ENGINEERINGCONSIDERATIONSFOR PHOSPHOROUSREMOVAL

INTRODUCTION
PRESENTATIONFOCUS EngineeringAspectsof PhosphorusRemoval
y ChemPvs.BioP applicationsandcomparisons
y y y y

Treatmentprocessesforvariousdischargelimits O&Mcosts&considerations Impacts&sideeffects Modificationstoexistingplants

y Naturalsystems y Nutrientfarming

Overview
y ChemicalPhosphorusRemoval(ChemP)vs.Biological

PhosphorusRemoval(BioP)
y FactorsAffectingSelection
y y y y y y y

PlimitsinNPDESPermit DependentonPermitlimit/degreeofremovalneeded Typeofcurrenttreatmentprocesses Extentofplantmodificationsneeded costandoperation Capacityofsludgehandlingsystem Futurerequirements Influentwastewatercharacteristics

ChemicalPhosphorusRemoval
y FormPrecipitatesUsingMetal

Salts
y CommonMetalSalts
y Alum y FerrousChloride(byproduct) y FerricChloride y Notsocommon
y y

Ferrous/FerricSulfate Lime

ChemicalPhosphorusRemoval
y ApplicationPoints
y Providemultiplelocationsforflexibility
y

Preprecipitation y Rawsewagepriortoprimarysedimentation Coprecipitation y Primarysedimentationeffluent y Mixedliquorintheactivatedsludgeprocess y Biologicalprocessuniteffluent Postprecipitation y Secondaryclarifiereffluent y Onlywithtertiarytreatment/filtration

ChemicalPhosphorusRemoval
y Whatisneededtomodifyanexisting

facility? y Notalot? y Chemicalstoragetank y Feedpumps y Piping y Applicationpoints y Mixing??(dependsonlocation)

y Evaluatesludgehandlingcapacity
y y y y

Digesters Dewatering Storage Pumping

ChemicalPhosphorusRemoval
y Considerationsforchemicalstorage

andfeedsystems y Storagetank
y y

Multipletanks Volume y Lengthof storagetime y Deliveryvolume Location(indoors/outdoors)

y y

Secondarycontainment Typeofpumps/controls
y

Flowpaced?

Undergroundcasing pipe/handholes

ChemicalPhosphorusRemoval
y UsingChemP:
y Constantlyadjustthechem feedpumpstomatchflow y Canoverfeedchemical

Erroronthesideofcaution y Allowfordiurnalflowvariations y Flowpacing(?) considerrecyclestreamslugloadconc.

y

y SeasonalAdjustments
y Winter
y y y

Addmorechemicaltomaintaincompliance HighereffluentPvalues Cantlandapply

ChemPRemoval SideEffects
y MetalsaltswithUVsystems
y Ferric/ferrous coatslamps,frequent

cleaning y Alum OK

y Impacts/effectsofreturnstreams
y HigherPininfluent y Slugloads

y Impactonsludgeproductionand

characteristics y Significantincrease y Landappimpacts/limits

y Chemicalcosts y Sludgedisposalcosts

y O&Mcostimpacts

ChemPSummary
y Advantages
y Easytoimplement y Simpleoperation

y Disadvantages
y Increasedsludge

production y AddedO&Mexpense y Chemicalcosts y Sludgehandlingcosts y Ferric/ferroussalts corrosion

BiologicalPRemoval
y Fairlynewtechnology y GrowmicroorganismsthattakeupextraP(PAOs)
y Produceproperenvironment

y Requiressignificantmodificationstoexistingfacility
y Relativelyhighcapitalcosts

y LoweroperatingcostcomparedtoChemP
y Avoidorminimizechemicaladdition y Producesminimaladditionalsludge

BiologicalPRemoval
y Whatsinvolved?
y Anaerobic/aerobiccyclingofmixedliquor y Requiresvolatilefattyacids(VFA) y GrowselectorganismsinMLSStotakeupand

storeP y Removeorganism(&P)inwastesludge y Removalof solidsfromeffluent

BioPOxidationDitch&AnaerobicSelectorTank

BiologicalPRemoval
y AerationInfluentcharacteristics/loadings
y MostBioPplantsdesignedw/oprimaryclarifiers y Challengesofprimaryeffluent
y

Need>~20:1CBOD5:P,~40:1BOD5:COD y i.e.,toolittleCBOD5 canhinderBioP y PrefermentationforVFAs y Affectssizeof anaerobiczone y If <ideal,canstilldoBioPwithchem addition ChemicallyEnhancedPrimaryTreatment(CEPT)?

y BioPaffectsonaeration
y ~1020%reduction

BiologicalPRemoval
y Whatisneededtomodifyexisting

facility? y Activatedsludgesystems: y Anaerobicselectortank y If nitrifying,consideranoxic zonealso y Removenitrates(oxygen source) y Automation/control y Evaluatesludgehandling capacity y Digesters y Dewatering y Storage y Tertiarytreatment???

BiologicalPRemoval
y BioPOperationalControl
y KeepMLSSatconsistentconcentration(wasteregularly) y Minimalsludgeblanketinfinalclarifiers(avoidPrelease) y RASflowpaced y SRT typically5to15days
y

CanloseBioPatlowtemps(<10C)&lowSRT(<5days)

y F/MRatio</=0.5

y SeasonalAdjustments
y BioPwinter
y y

HigherMLSSduetocoolertemps/slowerbiology TypicaltoNH4removal

BiologicalPRemoval
y Impacts/effectsofreturnstreamonotherprocesses y Slugloads ofP
y Considersidestream treatmentorstorage

y Impactonsludgeproductionandcharacteristics
y BythenatureofBNR,phosphorousaccumulatesinthe

biosolids y HighPinWAStoanaerobicdigesters struvite y LessdrytonsproducedthanwithChemP y Landappimpacts/limits

y O&Mcostimpacts

BioPSummary
y Advantages
y Reduce/eliminatechemical y y

y Disadvantages
y Highercapitalcoststhan

y y

addition Reduce/eliminatealkalinity additionduetoChemP Selectsforflocculating bacteriavs.Filamentous bacteria=bettersettling Reducesaeration requirements Canimprovenitrification ratesinaerobiczone

ChemP y Requiresmorecarefuldesign y Moresensitiveoperation

y

Limitationonnitrateand D.O.recycletoanaerobic zone PreventPreleaseinclarifiers

TreatmentProcessforPLimits
y Customaryprocessesforleveloftreatment(mg/LTP)

BioP
y Secondary

ChemP
0.5

1.0

Effluent
y Filtered

0.3.05

0.10.2

Effluent

TertiaryTreatmentOptions
y Filtration
y Gravitysandfilters y Pressurefilters y Diskfilters

y PolishingPonds y TertiaryClarifier

TertiaryTreatmentOptions

AdditionalTopics
y Clarifiersizingforphosphorusremoval
y Per10StatesStandards
Treatment Process Surface Overflow Rate at Design Peak Hourly Flow* gpd/ft2 Conventional, Step Aeration, Complete Mix, Contact Stabilization, Carb. Stage of Separate Stage Nitr. Extended Aeration Single Stage Nitrification 2 Stage Nitrification Activated Sludge with Chemical addition to Mixed Liquor for Phosphorus Removal * ** *** Basedoninfluentflowonly Plantsneedingtomeet20mg/Lsuspendedsolidsshouldreducesurfaceoverflowrateto1,000gallonsperdaypersquarefoot Clarifierpeaksolidsloadingrateshallbecomputedbasedonthedesignmaximumdayflowthedesignmaximumreturn sludgeraterequirementandthedesignMLSSunderaeration Peak Solids Loading Rate***

lb/day/ft2

1,200**

50

1,000 800

35 35 As Above

900****

**** Whenphosphorusremovaltoaconcentrationoflessthan 1.0mg/L isrequired

AdditionalTopics
y Clarifiersizingforphosphorusremoval
y Modifications/optimizingexistingclarifiers
y

PLimit<1.0mg/L?Checkdesignforoverflowrate y Addanotherclarifier y Addfiltration Focusonimprovedsetting y WithBioP,selectortankimprovessettleability y Stamfordbaffles y Evaluateflowsplit/hydraulicimprovements

y SolidsremovalisKEY!

Stamfordbaffles

Aquatic&NaturalSystems
y ExistingPonds&Lagoons
y SupplementalProcesses y Clarifierswithchem feed y Sludgehandling required y Consideralongwith

ammoniaremoval (futurelimits?)

NutrientFarmingProcessesforSidestreams
y Nutrientrecoveryprocesses
y Producesstruvite fertilizer y ReducesrecyclingofP&N y Reducesstruvite formation

y Ostara y Multiform

Harvest

TestTime!!!!
MultipleChoice
1.

WhichofthefollowingchemicalsisNOT usedfor chemicalprecipitationinwastewatertreatment:

a) b) c) d) e) f)

Alum FerricChloride FerrousChloride/hydrochloricacidmixture(pickleliquor) FerricSulfate Lime None allcanbeused

TestTime(cont.)
2. InaWWTPwithprimarytreatmentandsecondarytreatment,whichONE ofthefollowinggenerallocationswouldaddingametalsalttoremove phosphorusNOTbebeneficial: a) Preprecipitation addedtorawsewagepriortoprimarysedimentation b) Coprecipitation addedtoprimarysedimentationeffluent c) Coprecipitation addedtomixedliquorintheactivatedsludgeprocess d) Coprecipitation addedtothebiologicalprocessuniteffluent e) Postprecipitation addedtothesecondaryclarifiereffluent f) None allabovelocationswouldbebeneficial Alumisanabbreviatedtermforwhatchemical? Fullname: Aluminumsulfate Chemicalformula: _________ Al2(SO4)3

3.

TestTime(cont.)
4.

Howmanypoundsofachemical,appliedattherateof5mg/L,arerequired todose7 milliongallons? a.35.0lb b.58.4lb c.291.9lb 5mg/Lx7MGDx8.34=291.9 d.350.0lb A15,000galtankisfullofaliquidchemicalwithaspecificgravityof1.25. Whatistheweightofthecontentsofthetank? a.7819lb b.18,750lb c.125,100lb d.156,375lb 8.34lb/galx1.25S.G.x15,000gal=156,375lb

5.

TestTime(cont.)
6. WhichofthefollowingisNOT atypicalconsideration

whenevaluatingwhichchemicaltoutilizefor phosphorusremoval?
a.Costofthechemical b.Alkalinityconsumption c.Quantitiesofsludgegeneratedbyitsaddition d.Ultravioletlighttransmittance e.Safetyandhandlingrequirements f.Oxygentransferrate

TestTime(cont.)
7.

Circlethetwo (2)generaltypesofcolloidalsolidparticle dispersionsinliquids. a.Heterotropic

b.Hydrophobic c.Hemophilic d.Hydroliphic e.Hydroponic f.Hydrophilic g.Hydrostatic h.Hydrofluxcapacitor

TestTime True/False
8. 9.

Additionofalumwillincreasethealkalinityinthe waterbeingtreatedduringthecoagulationprocess. Theformationoflimestone(calciumcarbonate)is notaseriousprobleminlimesystemsusedfor phosphorusremoval. Addingametalsalttoaprimarysedimentation basinwillnotaffectBODandTSSremoval efficiencies. Addingferrousmetalsaltscanaffectthealkalinity ofyourwastewaterstream. Intheluxuryuptakephosphorusremovalprocess, bacteriareleasephosphorusinanaerobicrelease tank.

FALSE FALSE

10.

FALSE

11. 12.

TRUE FALSE

TestTime(cont.)
13.
Inmostcases,ferroussulfatecannotbeusedalone asaprecipitantbecauselimemustbeaddedatthe sametimetoformaprecipitate.
TRUE

14. IfyourNPDESPermitdoesnotincludephosphorus ortotalnitrogenlimits,youcannotusechemical precipitationtoimproveplantperformance. 15. Polymerscanbeusedinconjunctionwithmetal saltstoaidinphosphorusremoval. 16. Priortoanactivatedsludgetypeoftreatment process,itisdesirabletoremoveasmuch phosphorusaspossibleintheprimaryclarifiers. 17. Everyoperatorhasaresponsibilitytoensurethatthe treatmentsplantsareasafeplacetoworkandvisit.

FALSE

TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Questions?