May 21, 2010

DRIVE DAMPED OSCILLATOR PURPOSE: To investigate amplitude and phase as a function of driving frequency for a driven damped oscillator. Pulley and spring system Two Rotary Motion Sensors Retort Stand Voltmeter Power Supply Electric Motor Computer with DataStudio software Calibrated Metal Bars (for setting magnet distance)

APPARATUS:

I TRODUCTIO : An ideal oscillating system is frictionless, there are no non-conservative forces; total mechanical energy is constant, and the system will continue to oscillate with no decrease in amplitude forever. However, real world oscillating systems contain dissipative forces which remove mechanical energy from the system. This decrease in amplitude by the dissipative forces is known as damping; the corresponding motion of the system is referred to as damped oscillations. If we were to apply a periodically varying driving force (with an angular frequency) to a damped harmonic oscillator the resulting motion is called forced oscillation or driven oscillation. In the case of a forced oscillation the frequency with which the system oscillates is equal to the driving angular frequency which is not necessarily equal to the frequency with which the system would oscillate without a driving force. This experiment is very similar to the Underdamped oscillator lab previously preformed. The difference is that the oscillator will be driven as well as being damped. For the Underdamped oscillator lab, Newtons second law was represented as:
I d2 d = b 2 dt dt

[1]

where, I t b moment of inertia of the rotating oscillator angular displacement from equilibrium time constant of proportionality for the total restoring torque constant of proportionality for the eddy-current damping torque

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If the oscillator is now damped, such as in this case, by a sinusoidal torque, 0 cos t, where 0 is a constant and is the angular frequency of the driving torque; equation [1] then becomes:
I d2 d = b + 0 cos t 2 dt dt

[2]

ote:

the driving frequency is not equal to d/dt.

Solving the above differential equation for theta yields:

(t ) = A cos(t )

[3]

Where A is the amplitude, a function of the driven angular frequency, :

A( ) =

( I )
2

+ b 2 2

[4]

In terms of the parameters introduced in the Underdamped Oscillator experiment, 02 = /I and = b/2I, equation [4] can therefore be written as:

A( ) =

0 / I
2 0

[5]
2 2

+ 4

If equation [5] is differentiated with respect to and set to zero, the driving frequency at which A is a maximum can be found. This frequency is known as the resonant frequency r : [6] r = 02 2 2 ote: for a small damping force ( 0), the resonant frequency approaches the undamped oscillator frequency 0 .

The phase angle in equation [3] is given by:

tan = b I 2 b 2 I

solving for the angle, theta, gives:

= tan 1

[7]

this can be represented in terms of 0 and as:

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= tan 1

2 2
2 0

[8]

The angle, , indicates how much the oscillations lag the driving torque. At low driving frequencies << 0 , and 0. This implies that there is no phase angle between the oscillations and the driving force, therefore, the oscillations are in phase with the driving torque. At high frequencies, >> 0 , and , that is, the oscillations are 180 out of phase with the driving torque. At = 0 , = /2, and the oscillator lags the driving torque by 90. In this experiment the oscillating apparatus (aluminum disk and pulley) are the same as from the underdamped oscillator lab. The oscillator is attached to a rotary motion sensor which is used to record the angular displacement and the driving torque is applied by an electric motor M (shown in figure 1). The electric motor rotates a metal rod, R about a horizontal axis. The rod, R, is attached to one end of the string and the other is attached to one of the springs. As the rod rotates, the sinusoidal driving force (and hence torque) is applied to the oscillator.

Figure 1: Apparatus of the Driven Damped Oscillator

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The string which attaches the rod and spring, passes through a guide, G (a fixed rod with a hole in it), and around the pulley, P, attached to a secondary rotary motion sensor. This sensor is used to determine the driving frequency . The sensor attached to the aluminum disc will be used to determine the resulting amplitude A of oscillation, that is, the maximum angular displacement from equilibrium. Comparison of the output graphs from the two sensors permits determination of the phase angle . PROCEDURE: 1. Open DataStudio and select Create Experiment. 2. Under Setup check the box angular position and select angular position and select radians for the units of measurement. Set sample rate at 200 Hz and from the drop down menu next to linear position select Large Pulley. Choose the same settings for the other sensor (each sensor must be set separately: to move to the other sensor window, click the arrowhead, i.e., small triangle, at the right-hand side of the sensor setup window). Close the Setup window. 3. Using the calibrated bar, adjust the distance between the magnet and the pulley to 4 mm. Record this distance. 4. Set the DVM to the DC volts setting. 5. On the power supply (with the power off); turn the voltage dial to a minimum and the current to a maximum. Then switch on the power supply. 6. To observe the phase of oscillation: Set the voltage to approximately 1 V. This provides 1 V DC to the electric motor, which rotates slowly, providing a small driving frequency. Observe how the two pulleys rotate; you should see that they are rotating in phase. If you are not sure what to look for feel free to ask your TA for some guidance. Set the voltage to 6 V, this will provide a much larger driving frequency. Observe the rotation of the pulley; you should now see that they are rotating out of phase. 7. Collecting Data: Set the power supply to 1 V, and collect data points (angular displacement vs. time) from both rotary motion sensors for a minimum of 4 periods of oscillations. Save the data to your own personal USB drive or email it to yourself by going to File and then Export Data and saving the desired run(s). You should clearly label the files as driving or output pulley appropriately. Do a data run for every 0.5 V interval (approximately) from 1 V to 6 V, but do not exceed 6 V. Record the voltages and associated uncertainty (see suggested table below). Do some extra runs for voltages near the maximum amplitude (resonance) where the amplitude changes most rapidly as a function of driving frequency. 8. Repeat the above Collecting Data step for a magnet separation of 1 mm. 9. From the exported files create: i) Sample graph(s) of angular displacement vs. time for one or two runs.

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ii) A graph of amplitude as a function of driving frequency, including error bars, for both magnet distances (two curves on one graph). ii) A graph of the phase angle vs. driving frequency, including error bars, for both magnet distances.

It may be helpful to organize the data from each run into a table such as: Voltage Driving Driving Amplitude Phase Phase Shift (V) Period Frequency (rad) Difference (fraction of a (Hz) (s) (s) cycle) Phase Angle (rad)

For the period, amplitude and phase difference, take the average of a few measurements. The phase difference is the amount of time which the output pulley lags behind the driving pulley. Divide the phase difference by the period to find the phase shift as a fraction of a complete cycle (oscillation), and multiply the phase shift by 2 for the phase angle.

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EXPECTATIO S FOR THE DRIVE DAMPED OSCILLATOR LAB RESULTS A D A ALYSIS: Sample graphs of angular displacement vs. time for one or two runs (including the displacements of both angular motion sensors). Amplitude vs. driving frequency graphs for both magnet distances. Phase angle vs. driving frequency graphs for both magnet distances. A table (as in the Procedure and Data Analysis section above) showing your voltages, driving periods/frequencies, amplitudes and phase shifts. Discussion of how calculations were done, how errors were estimated, etc.

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