneuronsrepresenttwopartsofacommonhumanDNA culture,monitoredbyEEG.Laserstimulationof oneneuronalbasincontainingneurons grownonamultielectrodearray(MEA),notonlycausedanelectricalresponseoraction potentialsfromtheseneuronsbut,resultedintheappearanceof simultaneouscorrelated electricaleventsatahighHzrateinthesecondnonstimulatedneuronalbasin,whileboth basinswereinsideFaradaycages.Theirinitial experimentswitha670nmlaserandjust oneMEA,showedveryhighvaluesofcrosscorrelationorautocorrelationandfrequency coherenceduringtheseriesoflaserimpulses,betweenthelaserandthissinglestimulated basin(Pizzietal,2006).Theimportantthinghereisthatthisrepeatedlaserstimulation andtheresultingsimultaneouselectricalresponsesfrom both thestimulatedandnon stimulatedbasins,impliesthatquantumentanglementcanbemaintainedinbiological systems,andresistsorusesdecoherenceinaconstructiveratherthantheusual destructivefashion,therebymaintainingbiologicalentanglementlaserstimuluscycle aftercycle(Matsuno,19992006Thaheld,20032005a). Furtheranalysisandbasicassumptions IbecamefurtherinterestedintheSETIproblemwhileexploringanewapproachto themeasurementproblem(Thaheld,2005b2006a).Aftercomingtotheconclusionthat wavefunctioncollapsemighttakeplaceinanaturalfashionintherhodopsinmoleculein theretina,in anobjectivebiophysicalmanner(apositionpreviouslytakenbyShimony, 1998),itthenoccurredtomethatifthisweretrue,thenEverettsmanyworldsormany mindstheory(Everett,1954),whichhehadproposedasanalternateexplanationinlieu of wavefunctioncollapse,hadtobeincorrect.Thenextlogicalstepwastoapplythe manymindsconcepttoongoingSETIresearchbut,withinapossiblecontrollable

superluminalcommunication(CSC)framework(Thaheld,2006c). Inordertosetthestageforthefollowingproposal,itisnecessarytomakesomebasic assumptionsand,tobrieflyrecapsomeofthepriorbiophysicaltheoryandresearchupon whichthisapproachisbased. First,Iassumethatextraterrestrialintelligencedoesexist,justlikethepresent practitionerswhohavebeenattemptingtodetectradiowavesforseveraldecades.And, thatitconsistsofthesamebasiccomponentsnecessaryforlifeandreplicationaswedo, asregardsDNAandRNA,havingarisenfromthesameuniversallyavailableprimordial constituentsthatwereresponsiblefortheappearanceoflifeonourplanet. Second,thatmostofthisextraterrestrialintelligenceissuperiortous(probablyby vastlevels)orotherwiseitwillnotbecapableofsending,receivingandinterpretingthe typeofnonlocalinformationtransmissionbeingproposedinthistheory.Awholehostof otherlifeformsinferiortousinvaryingdegreesandindifferentstagesofthe evolutionarycycle,mustalsoexistthroughouttheuniverse,capableofunknowinglyand unconsciouslysendingoutrandomnonlocalsignalsbut,probablynotinasignal recognizablefashionand,inmoreofachaoticnature. Third,thattheremustbesometypeofactionpotentialinvolvedinthisprocessand, thatwithoutitspresence,thereisprobablynotgoingtobeapossibilitytoachievethe CSCbeingproposed.Bywayofexplanation,anactionpotentialisaresultofaneuron firing,goingfromofftooninarapidfashionasusuallymeasuredinmsand,witha largeswinginvoltageamplitudefromarestinglevelof~70mVto~+10mVduring thefiringprocess.Ihavepreviouslytouchedupontheimportanceoftheactionpotential andtheroleitmustplaywithregardstobiologicalentanglementandnonlocality

(Thaheld,2005a),andalsomorerecentlywithregardstoCSC(Thaheld,2006c).Thatin effect,whenaneuronfires,onegetsbothaclassicalandnonlocaloutputor signaland, thatitisthisnonlocal signalorinformation,thatcanbereceivedbyanotherneuronor neuronsatanydistanceintheuniverse,andconvertedbackintoaclassicalsignal, capableofbeingdecipheredorread.Thistypeofnonlocal informationdoesnotconflict withspecialrelativity.Thiscouldalsobeconsideredtofallintothecategoryofthe reversedirectionproblem,whichIattemptedtodealwithinapriorpaper(Thaheld, 2003).I.e.,weknowthatneuraleventscaninitiateorcausementaleventsso,itmust alsobepossibleforthereversetohappen,thatmentaleventscaninitiateorcauseneural events,whichisimportantinthisproposal. Fourth,thatifbiologicalquantumentanglementandnonlocalityexistatboththelocal andcosmologicallevels,thiswouldthenmakeitpossibletoachieveCSC.WithoutCSC instantaneouslyoveranydistanceintheuniverse,thepresentproposalbecomes impossibletoachieve.Also,itisimportantthatthisbiologicalentanglementhastobe capableofbeingmaintainedorregenerated,nomatterwhatdistanceisinvolved,eitherin oppositiontodecoherenceor,feedingoffofdecoherenceinsomeconstructivemanner, measurementaftermeasurement(Matsuno,2006Thaheld,2005a).Thisabilityappears tohavebeenachievedinmostoftheexperimentspreviouslycited,notonlyinthecaseof thehumansubjectsbut,especiallyinthecaseofthebasinscontainingthehuman neurons,duetothecontinuousHzstimulationbythelaserovervaryingperiodsoftime. Thiswouldnothavebeenpossibleifentanglementhadbeenbroken. Fifth,thatweareconstantlybeingbombardedbythispresentlyundetectedtypeof superluminalcommunication,andhavebeenforaverylongandunknowntime.That the

universeisawashinit,justasitiswithneutrinos,cosmicrays,thecosmicmicrowave background,gravitationalradiationandtheentireelectromagneticspectrum. Superluminalsignalsareconstantlyarrivingfromadvancedandnotsoadvanced civilizations,withvaryingdegreesofcomplexity,probablylookinglikealotofnoise (oneonlyhastolookatanEEGrecordtoseewhatjusthumanbrainwaveEEGnoise lookslike)and,thatwhatwelookingforisprobablywithinthisnoise.Itwilljust requireaspecialbut,verysimplemeansofdetection(whichisalreadyreadilyavailable), justlikethespecialequipmentandtechniqueswhichisrequiredinthesearchfor neutrinos,cosmicraysandtheongoingsearchforgravitationalradiation.TheEEGdata gatheredwillalsohavetoberunthroughaspeciallydesignedseriesofalgorithms. Themostcriticalelement:Theuniversalityoftheingredientsforlife Theoriginoflifeasaplanetaryphenomenonwillprobablyresistsuccessful explanationaslongaswelackanearlyrecordofitsevolutionandadditionalexamples (Gaidos,Selsis,2006).Plausiblescenariosfortheoriginofimportantprebiotic moleculesandtheirpolymersontheearth,involvingatmosphericchemistry,meteorites, deepseahotsprings(Matsuno,2006)andtidalflatsedimentshavebeendeveloped. Terrestriallifemaynothaveoriginatedontheearthorevenonanyplanet.Thesmaller primitivebodiesofmeteorites,inwhichcarbonmoleculesandcatalytictransitionmetals wereabundant,andinwhichhydrothermalcirculationpersistedformillionsofyears, offeralternativeenvironmentsfortheoriginoflifeinoursolarsystem(Gaidos,Selsis, 2006). Thebuildingblocksofproteins,aminoacids,aretheessentialmolecularcomponents oflivingorganismsonearth,andresearchersareconfidentthattheyexistinplanetary

systemsthroughouttheuniverse(Bernsteinetal,2002Caroetal,2002).Thismeans thatallofthehospitableplanetsthroughouttheuniversewouldhaveprobablybeen seededwithspecificformsofaminoacids,whicharemoleculesthatnormallycomein mirrorimagerightandlefthandedforms,andformtheproteinsusedbylifeonearth (Bernsteinetal,2002Caroetal,2002).Allnaturallyoccurringproteinsinorganismson earthusethelefthandedforms,whichraisesthequestionastohowandwhenthis chiralitycameintoplay.Meierhenrich(2005)feelsthattherighthandedmolecular buildingblocksoflife,theaminoacids,werepreferentiallydestroyedbycircularly polarizedlight.Thattheseaminoacidswerecreatedininterstellarspaceandcametothe earthintheformofcometsormicrometeorites.Hedoesnotruleoutthatothersolar systemsmayharborrighthandedaminoacids,iftheyhavebeensubjectedtotheother typeofcircularlypolarizedlight. Naturalproteinsarestringsof20differentaminoacidswhichcanbemadebysimple chemicalsynthesisinwater,whilemeteoritescontainingmorethan70typesofamino acids,havebeenbombardingearthfromitsverybeginning(Bernsteinetal,2002).This meansthatbiomoleculesareuniversal,whichraisesthepotentialfortheemergenceand evolutionoflifethroughouttheuniverse,whichmaythenbeexpectedtopossessmany criticalsimilarcharacteristicsasarefoundhereonearth,withspecialemphasison intelligence.Thesuccessofthisproposalhingesuponcertaincriticalsimilarities. Extraterrestrialbeingswouldhaveprobablyresembledusatthesamestageinevolution, whichwouldnotbethecasenowduetothepassageofvastamountsoftime,whichof courseimpliestheevolutionofmanyunusualdesignchangesofavastlyimproved nature,especiallyasregardsanadvancedlevelofintelligencewithcommensurate

communicationcapabilities. TheseproteinsandaminoacidsplayanessentialroleinthecreationofDNAand RNA.DNAcontainsallofthegeneticinformationnecessarytoconstructcells,to integratethemintoanorganismandtomaintainthem(Brill,1995).RNAtranslatesthis informationintospecificinstructionsfortheassemblyofproteins,transmitsthe informationoutsidethecellnucleusandhelpstoassemblethem.DNAisfoundmainly inthenucleusofthecell. RNAisfoundinthecytoplasmofthecellbut,issynthesizedin thenucleus.DNAcontainsthegeneticcodestomakeRNA,RNAthencontainscodesto makeproteins.Proteinsarethechemicalsoflife.Theproteinsandnucleotidesequence areslightlydifferentforeachindividual.ThetypesofproteinsandthelengthofDNA aredifferentforeachspecies.But,wesharewithallotherpeopleandallotherformsof lifethesamesetofaminoacids,thesamenucleotidesandthesamegeneticcode. Applicabletheoryandresearch ThequestionofnonlocalitywasfirstraisedbyEinsteinPodolskyRosen(EPR),who claimedthatifquantummechanicswereacompletemodelofreality,thennonlocal interactionsbetweenparticleshadtoexist(Einsteinetal,1935). Belllaterdirectly addressedthisproblemofnonlocality,andproposedanexperimenttotestforitsvalidity (Bell,1964).Anexperimentwaslaterperformedthatshowedthatnonlocalinfluencesdo existoncetheseparticlesinteractand,thatonecan testtheexplicitquantumnatureof systemsviatheuseofEPRnonlocality(Aspectetal,1982).And,asperFeynman,since thisnonlocalitycannotbeduplicatedbyaclassicalsystem,thisenablesittobeusedto testthequantumnatureofsystems(Feynman,1982).Ofcourse,Einstein,Bell,Aspect andFeynman,amongmanyotherphysicists,alwaysconsideredthisissueofnonlocality

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tobeapplicableonlytoinanimate objectssuchasparticlesand,neverconsideredthatthis sameprocesscouldbeappliedtoanimate entitiesinthebiologicalrealm.Their reasoningappearstohavebeenincorrectashasbeendemonstratedbylaterresearchas illustratedbythefollowing. Over40yearsagothefirstexperimentwasperformedwhichappearedtorevealrather highlyunusualandunexpectedcorrelationsbetweenthebrainwavesorEEGsrecorded frompairsofspatiallyseparatedidenticalormonozygotictwins(Duane,Behrendt,1965 Thaheld,2001).Theresearchershadnotedthatthenonscientificliteraturewasreplete withinstancesinwhichillnessortraumainoneofapairofidenticaltwinsaffectsthe other,evenwhentheyarefarapart. Theydecidedtoalterthebrainwavepatternofone twinandseeifthiswouldproduceasimilarresponsein thebrainwavesoftheothertwin. Inthisinstance,thealpharhythmwasutilized,whicharebrainwavesoffrom813Hz and<50V.Thisalpharhythmcanbeelicitedwhenthesubjectcloseshiseyes,staresat auniformunpatternedbackgroundor,whenhesitsinthedarkwithhiseyesopened. Whenoneofthetwinswasaskedtoclosehiseyes,itwasnoticedthatthealpharhythm notonlyappearedinhisEEG,butalsointheEEGoftheothertwinwhohadkepthis eyesopen.Thisishighlyunusualtoseeanalpharhythminthistwin,asonenormally expectstoseeabetarhythmconsistingof1425Hzbrainwavesat<20V.Thiseffect wasobservedinonly2outof15pairstestedand,whilethesampleforstatistical purposesisadmittedlylow,onedoesnotexpecttoseeanythingofthisunusualnature! And,ifonekeepsrepeatingthisexperimentwiththesameresults,itbecomesas statisticallysignificantasanyphysicsexperimentsperformedwithlowefficiency detectorsconcerningtheBellinequalities(Aspectetal,1982).

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AmoredetailedanalysisofnumerousEEGstudiesperformedover6decades,reveals thatamajorityofidenticaltwinshaveverysimilarEEGsandmentalhabits,whether withinoroutsidethenormalrange(Thaheld,200020012005a).Thissimilarityof EEGsbyitself,shouldnotbeconstruedasevidenceforquantumentanglement,asphase coherencealsooccursnormallyintheclassicalworldwithoutentanglement. Laterstudiescontinuedtoshowcorrelationsbetween theEEGsofstimulatedandnon stimulatedsubjects,leadinguptoapioneeringstudywithalargernumberofsubjects (GrinbergZylberbaumetal,1994),inwhichoneofapairwassubjectedtovisualstimuli (lightflashesfromaGrassphotostimulator),whiletheothersubjectwasnotbeing stimulated.Itwasnotedthatsomeofthenonstimulatedsubjectsbrainwaveforms,as reflectedintheirEEGrecord,weresimultaneouslycorrelatedwiththestimulated subjectsVEPelicitedbrainwaveforms,whichnormallyresultfromthevisualstimuli. Thenonstimulatedsubjectsbrainwaveswerenotexactreplicasofthestimulated subjectswaveformsnorweretheyofthesameamplitude.Onceagainitishighly unusualforonetoseeanycorrelatedbrainwaveeventsfromthenonstimulatedsubject, sincebothsubjectswereinFaradaychambers,whicheffectivelyscreensoutmostofthe electromagneticwavesofinterest,andanyneural,acousticorvisualeffects. TheproblemwhichresearchersinthisfieldfaceisthatalthoughtheelicitedVEPin thestimulatedsubjectsEEGcarriesadistinctamplitudeandfrequency,itisinavery lowmicrovoltagerangetobeginwithand,themicrovoltageinthenonstimulated subjectsEEGisnotonlyseveralordersofmagnitudelowerbut,hiswaveform,as regardstobothfrequencyandamplitude,comesnowhereneartobeingacopyofthe originalinitiatingVEP.ThatthefrequencysignatureisnotretainedintheVEPofthe

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nonstimulatedsubjectrepresentsaseriousdefectanalogoustolowdetectorefficiencies. Later,moresophisticatedexperimentswereconductedinwhichpatternedor checkerboardphotostimulationwasusedtoinvestigatepossibleEEGcorrelations betweenhumanbrains(Wackermannetal,2003:Standishetal,2004).Whilethe experimentersattheUniv.ofFreiburghaveachievedamorerobustreplicationofthe GrinbergZylberbaumresearch,theyhavenoticedasimilarproblem,inthatwhilethe averagedstimulatedsubjectsVEPpeakamplitudeis>8V,theaveragednon stimulatedsubjectscorrelatedVEPis<2V,withnowaveformsimilaritybetweenthe initiatingVEPandtheresultingcorrelatedVEPofthenonstimulatedsubject (Wackermannetal,2003SeeFig.1).Theirresultsindicateahighcoincidenceof variationsorcorrelationsofthebrainelectricalactivityinthenonstimulatedsubjects withbrainelectricalresponsesofthestimulatedsubjects.TheydidnotseeanyVEPlike waveformsintheaveragedEEGofthenonstimulatedsubjects. Experimentshavealsobeenperformedwhereoneofthepairwasundergoinga flickeringcheckerboardpatternstimulation,whilethenonstimulatedsubjectwas undergoinganfMRI(Standishetal,2003).ChangesinfMRIbrainactivation(relatingto bloodoxygenation)andEEGsignalsduringthestimuluscondition,wereobservedinthe nonstimulatedsubjects.Evenwithaverysmallsubjectsamplebase(especiallyinthe caseoffMRI),theseexperimentshavecontinuedtocorroborate,withincreasing experimentalandstatisticalsophistication,theseunusualEEGandfMRIcorrelations, whichappeartohavenoclassicalexplanation. Ashasbeenpreviouslymentioned,researchhasbeenongoingforover3yearsatthe UniversityofMilan(Pizzietal,2004a2004b2006Thaheld,2000),utilizingpairsof2

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cmdiabasinscontainingneuronsderivedfromhumanneuralstemcellsattachedto MEAsinsideFaradaycages,separatedbyover20cm.Thevoltagesintheseneuronal basins,priortolaserstimulation,are~5mVpeaktopeak.Laserstimulationofjustone ofthebasinsat670nm,resultsinanelectricalsignalbeinggeneratedbythisbasin, whichcanvaryfrom02,000Hzand,withapeaktopeakamplitudeof20mV.Thereis anormaldelaybetweenthetimeofactivationofthelaser,itsimpingementuponthe neuronsandtheresultingelectricalsignal,ofsome300ms.Whattheyhavefoundmost interestingoveraperiodofseveralyearsandthousandsoflaserpulses,isthatthe separatednonstimulatedbasindisplayssimultaneousorcorrelatedelectricalsignals,ofa similaramplitudeinmVand,thatthereisasimultaneityorcorrelationinthe2basins frequenciesbetween5002,000Hz,withasharpcommonpeakaround900Hz. Periodogramsofthetwosignalsarealsoaboutcoincident. Theyhaveresortedtoeverypossibletechnique(asdetailedintheirpapers)toruleout thepossibilitythatthiseffectmightbeduetosomeerrorintheirexperimentalprotocol, inequipmentmalfunctionorsometypeofhumanintervention,sincethe2neuronal basinsareonlyseparatedbyafewcm.Toshowyoutheextenttheyhavegoneto,torule outanypossiblelocalorclassicalexplanation,theyfirststartoutwithjustoneneuronal basinand2controlbasinswithoutanyneuronsinthembut,containingeithertheirculture liquidormatrigel.BothbasinsareinsideFaradaycages.Theystimulatethemainbasin containingthehumanneuronsontheMEAwiththelaser,andgettheusualelectrical responsefromitbut,thereareneveranyelectricalsignalsorresponsefromeitherofthe twocontrolbasins. Theirresearchrevealsconsistentelectricalwaveformcorrelationsbetweenthe

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stimulatedandnonstimulatedbasins,onamuchmorerepeatableandreplicablebasis thananyofthehumansubjectresearchperformedtodate,withaconsiderablybetter signaltonoiseratio,andwithamplitudesasmeasuredinthemVrange,ascompared withthepoorsignaltonoiseratioandtheverylowVcomingfromthebrain.Itisvery criticaltonoteherethatrepeatedstimulationatvaryingHzrateswitheitherpatterned photostimulationwiththehumansubjectsorwithlaserstimulationoftheneuronal basins,doesnotbreakthisentanglement,asisespeciallyevidentinthecaseofthe neuronalbasins.Thisindicatesthataftereverymeasurement,quantumentanglementis eitherregeneratedormaintainedinsomefashion,contrarytoexpectations(Tegmark, 2000Haganetal,2002 Thaheld,2005a).Therearealsoadditionalindicationsthat biologicalquantumnonlocalityhasbeenobservedinthecoherenceofinducedmagnetic dipolesinvolvedinmusclecontractioninsingleactinfilamentsatthemesoscopiclevel (Matsuno,19992001).Allofthisevidence,whentakentogether,indicatesthatwe couldbelookingatagenericphenomenon. Oneofthemaindrawbacksinthisfieldofendeavor,especiallywithhumansubjects, isthelackofalargesamplingbaseuponwhichtobasemoresolidstatistics.However,it shouldbepointedoutthatevenwiththissmallhumantestsamplebase,oneisconstantly stimulatingatvaryingHz,sothatoverashortperiodoftimeonecangetthousandsof discreteeventsrevealingthemselvesontheEEGorinanfMRI,whichcanthenbe subjectedtoaveragingtechniques.Ihavealsoattemptedtoaddresstheothermain drawbackinthisfieldoftryingtofindmorereliableandreplicabletypesofstimuli, includingtheuseoftranscranialmagneticstimulation(TMS),whereseveralareasofthe brainaresimultaneouslyactivatedordeactivatedasaresultofthisstimulation(Thaheld,

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200120032006b).Inaddition,thiscanalsobecorrelatedwithameasuredexternal responsesuchasanevokedmotor potentialinaparticularmusclegroupsuchasthehand orleg,orbytheappearanceofphosphenesintheoccipitalcortex.Itmayalsobepossible inthenearfuturetoexaminewhetherotheranimalssuchaschimpanzeesordolphins, possessthisqualityofbiologicalquantumentanglement,sincetheyprecededusandwe allsharethesamegeneticcode(Thaheld,2004). Howdoesoneachieveentanglementatthebiologicallevelnotonlyinourworldbut throughouttheuniverse? Inoneofmypapers(Thaheld,2003),Ihadnotedthatbiologicalentanglementmust alreadyexistthroughouttheworld,sinceexperimentsconductedtodateoverseveral decadesandonseveraldifferentcontinents,repeatedlyshowelectricalcorrelationsor autocorrelationsbetweenthebrainwavesofnotonlyrelatedbutunrelatedhuman subjectsofdifferentnationalities,indicatingthatthisisagenericphenomenon.Whilethe samplingforstatisticalpurposesisextremelysparse,itisstillsignificantthatcertain anomalouseffectscontinuetonotonlyappearatvariousHzstimulationlevelsbut,tobe maintainedinthefaceofwhatshouldbedestructivedecoherence(Tegmark,2000Hagan etal,2002).ThequestionthatInextaddressedhadtodowithjusthowthisgeneric phenomenonmightarisewithinabiologicalsetting(Thaheld,2003).Thesimplest answerseemstobeinthefactthatallhumansonthefaceoftheearthhavesimilar featuresintheirDNA,ashasbeenrevealedfrombloodsamplestakenfromdifferent nationalitiesaroundtheworld.Thissuggeststhatweallhaveacommonhumanorigin goingbacktoasingleancestor~170,000yearsago. ThiswouldappeartomeettherequirementlaiddownbySchrdinger,thatinorderto

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achieveentanglement,objectsmusthavebeenincontactwitheachother(Schrdinger, 1935).ThisiscertainlythecaseforDNA,whichwasnotonlyincontactoriginallybut, repeatedandmaintainedthiscriticalprocessofcontactthroughtheendlesscyclesof replication.Italsooccurredtomethatthissameprocessmightbegoingonatalllevels oftheanimalworld,sothatwereallyhavetogobackbeyondthecommonhuman ancestorapproach,sincewearedescendentsfromthemand,hereonceagain,sharealot ofsimilarDNA(Thaheld,2003). Whilethisisnotnecessarilypertinenttothepresent paper,theauthorhasdevisedseveralexperimentstotestthistheory,involvingeither pairsofchimpanzeesordolphinsinitially,andproceedingdowntheevolutionaryladder, essentiallyadoptingthesameexperimentaltechniqueswhichhavebeenusedforhuman subjects(Thaheld,2004). Ihavealsoexploredthecriticalissueofthedifferenceofentanglementand nonlocalitybetween inanimateobjectssuchasparticlesandanimateorbiological objects,andwhythisentanglementcouldbebothmaintainedandtransferredinthecase ofbiologicalsystems,eveninthefaceofdecoherence(Thaheld,2005).This entanglementpersistseveninthefaceofrepeatedmeasurementsatvaryingHzrates, whichisimportantforthepresentproposal. Whatthiscouldimplyisthatwemaythenberelatedtothefirstelementallifewhich sprangforthonthisplanetover3Gyrago,andthatalllivingentitiesareentangledin quantummechanicalfashion.Thiscanalsobesubjectedtofairlysimpleexperimentsas outlined. Thethoughthasnowundoubtedlyoccurredtoyouastohowonecouldevenpossibly goaboutachievingentanglementatthecosmologicallevel,andstilladhereto

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Schrdingersdictumregardingthenecessityforpriorcontact,especiallybetween objectsspatiallyseparatedbyvastlightyeardistances?Thereappeartobeseveral approacheswhichonemighttaketothisproblem,inadditiontowhatmightbedreamtup bywormhole,string,brane,multidimensionalandmultiuniversetheorists.Toproperly setthestageitwillbehelpfultoquoteSchrdingeronthissubjectofentanglement (Schrdinger,1935). Whentwosystems,ofwhichweknowthestatesbytheirrespectiverepresentatives, enterintotemporaryphysicalinteractionduetoknownforcesbetweenthem,andwhen afteratimeofmutualinfluencethesystemsseparateagain,thentheycannolongerbe describedinthesamewayasbefore,viz.byendowingeachofthemwitharepresentative ofitsown.Iwouldnotcallthatonebutratherthe characteristictraitofquantum mechanics,theonethatforcesitsentiredeparturefromclassicallinesofthought.Bythe interactionthetworepresentatives(orwavefunctions)havebecomeentangled. Weare nowinabetterpositiontorealisticallydiscusstheapproacheswhichonemighttaketo thisproblem. First,ifoneisanadherentoftheBigBangtheory,thenourentireuniversewas,atthe veryinstantofcreation,encompassedwithinasingularity,whichwouldrepresentthe ultimateconceptofcontact,exceedingbyfarthemostmassiveblackholesandappearing tomorethanmeetSchrdinger'sdictum.Thiswouldimplysometypeofuniversal entanglementatthemostfundamentallevelforallparticles,andthelaterpossibilityof eithermaintenanceofthesameoriginallevelsofentanglementastheuniverseexpanded anddevelopedor,thecreationofdifferentsublevelsofentanglementwhenlife commenced.

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Second,itisnotbeyondtherealmofpossibilitythatanysufficientlyadvancedor supercivilizationcouldhavedevelopedtechniquesofgeneratingandmaintaining entanglementbetweenanylivingentitiesintheuniverseinanonlocal,instantaneous fashion.Or,gonebeyondtheconceptofCSC. Third,toparaphraseDirac,thisproblemisnotripeforsolutionatthepresenttimeand shouldbeleftforlater(Dirac,1963).I.e.,nottoworry,thatitwillbesolvedatalater date! Theissueofcontrollablesuperluminalcommunication:Isitattainablewithinthe frameworkofbiologicalnonlocality? Withauniversenowsome14Gyrold,justhowisitpossiblefortheretobeanytype ofCSCbetweenanyvastlyseparatedworldsonwhichtheremightbesuperiorintelligent life?Afterall,thismatterofcontrollablevsuncontrollablesuperluminalcommunication hasgeneratedalotofcontroversyinthescientificcommunity.Whileithasbeenshown throughexperimentsthatsuperluminaleffectsdoindeedexistbetweenentangled particles(Aspectetal,1982Zbindenetal,2001),itisgenerallythoughtthatthiseffect cannotbeusedtoachieveCSC(Shimony,1984). Relativitytheorypostulatesthenonexistenceoffasterthanlightsignalsbut,does notnecessarilyimposeananalogousrequirementuponallotherconceivablekindsof influences(Stapp,1988).Heproposestheexistenceofsuperluminalinfluences betweentheentangledphotonswhicharenotconsideredtobesignals,withtheresult thatnoconflictwiththetheoryofrelativityisentailed.Baseduponwhatisknownasthe Eberhardtheorem,itisfeltthatnoinformationcanbetransferredviaquantum nonlocality(Eberhard,1978).Shimonyhasalsocometothesameconclusionthatthe

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nonlocalityofquantummechanicsisuncontrollable,andcannotbeusedforthepurposes ofsendingasignalfasterthanlight(Shimony,1984). WhyisitthattheentangledphotonsintheAspectexperimentcannotbeusedto transferinformationfasterthanlight,keepinginmindthattheseareinanimateentities whencommencingsuchananalysis?Afterall,ithasbeenshownthatnonlocal correlationsexistbetweenthesephotonsandonewouldlogicallythinkthatyoushouldbe abletoperformthisfeat.Thepolarizationcorrelationscannotbeusedtotransmit informationfasterthanlightbecausetheycanonlybedetectedwhenthestatisticsfrom themeasurementsoneachsidearecomparedinaclassicalfashion,whichisdependent upontheefficiencyofthedetectors.Theactofpolarizationmeasurementonphotonv1 forcesittomovefromthequantumindeterminateleveltoaspecificdeterminatelevel, anditisthisinformationthatistransmittednonlocallytoentangledphotonv2.When Alice,letussay,measuresthepolarizationofphotonv1alongadirectionshechooses, shecannotchoosetheresultnorshepredictwhatitwillbe.Onceshemakesher measurement,Bobsphotonv2simultaneouslyreceivesnonlocalinformationregardinga similarstateofpolarization,wherehecannotchoosetheresulteither.SinceAlicehasno controlovertheresultsshegets,shecannotsendanymeaningfulinformationofherown toBob.Similarly,Bobcanchooseoneofseveralpolarizationmeasurementstomake but,hewillnotknowtheresultaheadoftime.AliceandBobcanonlyseethe coincidenceoftheirresultsaftercomparingthemusingaconventionalmethodof communication,whichdoesnotsendinformationfasterthanlight. Ifeelthatwhilethisreasoningiscorrectfor inanimateornonlivingentitiessuchas photonswhere,onceameasurementhasbeenmade,thewavefunctioncollapsesandthey

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becomedisentangled,thesituationismuchdifferentforentangledliving entitiessuchas thehumansubjectsandthehumanneuronsontheMEAs.Here,insteadofbeinglimited tojustapairofentangledphotonsatthemicroscopiclevel,whichonlybrieflyspringinto existenceandthenaregone,wearelookingatamassivenumberof livingentangled particlesatthemacroscopiclevel,eitherresistingtheusualdecoherenceorutilizingitas hasbeenpostulated(Matsuno,2006Thaheld,2005)toeithermaintainorregenerate entanglementaftereachmeasurement,therebyenablingustoachieveCSC(Thaheld, 200020012003). Theproposedexperiments Theproposedexperimentscantakeseveraldifferentdirections,allofthemfairly simpleandinexpensive,ascomparedtopresentSETIexperiments,utilizingexisting electroencephalographictechniquesandrelyinguponamuchsimplercomputerassisted analysiswhichrunsthedatathroughaseriesofalgorithmsdesignedtodetectsignalsthat havesomepossibilityofbeingbothartificialandeitherofaterrestrialorextraterrestrial nature.Wecan directlytestfortheactualexistenceofCSChereoneartheitherthrough theuseofpairsofhumansubjectsorneuronsderivedfromhumanneuralstemcells attachedtopairsofMEAs.Thepresentresearchersmayhavealreadybeenobserving nonlocality,whichimpliessuperluminalcommunicationintheirexperimentsbut,they havebeenhesitanttocomerightoutandsaythisduetotheobviousrisksinvolvedifone makessuchastartlingstatementbaseduponlimitedexperimentaldata,anditturnsoutto beincorrect. TheresearchgroupattheUniv.ofFreiburg,dealingwiththehumansubjects,stresses thatwhilenobiophysicalmechanismispresentlyknownthatcouldberesponsiblefor

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theobservedcorrelationsbetweenEEGsoftwoseparatedsubjects,nothinginourresults substantiatesthehypothesis(GrinbergZylberbaumetal,1994)ofadirectquantum physicaloriginofcorrelationsbetweenEEGsofseparatedsubjects(Wackermannetal, 2003).TheresearchersattheUniv.of Milanstatethat,despiteatthislevelof understanding,itisimpossibletotelliftheoriginofthisnonlocalityisagenuine quantumeffect,ourexperimentaldataseemtostronglysuggestthatbiologicalsystems presentnonlocalpropertiesnotexplainablebyclassicalmodels(Pizzietal,2003). Thereare4majorproblemswhichmustbeaddressed.First,thenumberof human subjectsmustbeincreased,alongwiththenumberofneuronalbasins.Second,itwillbe necessarytoadopttheuseofdifferenttypesofstimuli,inadditiontopatterned photostimulation,suchasTMS,sothatwegetmorereplicableanddiscernibleresults fromseveraldifferentareasofthebrainsimultaneously(Thaheld,20012003,2006). And,inadditiontotheblackandwhitepatternedorcheckerboardphotostimulation,we mayhavetoresorttovariousmathematicalorothertypeofstimulussymbolsasabetter meansofexploringthemindbraininteraction(Thaheld,2003).Third,itwillbe necessarytoseparatethepairsofhumansubjectsbeyondthepresentseveralmeters,to muchgreaterdistancestodetermineiftherepetitiveanomalouseffectsarestillobserved withoutanydiminutioninthenonstimulatedEEGsorfMRIs.Thisalsoappliestothe pairsofneuronalbasins,wherethedistanceofseparationisnowmeasuredfromseveral cmuptoameterormore.Fourth,whilethestimulationofjustoneentity(whether humansubjectsorMEAs),whichpresentlyresultsinthegenerationofelectricalsignals and,thesimultaneousreceptionofacorrelatedsignal(notnecessarilyofsimilarHzor amplitudecharacteristicsbynonstimulatedentities),isveryindicativeofquantum

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nonlocality,thishypothesiscanbesignificantlystrengthenedifwereversethesituation. I.e., thenonstimulatedentitynowbecomesthestimulatedoneandviceversa.Ifthis effectisachieved,thiswouldbedirectevidenceofCSCataveryrudimentarylevel, sincebothentitieswouldbeexchangingsignalsatthesamevariableHzrateand confirmingsameviaanonclassicalmeans,sincetheyareallinsideFaradaychambers. Thiswouldbedirectlyrelatedtopriorresearch(GrinbergZylberbaumetal,1994)that sincephotostimulationwasutilizedtoelicitaVEPinthebrainwavesofthestimulated subject,thatwhenaflickeringlightsignalisused,thenormalVEPoftencarriesa frequencysignature.Oneoftheresearchers(Goswami)hasproposedthattotheextent thatthisfrequencysignatureisalsoretainedinthetransferredpotentialelicitedinthe nonstimulatedsubjectsbrain,itmaybepossibletosendamessage,atleastinprinciple, usingaMorsecodebyvaryingthefrequencyofphotostimulationtoresembleacode.He hasfurthersuggestedthatthebrainobeysanonlinearSchrdingerequationinorderto includeselfreference(Mitchell,Goswami,1992)and,thatforsuchsystems,message transferviaEPRcorrelationispermissible(Polchinski,1991).Thisdirectlytiesintoa recentproposaltoresolvethemeasurementproblem(Thaheld,2005b2006),with collapseofthewavefunctiontakingplacewithintheretinaoftheeyeinanonlinear objectivefashion,eitherasaresultofconformationalchange(s)inthemesoscopic retinalrhodopsinmoleculesor,asaresultoftheelectricalamplificationprocess immediatelyfollowingthesechanges.Analternateanalysisofthephysiologyoftheeye andreductionofthestatevectorfromaContinuousSpontaneousLocalization(CSL) standpoint,revealsthatreductionofthestatevectormaytakeplacedirectlywithinthe individualrodsoftheretinaduringtheamplificationchaininarodcell(Adler,2006).

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Whicheverreductionprocessturnsouttobecorrect,sincetheybothcallforacollapseof thewavefunction,thismeansthattheSchrdingerequationhastobemodifiedtoreflect thisnonlinearprocess,lendingfurthersupporttoaCSChypothesis. 1.HumanneuronsonMEAs ThesimplestwaytocheckoutwhetherentanglementandCSCarepossibleina nonlocalfashionhereonearth,istouse2basinscontaininghumanneuronsmountedon MEAs(Thaheld,2005a2006c).The2basinswouldbeseparatedbyseveralmeterswith bothinsideFaradaycages.JustonebasinisstimulatedrepeatedlyatarandomHzrate withalaser,resultinginanelectricalresponsefromthestimulatedneuronswhichis correlatedwiththestimulusrate.Ifpastresearchisanycriteria,thissameHzrateshould
nd alsobeobservedinthe2 nonstimulatedneuronalbasin.Thiswouldrepresent

preliminaryevidenceforbothentanglementandnonlocality.InordertoachieveCSC,it isonlynecessarytoreversethissituation,withalasernowstimulatingtheformerlynon stimulatedbasin,andrepeatingthesamerandomHzrate,returningthesamemessage

nd st backtotheformerlystimulatedbasin.The2 basinhas,ineffect,informed the1 basin

thatithasreceiveditsinitialmessagebysendingthemessagebacktoitwithouttheuse ofanyclassicalmeansofcommunication! Thenaturalobjectionwhichonecanmaketothisexperimentisthatthedistanceof separationbetweenthe2basins,beingonlyameterorless,doesnotruleoutalocalor classicalexplanation,thattheFaradaycagesarenoteffectivelyscreeningoutall electromagneticinfluencesofinterestor,thattheexperimentisflawedinsomeunknown fashion.Sincethesetypesofexperimentswiththeneuronalbasinshavebeenconducted throughthousandsofcyclesoveraperiodofseveralyears,withincreasinglystricter

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standardsandthesamepositiveresults,thesepossibilitieswouldappeartoberemote. Thewaytodetermineifentanglementandnonlocalityreallyexististomodifya techniqueusedbytheItalianresearchers(Thaheld,2006c).Intheirexperiments involvinglearninginhumanneuralnetworkson singleMEAs(Pizzietal,2006),they stoptheseneuronselectricalactivityoractionpotentials,toinsurethatthecollected signalsareactuallyduetotheelectrophysiologicalfunctioningoftheseneurons.They areabletoaccomplishthisbyinjectingtheneuronalcultureontheMEAwith Tetrodotoxin(TTX),whichisaneurotoxinabletoabolishactionpotentials.Theyonce againstimulatethisTTXtreatedneuronalbasinwiththelaserandgetnoelectrical response,showingtheimportanceoftheactionpotentials,orrathertheporesofthe voltagegatedsodiumchannelsinnervecellmembranes,sinceTTXbindstothesepores, therebyblockingtheactionpotentialsinthenerves.TheTTXisthenrinsedaway,the actionpotentialsreturn,theystimulatewiththelaseronceagainandnotethatthe previouslycorrelatedelectricalsignalshavereturned. Inthemodifiedexperimentweonceagainuse2separatedMEAsand,aftermaking surethattheyareentangledbystimulatingonewithalaserandgettinganelectrical responsefromboththestimulatedandnonstimulatedbasins,injectthenonstimulated basinwithTTX,therebystoppingallactionpotentials.Wethenstimulatetheuntreated basinwiththelaser,andshouldobservetheusualelectricalsignalsbeinggeneratedby thisbasinbut,withnocorrespondingcorrelatedelectricalsignalscomingfromthenon stimulatedTTXtreatedbasin.Todoublecheck,wenextstimulatetheTTXtreatedbasin withthelaserandweshouldnotonlygetnoelectricalsignalsfromit,butalsono electricalsignalsfromtheuntreatedbasin!Ifthisiswhathappens,wehaveimmediately

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proventhreethings:First,therearenoexteriorinfluencesorexperimentaldesignflaws whichcouldaccountfortheseunusualcorrelations.Second,thattheactionpotential playsaveryimportantroleinthisprocessand,thatifitisinanywayimpairedor stopped,theentanglementandnonlocalitybetweenthetwoMEAscomestoahalt. Third,thatCSCispossible! ThesecondexperimentwouldbeconductedwiththeSETIprograminmind.This wouldinvolvesubjectingjustoneneuronalbasinofapairtoarandomseriesof stimulationfromthelaser.Wewouldthenleavethiswholesysteminisolationfora periodofhours,duringwhichtimewearerecordinganyresultingelectricalactivityfrom thisbasinanditscompanionnonstimulatedbasin.Later,werun thedatathrougha seriesofalgorithmsforacomputerassistedsearchforcertainsignalswhichmighthave beenreceivedorgeneratedbytheseneurons,whichcaneitherbeofasimilarrepetitive naturetotheoriginalrandomHzrateor,areofamoreinterestingrandomorrepetitive nature,eitherasregardsHzrateoramplitude.I.e.,itissomethingwhichyouwouldnot normallyexpecttosee.Nowthequestionbecomeswhetherthesesignalscouldhave originatedfromsomesourcehereonearthorthattheytrulyrepresentsome extraterrestrialorigin.Itishighlyunlikelythatsomeonesomewhereonearthcould somehowbeusingthissamerandomstimulussequenceinasimilarexperiment.The onlythingwewouldallhavetoagreeuponinadvanceiswhattypeofrandomstimulus signalswearegoingtouse,andtheHzandamplituderangethatwewantthecomputers tosearchwithin,ofeitherarandomorunusualnature. 2.Humansubjects Thenextstepistodetermineifentanglement,nonlocalityandCSCmightexist

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betweenhumansubjectsand,ifitdoes,howthiscanbeutilizedwithregardstotheSETI matter(Thaheld,2005).Twosubjects,letuscallthemAliceandBob,areplacedin individualFaradaycagesseparatedbyseveralmeters,withboth ofthemhookedupto individualEEGsandwithseparatemeansofstimulation. Aliceissubjectedtoeither patternedphotostimulationortoTMS,andaVEPisrecordedonherEEGofadistinctive Hzandamplitudelevel.WethenwanttodetermineifthenonstimulatedBobelicitsor receivesasimultaneouseventonhisEEGwhich,whileitwillnotnecessarilyresemble eithertheHzoramplitudeofAlicesEEG,willstillrepresentarepeatablesimultaneous anomalouseventofatypewhichonewouldneverobserveundernormalconditionsbut, whichiscorrelatedwiththestimulationofAlice. WethenreversethissituationandnowstimulateBobandseeifwestillobservethis samesequenceofeventsinthecaseof Alice.Ifwedo,wenowadministerageneral anesthetictoAliceand,afterthelossofconsciousness,wesubjectBobtothesame stimulusasbeforeandaVEPisrecordedonhisEEG.Wenowwanttoseeifa simultaneousanomalouseventisstillrecordedon AlicesEEGasitwasbefore.Ifit isnt,thiswillshowthatentanglementandnonlocalitywasbrokenbytheadministration oftheanesthetic,justasithappenedbetweentheMEAneuronalbasins.Tomakesure westimulatetheanesthetizedAlicewithaflashstimulusand,eventhoughwegetaVEP onherEEG,weshouldgetnoanomalousresponseonBobsEEG(Nuwer,1986Moller, 1988). WenowallowAlicetorecoverfromtheanesthetic,stimulateheronceagain,andsee whenAliceelicitsaVEPthistime,ifsimultaneousanomalouseventsagainappearon BobsEEG.Iftheydo,thiswouldmeanthatentanglementwasnotlostasaresultofthe

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anesthesia.Onceagain,wereversethissituationandstimulateBobandseeif simultaneouseventsappearon AlicesEEG. AnothertechniquewhichcouldbeusedistohavebothAliceandBobinFaraday cageswithBobasleep.Normallywhenapersonissleeping,youwillobserveveryslow deltawavesoflessthan4Hzwithan amplituderangingupto100V.Wecannow stimulateAlice,whoisawakedisplayingalphaorbetawaves,andseeifBobsdelta wavessimultaneouslychangetoeitheralphaorbetaordisplayanomalouseventstiedin tothespecifictypeofstimulationusedonAlice.Ifweobservesuchanevent,thiswould onceagainindicateentanglementbetweenthem.Wearenowreadytoproceedtothe SETIphaseofthisexperiment. Itshouldbefirstnotedthathumanspossessanassortmentofdifferenttypesofbrain wavefrequenciesandaccompanyingamplitudeswithinanormalrangeasshownbelow: alpha914Hz<50V beta1540Hz<30V delta0.14Hz~100V gamma2670Hz~40V theta58Hz~10V Therearealsobrainwavesassociatedwithepilepticseizuresreferredtoaspetitmal rangingfrom24Hzandwithamplitudesupto1mV,andgrandmalat>20Hzand>500 V.Therearealsoelectricalphenomenaknownasspikesandsawtoothorsquare waves. Inaddition,thereoccursawidespectrumofwavesrangingfrom1001,500Hz andupwards(Niedermeyer,E.,2005).Foraverydetailedtreatmentofthiscomplex EEGbrainwaveissuepleasereferto(Niedermeyer,LopesdaSilva,2005).Itisof interesttonoteherethatthetruefrequencyrangeoftheEEGismuchbroaderthanithas beenassumedandtaughtfordecades(Niedermeyer,2005).Withtheintroductionof

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digitalEEGmachines,theexplorationandultrafastrecordingofthe60to1000Hzrange hasalreadybeguninthepastfewyears(Rodin,2005).UltrafastEEGactivityhasalso beenrecordedat3000Hz. Itshouldbeemphasizedherethatdigitaltechnology,whenproperlyutilized,allows foramuchbetterassessmentoftheinformationalcontentofEEGs(Rodinetal,2006). TheuseofappropriatefiltersettingsasregardsHz,andviewingwindowsasregards time,willbetwoofthecriticalelementsenablingustopinpointanywavecharacteristics ofinterest,alongwith bothcompressionandexpansionofdata,which alsohavetheir individualadvantages.Asanexample,inpresentclinicalEEGpractice,unlessfiltersare adjustedforaspecificclinicalquestion,onemaymisscriticalinformation.Thepresent softwareinstalledondigitalEEGsmaynotproveadequatefortheSETItaskathandand, eventhatwhichhasbeenrecentlydevelopedforfurther,advancedevaluationofdigital EEGsmayhavetobesupplementedbyspecificallytailoredalgorithms. IthasbeennoticedbyEEGneurophysiologistsandcliniciansthatanEEGfilteredfor acertain Hzrange,mayappearnormalinchanneltracingsbut,ifthesamedataislooked atfromatopviewanddifferentfiltersettings,thismayreveal(letussay)deltaactivity whichhasbeenmaskedbyalphawaves.Dataisconsiderablyeasiertointerpretwhentop viewscanbeexaminedratherthanjusttheconventionalchannelarrangement.Evenwith increasedamplifications,widespreadfastactivitywhichwaspreviouslymissed,becomes apparent. Itisalsoimportanttomentionthefrequenciesbelowthedeltarangeorsubdelta,and theargumentforwhatisreferredtoasFullbandEEG,whichrangesfromDCtoabove 1000Hz(Vanhataloetal,2005).Subdeltaactivity(0.5<0.1Hz)iscurrentlybeing

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recordedbydigitalEEGinstruments,withoutcliniciansbeingfullyawareofthefact.It ispossibletoviewanultraslow0.01Hzeventwithawavedurationof100seconds, providedthatonehasalongenoughviewingwindow.Withfiltersettingsof0.010.1Hz itisnolongerappropriatetospeakoffrequenciesbut,ratherofeventswithvariouswave lengths.Differentconclusionscanbereacheddependinguponwhatfiltersettingsand whichtimewindowsareused.Inthefutureinstrumentmanufacturerswillhaveto incorporateintheirsoftwareprogramstheopportunityfornotonlythetypicalclinical typeuserbut,foranySETItypeusertobeabletosetthedesiredfiltersorfrequency bandsandviewingwindows,ratherthanonlyprovidingthepresentlimits.Thiswould thenallowanyclinician,technician orneurophysiologistwhosochooses,toexpandhis usualdiagnosticprocedures,withverylittleadditionaleffort,intoaSETItypesearch witheachconsentingpatient! Ihaveonlydealtverybrieflywithwhatisaverydifficultareafordoctors, neurophysiologistsandtechnicians,evenwhentheyareattemptingtodiagnosesubjects intheirimmediatevicinity,toshowyouhowharditwillbetobroadentheuseofEEG instrumentsintoanykindofevenminimalandrealisticSETItyperesearch. LetusnowproceedtotheproposedhumanSETIexperiment.Wewillessentiallyuse thesametechniqueaswasproposedfortheMEAs.Wefirststimulateoneormore subjectswitharandompatternedorTMSstimulus,suchthatthelikelihoodofseeing anythinglikethisoccuronthesesubjectsEEGsisextremelyremote.I.e.,nooneon the faceofthisearthwouldeverbeexpectedtoaccidentallyduplicatethispattern.Wenow wanttorecordthesesubjectsEEGsoveraperiodofdaysandunderallconditionsof sleepingandwakingviaambulatorymeans(Gilliametal,1999).Ambulatoryrecording

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orAEEGcanbeperformedforupto35dayswithouttheneedtochangethebatteriesor thememorycard,basedon19channelsofdatarecordedat200Hz.Withanonthefly batteryandmemorychange,onecanrecordindefinitely,withminorinterruptions.We canhaveeventmarkerssettodetermineifanythingremotelyapproachingtheinitial stimuliconfigurationsappearsontherecordedEEGdatastream,andcanalsouse computerassistedanalysistocheckforanythingofanunusualorrepetitiveHzor amplitudenaturewhichisneverseeninthenormalsubjectsEEG.Wewouldsimply havetoagreeinadvanceastowhatwouldconstituteaneventoreventsontheEEG whichmightbeattributedtoaSETIinput,orwithinwhatrangeswewanttoestablisha seriesofalgorithmstorunthedatathroughforcomputerassistedanalysis,sothatwerule outanypossibleartifactarisingfromanyothersourcesonearth. Thismatterofagreeing inadvanceastothecriticalboundarieswewanttoestablishforanyseriesofalgorithms throughwhichthedatawillberun,shouldprovetobethemostdifficultpartofthis proposal,justasitisintheelectromagneticsearchesnowgoingonforSETI (Niedermeyer,LopesdaSilva,2005). Discussion Atfirstglanceitwouldappearthatthisprojectshouldprovetobesimplerthansome oftheexistingSETIexperiments,sincewewouldonlybelookingatanEEGfrequency rangeof0.170Hzinitially,withthepossibilityofexpandingto3,000Hzifnecessary. ThissearchrangecanbecomparedtoProjectPhoenixwithamicrowavesearchbetween 1.23GHZ,theSETIprojectexaminingthefrequencyofthe21cm(1,420MHz)lineof neutralhydrogen,orSERENDIPexamining168millionnarrow(0.6Hz)channelsina 100MHzbandcenteredat1.42GHz.TheproblemisthattheEEGfrequenciesand

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amplitudescanvarywidelyfromcycletocycle,whereastheSETIfrequenciesarevery constantasregardsbothHzandamplitude. However,ontheothersideofthecoin,itisthisvariabilityoftheseEEGfrequencies andamplitudesthatmayassistusinoursearch,inthatanycombinationsofthetwo,that eitherrepeatorfalloutsidetheusualrangeofEEGactivities,eitherinarepetitiveor randomfashionwhichhasneverbeenobservedbefore,couldpointusinaSETItype direction.Theotheradvantagewhichabiologicalnonlocalsearchwouldhave,isthatwe couldrespondtoanyunusualsignalsofthisnaturebystimulatingeithertheMEAsorthe humansubjectswiththesametypesignalsthatwerereceived,andknowthattheywill probablybetransmittedanywhereintheuniverseinstantaneously! Oneofthefirstobjectionstothisproposalprobablyhastodowithwhy,ifweare supposedlybeingbombardedwithallthisnonlocalcommunicationfromwhatcouldbe anenormousnumberofextraterrestrialsources,wedonotnoticeitinsomefashion. And,youcanapplythissamereasoningtojustthecitizensofearthwhere,ifthiseffect reallyexists,onewouldthinkweshouldbeinundatedwiththistypeofsuperluminal
9 communication,basedonapopulationof6x10 !Thereasonwhywearenot,canbe

explainedbylookingattheresearchdatapreviouslydiscussed.Thisalsoanswersthe questionastohowonecandifferentiatebetweennonlocalcommunicationfromsubjects hereonearthvsthatfromextraterrestrials.Youwillrecallthatwhenthehumansubjects werestimulatedbyeitherplainflashesoflightorbycheckerboardpatterns,the stimulatedsubjectshowedaVEP,especiallyasregardsamplitudeofthewaves,several ordersofmagnitudelargerthantheamplitudesinthenonstimulatedsubjectsEEG.In addition,inalltheseresearchstudies,notypeoftransferenceofconscioussubjective

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experiencewaseverobserved,whichwouldbethemaincriteriarevealingthatactual communicationhadtakenplacebetweenthetwoparties.Itevidentlytakesavery unusualstimulustoelicitsucharesponse,andiswhatpromptedmetoaddressthis problembyadvocatingothertypesofstimuli(Thaheld,20032006b).Thismeansthen thatmost ofthenonlocalcommunicationisprobablylostwithinthenormalbrainwaveor EEGnoise,otherwisewewouldbeincapableoffunctioningnormallyandwould overloadwhenconfrontedwithsuchaninfluxofdata. Thisisnottosaythatwedonotsporadically(andattimessoswifteitherignoreitor doubtthatsomethingreallyhappened)experiencethesenonlocalcommunicationevents. Therearenumerousanecdotalinstanceswheretwinsorrelativesknewthatsomething washappeningorhadhappenedtoalovedonebut,thisusuallyoccurredwhenan unusuallystrongbutbriefstimuluswassentandreceived,likeinanaccidentordisaster. Itmaywellbethatweexperiencetheseeventsespeciallyduringperiodsofsleepingor dreaming,whenweareunconscious,andtheusuallyprevalentEEGwakingnoiselevels arereduced.Experimentshavebeenproposedtotestthistheory.Thusitmaywellbe thatconsciousnessservestoprotectuswhileweareawake,byputtingmostofthis nonlocalcommunicationintoanunreachablenoisezone.Ifyouhaveeverbeentoarock concert,youknowwhatitisliketryingtocarryonaconversationwiththepersonnextto you.Havingresearchedthisseveraldecadesago,oneonlyhastolookattheresulting EEGtogetanideaoftheseelevatedbrainnoiselevelsoverandabovethedecibellevels! Oneonlyhastolookatourinabilitytoperceiveanyofthetotalelectromagnetic spectrumbeyondthenarrowfrequencyrangeforvision,withouthavingtoresortto differentpiecesofspecializedequipment.Eveninthecaseofvision,itisinterestingto

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notethatonlyabout10%ofthetotalphotonsincidentuponthecornea,areever transducedandamplifiedbytheretina,andreceivedasinformationbythevisualcortex. Conclusion Whetheronebelievesinthisexperimentalapproachornot,ithastheadvantagethatit wouldbeverysimpleandcheaptocarryout.TheproposedSETIprojectcaneithergo forwardsimultaneouslyonseveraldifferentfrontsorinjustonespecificareaatatime and,whileitwouldbenicetobeabletoprovetheexistenceofbiologicalnonlocalityand CSChereonearthbeforeembarkingonthisSETIapproach,wemaybeforcedtolook outsidetheconfinesoftheearthinitially,asoutlined.Neverthelessthissearchcanbe conductedinthefollowingfashionbut,notnecessarilyinthesequenceshown. 1. MEAscontaininghumanneuronscanbesubjectedtospecificallychosenrandom laserpulsesofvaryingHzeitherindividuallyorinpairs,andthenleftto themselvesforaperiodofhoursordayswhileanyelectrical responsesarebeing recorded.Thiscollecteddatacanthenberunthroughspeciallydeveloped algorithmsforcomputerassistedanalysis.Thealternativeistonotinitially stimulatethesebasinswithalaserandjustseewhatsignalsofanunusualnature aregenerated. 2. Humansubjectsaresubjectedtospecificallychosenstimuliofanunusual repetitiveorrandomnatureasregardsbothHzandamplitude,andAEEG recordingscanbetakenoveraselectedperiodofhoursordays,withparticular emphasisduringthoseperiodsofsleepingwhenveryslowdeltawavesare prevalent,withonceagainthedatabeingrunthroughspecialalgorithmsfor computerassistedanalysis.Thiscanalsobeperformedwithoutanyinitial

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stimulusandjustanalyzinganysignalswhicharereceived. 3. DevelopmentofSETItypealgorithmsoftwaresothatany electroencephalographersorneurophysiologistsaroundtheworldcouldalso performsimilarSETIcomputerassistedanalysisoftheirregularpatientsin additiontotheirusualanalysisoftheirEEGs. 4. ItwouldappearthatthecriticalelementsinanyEEGSETItypesearchwill involveanempiricalblendconsistingoftheproperalgorithms,filters,viewing windows,amplificationandeithercompressionorexpansionofthederiveddata. Acknowledgements JackDavidFralick,yourgreatgrandfatherwelcomesyourrecentarrivalintothis mysteriousworld.And,onceagain,toThesavonHohenastenbergWigandt,whose courageousbattleagainstaninsidiousfoeprovidestheauthorwithadditionalinspiration tocontinuehisexplorationsbeyondtherealmofthepossible. References Adler,S.,2006.LowerandupperboundsonCSLparametersfromlatentimage formationandIGMheating.quantph/0605072. Annis,J.,1999.Anastrophysicalexplanationforthegreatsilence.astro/ph/9901322. Aspect,A.,Dalibard,J.L.,Roger,G.,1982.Experimentaltestof Bellsinequalities usingtimevaryinganalyzers.Phys.Rev.Lett.49,18041807. Bell,J.,1964.OntheEinsteinPodolskyRosenparadox.Physics1,195200. Bernstein,M.P.,Dworkin,J.P., Sandford, S.A.,Cooper,G.W.,Allamandola,L.J., 2002.Racemicaminoacidsfromtheultravioletphotolysisofinterstellariceanalogues. Nature416,401403. Brill,R.,WhatisthedifferencebetweenDNAandRNA? http://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~rickb/SciColumns/DNA.05nov95.html Caro,G.M.,Meierhenrich,U.J.,Schutte,W.A.,Barbier,B.,Segovia,A.,Rosenbauer,

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