(01)What's the difference between intranet, extranet and internet?

Intranet is shared content accessed by members within a single organization. Extranet is shared content accessed by groups through cross-enterprise boundaries. Internet is global communication accessed through the Web. Intranet: An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems within that organization. Extranet: An extranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols, network connectivity. An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company, usually via the Internet. Internet: The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.

(02) What is schema and sub-schema?

The schema is the physical arrangement of the data as it appears in the DBMS. The subschema is the logical view of the data as it appears to the application program.

(03) What are attributes and entities? Entities are the things you're keeping track of. In an video rental database, you keep track of customers, invoices, titles, copies, etc. These are represented in tables where the rows are individual instances of a customer or title. The columns are the attributes, the things that tell us about the instance in the row. The customer's name, address, city, balance, etc. are attributes that help identify the customer. An invoice's attributes might be price, number, date, paid/unpaid, etc. Databases link entities/tables so that a customer, described by his attributes, can be associated with his invoices, describe by his attributes and selected by the invoices 'unpaid' column.

(04) What is difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous database?

A homogenous database is one that uses the same DBMS at each node. Either

each node can work independently or a central DBMS may coordinate database

activities. A heterogeneous database is one that may have a different DBMS at

each node. It may support some or all of the functionality of one logical

database. It may support full Distributed DBMS functionality or partial

Distributed DBMS functionality.

(05) what is data mapping?

Data mapping is the process of creating data element mappings between two distinct data models. Data mapping is used as a first step for a wide variety of data integration tasks including: Data transformation or data mediation between a data source and a destination Identification of data relationships as part of data lineage analysis Discovery of hidden sensitive data such as the last four digits social security number hidden in another user id as part of a data masking or de-identification project Consolidation of multiple databases into a single data base and identifying redundant columns of data for consolidation or elimination

(06) What is office automation systems?

Office Automation system collects, processes, stores and transmits data and information in the form of electronic office communication.

(07) What are subsystems of information system?

Transaction Processing System Office Automation Knowledge Work Management of Information Decision Support

Expert System Executive Support System Group Decision Support Computer Supported Group Decision

(08)where are expert system used

An expert system is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automatic reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence. Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.

(09what is artificial intelligence?

When it comes to making complex judgement calls, computers cant replace people. But with artificial intelligence, computers could be trained to think like humans do. Artificial intelligence allows computers to learn from experience, recognize patterns in large amounts of complex data and make complex decisions based on human knowledge and reasoning skills. Artificial intelligence has become an important field of study with a wide spread of applications in fields ranging from medicine to agriculture.
(10) difference between verification & validation ?
Validation means, Determining if the system complies with the requirements and performs functions for which it is intended and meets the organizations goals and user needs. It is traditional and is performed at the end of the project. Verification means, The review of interim work steps and interim deliverables during a project to ensure they are acceptable. To determine if the system is consistent, adheres to standards, uses reliable techniques and prudent practices, and performs the selected functions in the correct manner.

(11) What is client server technology?

It is a network of shared or distributed computing in which the tasks and computing power are split between the servers and clients. The servers store and process data common to the users across the organisation and these data can be accessed by any client.

(12) define context diagram?

The Context Diagram shows the system under consideration as a single high-level process and then shows the relationship that the system has with other external entities (systems, organizational groups, external data stores, etc.).

(13) what is blackbox and whitebox testing with examples?

Black box testing. This approach tests all possible combinations of end-user actions. Black box testing assumes no knowledge of code and is intended to simulate the end-user experience. You can use sample applications to integrate and test the application block for black box testing. You can begin planning for black box testing immediately after the requirements and the functional specifications are available. White box testing. (This is also known as glass box, clear box, and open box testing.) In white box testing, you create test cases by looking at the code to detect any potential failure scenarios. You determine the suitable input data for testing various APIs and the special code paths that need to be tested by analyzing the source code for the application block. Therefore, the test plans need to be updated before starting white box testing and only after a stable build of the code is available. A failure of a white box test may result in a change that requires all black box testing to be repeated and white box testing paths to be reviewed and possibly changed.

(14) define software quality assurance?

Software quality assurance (SQA) consists of a means of monitoring the software [citation needed] engineering processes and methods used to ensure quality. The methods by which this is accomplished are many and varied, and may include ensuring conformance to one or more standards, such as ISO 9000 or a model such as CMMI.

(15) what is input validation?

Input Validation is the correct testing for of any input that is supplied by something else. All applications require some type of user input. User input could come from a variety of sources, an end-user, another application, a malicious user, or any number of other sources. A malicious user is not going to announce that he/she is here to attack your software. This stands to reason that all input should be checked and validated, because you do not know exactly who or what is giving you input to process. Applications and software should check all input entered by a user, but this is not the only time that input should be checked.