Expt No.

1 Aim:

Fixed Bias or Base- Bias amplifier circuit using BJT

1. To observe the Waveforms at input and output without bias. 2. To determine the bias resistance to locate Q-point at center of Load line. 3. To Measure the gain of amplifier. 4. To Plot the frequency response & Determine the Bandwidth Product Apparatus required: S.No. Name of the apparatus 1. BC 2N2222 or BC 547 2. Resistor 3. Regulated power supply 4. Function Generator 5. CRO 6. Capacitor 7. Bred Board 8. Connecting wires Theory: The circuit (also known as Base-bias circuit) see Figure 9.1 is the most simple of all Common-Emitter circuits. It provides a straightforward introduction to the DC bias analysis of transistors. The Q-point, however, is extremely beta-dependent. Because of this, this circuit has limited applicability. Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input voltage is set in the signal generator. 3. The readings are measured by CRO from the minimum frequency to maximum frequency. 4. Draw the input and output waveform as per the readings measured. 5. Determine the bias resistance using RB=Vcc/IB 6. Locate Q.Point at centre of the load line by using RB. 7. Measure the gain using Gain=20log10(Vo/Vi) 8. Plot the graph by using frequency Vs Gain. 9. Determine the Bandwidth product using BW=fC2-fC1

Range 1K,100K (0-30)V (0-30)Mhz 30Mhz 0.1f -

Qty 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Req.

Circuit Diagram:

Frequency Response curve:

DC load line:

Determination of Operating Point (Q): (VCEQ or VC, ICQ or IC):

Bandwidth Product:
The bandwidth of the circuit is found as the difference between the cutoff frequencies. By formula,

Tabular Column:
S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage (Vo)

Input Voltage (Vi) =1V

Gain=20log10(vo/Vi)

Result: Thus the input and output waveform, frequency response for fixed bias amplifier circuit using BJT are drawn and following parameters are calculated. (i) Bias Resistance RB = (ii) Gain = (iii) Band width product =

Expt No.2
Aim:

Common Emitter Amplifier using voltage divider Bias

To Design and construct BJT Common Emitter Amplifier using voltage divider bias (selfbias) with and without bypassed emitter resistor, Measure the gain, Plot the frequency response and Determination of Gain Bandwidth product. Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Theory: Name of the apparatus BC 547 Resistor Regulated power supply Function Generator CRO Capacitor Bred Board Connecting wires Range 33K,100K,2.2K,1K (0-30)V (0-30)Mhz 30Mhz 10f,100 f Qty 1 1 1 1 1 2,1 1 Req.

The voltage divider is formed using external resistors R1 and R2. The voltage across R2 forward biases the emitter junction. By proper selection of resistors R 1 and R2, the operating point of the transistor can be made independent of . In this circuit, the voltage divider holds the base voltage fixed independent of base current provided the divider current is large compared to the base current. However, even with a fixed base voltage, collector current varies with temperature (for example) so an emitter resistor is added to stabilize the Q-point, similar to the above circuits with emitter resistor.
Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input voltage is set in the signal generator. 3. The readings are measured by CRO from the minimum frequency to maximum frequency. 4. Draw the input and output waveform with and without bypass emitter resistor of the circuit and as per the readings measured.

5. Measure the gain using Gain=20log(Vo/Vi) 6. Plot the graph by using frequency Vs Gain.

7. Determine the Bandwidth product using BW=fC2-fC1

Frequency Response curve

DC load line:

Bandwidth Product:
The bandwidth of the circuit is found as the difference between the cutoff frequencies. By formula,

Calculations:

Tabular Column:
S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage (Vo)

Input Voltage (Vi) =1V

Gain=20log10(vo/Vi)

Result:

Thus the input and output waveform with and without bypass emitter resistor of the common emitter amplifier using voltage divider bias, frequency response of the common emitter amplifier circuit using BJT are drawn and following parameters are calculated. Gain Band width product = =

Expt No.3
Aim:

Common Collector Amplifier using voltage divider Bias

To Design and construct BJT Common Collector Amplifier using voltage divider bias (selfbias), Measure the gain, Plot the frequency response and Determination of Gain Bandwidth product. Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Theory: Name of the apparatus BC 547 Resistor Regulated power supply Function Generator CRO Capacitor Bred Board Connecting wires Range 100K,33K,4.7K (0-30)V (0-30)Mhz 30Mhz 10f Qty 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Req.

The voltage divider is formed using external resistors R1 and R2. The voltage across R2 forward biases the emitter junction. By proper selection of resistors R 1 and R2, the operating point of the transistor can be made independent of . In this circuit, the voltage divider holds the base voltage fixed independent of base current provided the divider current is large compared to the base current. However, even with a fixed base voltage, collector current varies with temperature (for example) so an emitter resistor is added to stabilize the Q-point, similar to the above circuits with emitter resistor.
Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input voltage is set in the signal generator.

3. The readings are measured by CRO from the minimum frequency to maximum frequency. 4. Draw the input and output waveform as per the readings measured. 5. Measure the gain using Gain=20log10(Vo/Vi) 6. Plot the graph by using frequency Vs Gain. 7. Determine the Bandwidth product using BW=fC2-fC1

Design:

Frequency Response curve Bandwidth Product:

The bandwidth of the circuit is found as the difference between the cutoff frequencies. By formula,

Tabular Column:
S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage (Vo)

Input Voltage (Vi) =1V

Gain=20log10(vo/Vi)

Result: Thus the input and output waveform of the common collector amplifier using voltage divider bias, frequency response of the common collector amplifier circuit using BJT are drawn and following parameters are calculated. Gain Band width product = =

Expt No.4 Aim:

Darlington Amplifier using BJT

To measure and compare the gain and input resistance of the Darlington amplifier circuit using BJT, determine the gain bandwidth product and to plot the frequency response. Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Theory: The Darlington amplifier is a useful circuit and has the advantage of providing a very high current gain, high input impedance and higher output power. (It is not necessary to use matched transistors here) and often you see a smaller signal transistor driving a larger power transistor. The current gain is approximately the product of both Q1 and Q2 forward current gains. One point to note is that as Q1 emitter is connected to Q2 base the bias voltage required is V be1 + Vbe2. This must be taken into account when designing bias circuits for the Darlington amplifier. Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input voltage is set in the signal generator. 3. The readings are measured by CRO from the minimum frequency to maximum frequency. 4. Draw the input and output waveform as per the readings measured. 5. Measure the gain using Gain=20log10(Vo/Vi) Ri1=R1II R2 and input resistance using Name of the apparatus BC547 Resistor Regulated power supply Function Generator CRO Capacitor Bred Board Connecting wires Range 100K,33K,1K (0-30)V (0-30)Mhz 30Mhz 10F Qty 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 Req.

6. Plot the graph by using frequency Vs Gain.

7. Determine the Bandwidth product using BW=fC2-fC1

Design: Input Resistance: Ri = R1II R2 = R1.R2 / R1+R2 Bandwidth Product:

The bandwidth of the circuit is found as the difference between the cutoff frequencies. By formula,

Tabular Column:
S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage (Vo)

Input Voltage (Vi) =1V

Gain=20log10(vo/Vi)

Result: Thus the gain and input resistance of the Darlington amplifier circuit using BJT are measured and compared its values and frequency response characteristics curve is drawn and following parameters are calculated. Input Resistance Ri1 = Gain =

Band width product

Expt No.5 Aim:

Source follower with Bootstrapped gate resistance

To Measure and compare the gain, input resistance and output resistance with and Without Bootstrapping. . Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Theory: Name of the apparatus BC 547 Resistor Regulated power supply Function Generator CRO Capacitor Bred Board Connecting wires Range 100K,4.7K,47K,120K (0-30)V (0-30)Mhz 30Mhz 22fd,1fd,47fd Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Req.

Bootstrapping involves the use of positive feedback from output to input of an amplifier, of nearly unity gain, in such a way that a particular point in the circuit is "pulled up as if by its own bootstraps" The bootstrap technique is used to make a low value gate resistor Rg appear to have a much higher value as seen by the input signal.

Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input voltage is set in the signal generator. 3. The readings are measured by CRO from the minimum frequency to maximum frequency. 4. Measure the gain using Gain=20log10(Vo/Vi), input and output resistance using Rg= RD =

Circuit without Bootstrap

Circuit with Bootstrap

Input Resistance: Ri = R1 II R2 Output Resistance: Ro = RE

Tabular Column:
Without Bootstrap

S.No.

Input Voltage (Vi)

Output voltage(Vo)

Gain=20log10(vo/Vi)

With Bootstrap

S.No.

Input Voltage (Vi)

Output voltage(Vo)

Gain=20log10(vo/Vi)

Result:

Thus the gain, input and output resistance of the source follower with bootstrapped gate resistance circuit using FET are measured and compared its values.

Expt No.6 Aim:

Differential amplifier using BJT

To Measure the CMRR of differential amplifier using BJT Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of the apparatus Transistor BC 547 Resistor Regulated power supply Voltmeter Bred Board Connecting wires Range 3.3K,1K and 4.7K (0-30)V (0-30)V Qty 2 2,2,1 3 1 1 Req.

Theory:
Gain (dB) = 20log (vo/Vi) CMRR = 20log (Ad/Ac)

Where

Ad:
Ac:

Differential Gain Common Mode Gain

The function of a differential amplifier is to amplify the difference between two input signals. The output signal is proportional to the difference between the two input signals i.e., V O=

Ad (v1-v2).
If v1=v2, the output voltage is zero. A non-zero output voltage is obtained if V 1 & V2 are not equal. The difference mode input voltage is defined as V d[(=V1-V2)] and the common mode input voltage is defined as Vcm=(V1+V2)/2. Differential mode Gain Ad Common mode Gain Ac= Vo/Vs Where Vs = differential input voltage CMRR: (Common Mode Rejection Ratio): CMRR is used to define the ratio of the Ad and Ac = Vo/Vs

Procedure: Differential Mode 1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The DC input voltage is set in base of the both transistor. 3. The corresponding output voltage is determined at collector of the transistor. 4. the value of readings are tabulated Common Mode: 1. The Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The single supply voltage is applied to the both the transistor base. 3. Then the same procedure is followed in the differential mode.

Differential Mode:.

Tabular Column: (Differential Mode)

S.NO.

Input

Vd[(=V1-V2)]

Vo

Gain=Vo/Vd

Voltage V1 V2

Common Mode:

Tabular column : (Common Mode)

S.NO.

Input Voltage(Vc)

Vo

Gain=Vo/Vc

Calculation:

Result:

Thus the differential amplifier was constructed and differential mode gain, Common mode gain and CMRR also calculated. Differential mode Gain Ad Common mode Gain Ac = CMRR = =

Expt No.7 Aim:

Class A Power Amplifier

To observe the output waveform, Measure the maximum power output, determine the efficiency and Compare with calculated values of class A power amplifier.

Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Theory: Common emitter voltage amplifiers are the most commonly used type of amplifier as they have a large voltage gain. They are designed to produce a large output voltage swing from a relatively small input signal voltage of only a few millivolt's and are used mainly as "Small Signal Amplifiers" as we saw in the previous tutorials. However, sometimes an amplifier is required to drive large resistive loads such as a loudspeaker and for these types of applications where high switching currents are needed Power Amplifiers are required. The main function of the Power amplifier, which are also known as a "Large Signal Amplifier" is to deliver power, which is the product of voltage and current to the load. Basically a power amplifier is also a voltage amplifier the difference being that the load resistance connected to the output is relatively low, for example a loudspeaker of 4 or 8s resulting in high currents flowing through the Collector of the transistor. Because of these high load currents the output transistor(s) Name of the apparatus SL100R Resistor Regulated power supply Function Generator CRO Capacitor Bred Board Connecting wires Range 100K,4.7K,47K,120K (0-30)V (0-30)Mhz 30Mhz 22fd,1fd,47fd Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Req.

used for power amplifier output stages need to have higher voltage and power ratings than the general ones used for small signal stages.

Procedure:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input voltage is set in the signal generator. 3. The output readings are measured by CRO. 4. Draw the input and output waveform as per the readings measured. 5. The maximum power output measured by using Pin(dc)=VCC.ICQ=2VCEQ.ICQ 6. The efficiency of this amplifier is determined by using o. 7. Compare with calculated and noted values. Circuit diagram:

Input and output waveform of Class A amplifier

Efficiency Calculation:

Result: Thus the efficiency, maximum output power of the class A amplifier circuits is determined and measured. The output waveform, calculated values of the circuit is observed and compared.

Expt No.8

Class B Complementary symmetry power amplifier

Aim: To observe the output waveform with crossover Distortion, Modify the circuit to avoid crossover distortion, Measure the maximum power output, Determine the

efficiency and Compare with calculated values.

Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Theory: One of the main disadvantages of the Class B amplifier circuit above is that it uses balanced centre-tapped transformers in its design, making it expensive to construct. However, there is another type of Class B push-pull amplifier called a ComplementarySymmetry Class B Amplifier that does not use transformers in its design therefore; it is transformer less using instead complementary pairs of transistors. As transformers are not needed this makes the amplifier circuit much smaller for the same amount of output, also there are no stray magnetic effects or transformer distortion to effect the quality of the output signal. While Class B amplifiers have a much high gain than the Class A types, one Name of the apparatus BC 547 & BC557 Resistor Diode (IN4001) Regulated power supply Function Generator CRO Capacitor Bred Board Connecting wires Range 100K,4.7K,10K (0-30)V (0-30)Mhz 30Mhz 10fd,4.7fd Qty 1 2,1,2 2 1 1 1 2,1 1 Req.

of the main disadvantages of class B type push-pull amplifiers is that they suffer from an effect known commonly as Crossover Distortion. This occurs during the transition when the transistors are switching over from one to the other as each transistor does not stop or start conducting exactly at the zero crossover point even if they are specially matched pairs. This is because the output transistors require a base-emitter voltage greater than 0.7v for the bipolar transistor to start conducting which results in both transistors being "OFF" at the same time. One way to eliminate this crossover distortion effect would be to bias both the transistors at a point slightly above their cut-off point. This then would give us what is commonly called an Class AB Amplifier circuit.

Procedure:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input voltage is set in the signal generator. 3. The output readings are measured by CRO. 4. Draw the input and output with cross over distortion waveform as per the readings measured. 5. Modify the amplifier circuit to avoid the cross over distortion. 6. Draw the output waveform as per the readings measured. 7. The maximum power output measured by using Po(ac)=V2P/2RL or V2pp/8RL 8. The efficiency of this amplifier is determined by using o(max)=78.5%

9. Compare with calculated and noted values. Circuit diagram:

Modified circuit diagram

Efficiency Calculation:

Result: Thus the efficiency, maximum output power of the class B complementary symmetry power amplifier circuits is determined and measured. The output waveform with and without cross over distortion of the amplifier circuit is observed. Calculated values of the circuit are compared

Expt No.9 Aim:

Power Supply circuit - Half wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter.

To Measure the DC voltage under load and ripple factor, Comparison with calculated values and Plot the Load regulation characteristics using Zener diode. Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Theory: Name of the apparatus Diode (IN4001) Resistor Step down Transformer Capacitor Zener diode Bred Board Connecting wires Range 1K,3.3K, 4.7K,47K 6-0-6 or 12-0-12 470fd,1000fd 9V Qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 Req.

The Half wave rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage. In the Half wave rectifier circuit shown above the transformer serves two purposes. 1. It can be used to obtain the desired level of dc voltage (using step up or step down transformers).
2. It provides isolation from the power line. The primary of the transformer is connected to ac supply. This induces an ac voltage across the secondary of the transformer. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the voltage across the secondary forward biases the diode. As a result a current IL flows through the load resistor, RL. The forward biased diode offers a very low resistance and hence the voltage drop across it is very small. Thus the voltage appearing across the load is practically the same as the input voltage at every instant. During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the secondary voltage gets reversed. As a result, the diode is reverse biased. Practically no current flows through the circuit and almost no voltage is developed across the resistor. All input voltage appears across the diode itself. Hence we conclude that when the input voltage is going through its positive half cycle, output voltage is almost the same as the input voltage and during the negative half cycle no voltage is available across the load. This

Explains the unidirectional pulsating dc waveform obtained as output. The process of removing one half the input signals to establish a dc level is aptly called half wave rectification.
Procedure: 1. The circuit connections are made as per the given diagram. 2. The amplitude and time of transformer output is noted. 3. Then the rectified output with and without filter is noted. 4. Find the ripples and DC voltage of output of the rectifier. 5. Change the filter i.e., capacitor (470fd and1000fd ) and measure the output waveform of rectifier. 6. The graph is drawn and to find the ripple factor value of these capacitors using R F.

Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:

Tabular Column:

S.No.

Filter

Vdc

Vm

Ripple factor

Ripple Factor Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component in the output.

Ripple factor

Vav the average or the dc content of the voltage across the load is given by

RMS voltage at the load resistance can be calculated as

Ripple Factor:

Load Regulation: 1. For finding load regulation, make connections as shown in figure below. 2. Keep input voltage constant say 10V, vary load resistance value.

3. Note down no load voltage VNL for maximum load resistance value and full load voltage VFL for minimum load resistance value. 4. Calculate load regulation using, % load regulation = (VNL-VFL)/ VFL x100 Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:

Tabular Column: Source S.No. Voltage -Vs (V) Zener Voltge -Vz (v) Load Current (IL) mA

Result: Thus the DC voltage under load and ripple factor of the half wave rectifier is measured and calculated values are compared. The Load regulation characteristics using Zener diode is plotted.

Expt No.10 Aim:

Power Supply circuit - Full wave rectifier with simple capacitor filter.

To Measure the DC voltage under load and ripple factor, Comparison with calculated values and Plot the Load regulation characteristics using Zener diode. Apparatus required: S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name of the apparatus Diode (IN4001) Resistor Step down Transformer Capacitor Zener diode Range 1K,3.3K, 4.7K,47K 6-0-6 or 12-0-12 470fd,1000fd 9V Qty 2 1 1 1 1

6. 7. 8. Theory:

Bred Board Connecting wires

1 Req.

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. For singlephase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-toanode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage. Procedure: 1. The circuit connections are made as per the given diagram. 2. The amplitude and time of transformer output is noted. 3. Then the rectified output with and without filter is noted. 4. Find the ripples and DC voltage of output of the rectifier. 5. Change the filter i.e., capacitor (470fd and1000fd ) and measure the output waveform of rectifier. 6. The graph is drawn and to find the ripple factor value of these capacitors using R F.

Ripple factor:

The ripple factor for a Full Wave Rectifier is given by

the average voltage or the dc voltage available across the load resistance is

RMS value of the voltage at the load resistance is

Circuit diagram:

Model Graph:

Load Regulation: 1. For finding load regulation, make connections as shown in figure below. 2. Keep input voltage constant say 10V, vary load resistance value. 3. Note down no load voltage VNL for maximum load resistance value and full load voltage VFL for minimum load resistance value. 4. Calculate load regulation using, % load regulation = (VNL-VFL)/ VFL x100

Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:

Tabular Column: Source S.No. Voltage -Vs (V) Zener Voltge -Vz (v) Load Current (IL) mA

Result: Thus the DC voltage under load and ripple factor of the Full wave rectifier is measured and calculated values are compared. The Load regulation characteristics using Zener diode is plotted.