USC Trojan Football Analysis

USC Passing Offense

By Norm Chow Offensive Coordinator University of Southern California (2001-2004) I was asked to talk about offensive football. As far as teaching the quarterback, I have some very simple rules. I copied these from some people a long time ago (Note: This refers to Lavell Edwards Head Football Coach, and Doug Scovill OC / QB Coach at BYU before Norm Chow). The quarterback must always give a command that is understood and must never give a command that will be misunderstood. This is just good common sense right? You can fool a lot of the people but you had better not try to fool your quarterback. He needs to know what is going on all of the time. That is the number one rule that I ask of all our young players. Never give a command that will be misunderstood, and always give a command that will be understood. The second rule for the quarterback is this: You always ask him what he saw on a play. "What did you see?" It is not, "I thought!" It is not what he "thought"; it is what did he see. What he saw may be accurate or inaccurate it does not matter. We can adjust to that. If he saw one thing he should have done this. If he saw something else, he should have done that. We want to know what the QB saw on the play and why he made his decision. The third rule for the QB is that he is never wrong. I learned this from Doug Scovill when he was OC at BYU and I was still wide receivers coach. I was very lucky in my career to work with some excellent coaches like Doug Scovill and LaVell Edwards. The QB would screw up in some games and Doug would never get on them in front of the team. He used to put his arm around the QB and talk to him in a low tone of voice. On the other hand, I was coaching the receivers for him. We would throw a pass down field that was nearly impossible to catch. Doug would yell at the receiver, "Catch the damn ball!" It finally hit me what he was doing. He was showing the football team the QB was the key to the team. He was treated differently, and he was handled differently. He didn't get extra shoes or anything like that, but he was special. Think about this. Until the QB says, "Go" nothing will happen. There can be 100,000 people in the stands but nothing will happen until this player decides the play will begin. We always make him feel like a million dollars, because he is the man. If he makes mistakes we talk about them in the film room. But as far as the rest of the team is concerned he is never, ever wrong. The fourth rule is this: Always throw the football to the receiver. Throw the ball straight ahead. Think about how easy that is. If the receiver is over there, then throw the ball to him. If he is over there, then throw the ball to him. Basically what we are saying is for the QB to move his feet and get the body in position so that you are throwing the ball to the receiver. Always throw the ball straight ahead. Step and throw the ball to the receiver. With that basic idea in mind we work with our feet, our hips, and our eyes. Notice how I did not say one word about the arm. When you get most quarterbacks they have been throwing the ball for several years and you are not going to change them. You are not going to change their delivery. But what you can work on are the feet, the hips, and eyes. That is what we try to emphasize with our QB's. Bill Walsh wrote an article about development of the QB. He said that the work is done in the off season in the gym. That is when you work on the feet, hips, and eyes. However, when the QB gets on the football field and takes a snap, you do not want him to be thinking about his feet, hips, and eyes. You want him to be thinking about this: "I take the snap, and if the receiver is open over there I am going to throw the ball to him." That is the difference in a teaching and a coaching situation. You do not want him thinking about all the mechanics when he gets on the field. He wants to be thinking, "if the safety goes over there, I am going to throw the ball over here". That is the way you want him to think. That is our philosophy here on coaching the QB. We can talk about stance and delivery and all of the other mechanical aspects if you want. We are all different on taking the football from under the center. Some coaches want the QB to take
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the ball with the feet straight, some want the feet staggered. There are a lot of right ways to do things. As far as putting the passing game together here at USC we have a couple of rules. First is pass protection. We are going to protect the QB, otherwise nothing works. This is the reason we spend hours and hours as coaches in meeting rooms talking about schemes. You may beat us because your players are better than ours. But as far as the scheme goes, we are going to protect the QB. Before we even begin to talk about pass routes we talk about pass protection. We try to make it easy for the QB. We tell him to look up. If he sees two safeties back in coverage, we do not worry as much about protection at the line of scrimmage. We have seven blockers and we can handle the defense. We do not teach the QB as much about the fronts in this situation. He is concerned about throwing the football. He has enough to worry about. All he has to do is look for the two safeties. If they have two safeties back you assume they have two corners an that means only seven possible rushers. We have seven protectors. If we are in one back sets the numbers of course change. Now, that seventh protector becomes his responsibility to read. Here is how we do it. We all point to the seventh man that we can not block. That is the man whom the QB must key for the rush. If that seventh man comes on the rush, the QB must get rid of the ball quickly. If the unblocked man backs off, the QB keeps the ball and looks to make a play. We call this the movement key. He watches the coverage. If there are only seven rushers then he reads his progression - one, two, and three. If we only have six man protection the offensive line points to the one man we can not block. That is the man the QB must key. We do not care if everyone knows that the QB is keying the seventh man. Now the read key becomes the blitz. The QB checks the blitz and goes through his progressions - one, two, three. That is how simple we try to keep it. The second rule as far as putting the passing game together is this: We are going to try to control the football with the forward pass. This is of course a bit of a contradiction. Statistics are what you want to make of them. But there are two statistics we believe in. One is the time of possession. We feel we need to win this battle. The other statistic we want to win is the turnover battle. We do not want to turn the ball over. Those two points are very important to us. If you can accomplish those two things you will control the football. But we are trying to control the football with the forward pass. What does this mean in our terms? Check downs! The QB looks for the number one receiver, then the number two receiver, and if they are not open he looks for the three-yard pass. Bam! If the first two receivers are not open, the takes the 3 or 4 yard pass. He throws for the short gain and we hope we can break a tackle and make another four yards or so. When I was coaching under Doug Scovill at BYU I would see the QB look at the post receiver and then throw the ball to the back coming out of the backfield. Doug would go over to the QB and tell him it was a nice job. I was thinking what the hell is going on? It looked to me as if the wide receiver on the post route was open for a touchdown and the QB drops the ball off to the swing man. Finally I realized what he was doing. That is the hardest thing a QB has to learn to do. He has to learn to be able to throw the check down. The third aspect of the passing game is this: We want to kiss it. We all know what that means. Keep It Simple Stupid. I think the biggest mistake that coaches make is that we try to be too smart. You come to a clinic like this and we get an idea from coach Herb Meyer. Then you try to incorporate it into what you are doing. You need to develop a philosophy. When you develop that philosophy you need to stay with it. There are lots of ways to move the football. You need to develop your own philosophy and you need to keep it simple. I can not overstate that point. Because of the nature of our business, we get to sit in an office and spend time drawing up plays on the chalkboard. A lot of plays may look good in a playbook, but is it going to help our team? With that in mind at USC on the dropback passing game we will only have nine passes. We call it our 60 Series. We have a pass for each of the 60 numbers. We may call the play 65 for example. This means the lineman know it is basic 60 cup protection. The 5 is the pass pattern for that play. Everyone has to remember the individual pass routes that make up that pattern. We have nine basic pass patterns. We teach four in one day and five the next day at the start of camp. That is all we have. I feel very strongly about this. We are going to keep it as simple as possible so out kids can go out on the field confident that we are going to make the play and we are going to know what we are doing. The mistake that coaches make is to make it too complicated. It is a football game and not a physics class. If we coaches were that smart we would not be sitting here not making a lot of money. In the scope of setting up the passing game we feel there are a couple of things we need to include - the three step drop,

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the five step drop, and the play action passing game. We want to be able to establish the run to some extent. Also we need the ability to sprint out at times. The reason you need the ability to sprint out is this: If you can't handle the defense on the inside you can take the ball outside; if we get beat on the outside, we can step up in the pocket; if they come up the middle then get to the outside. The last thing in our passing game is that we will use a lot of screens to help control the blitz. There are so many things happening with fire zones, and zone blitzes today and there is so much suffocation with the various coverages, and disguises, that we feel the best way to mitigate the blitz is with the screen pass. We run a lot of screens where we just throw the ball outside to the receiver. When those screens get blown up or knocked down, I do not think you should be that upset about it. It is no big deal. It tells the defensive line they can not be in too big a hurry to get up the field because we may throw the screen pass. It is all done with out blitz control package. With regard to the blitz and our running game we'll sometimes run the trap draw. All we are trying to do is trap the outside rush man. This is the man that gets his butt up the field. I was fortunate to coach against Florida State for a couple of games. The have defensive ends that are 6' 4" and 250 pounds. All they do is get their butt up in the air and look for the snap of the ball. When that ball is snapped, they come across the line very hard. They do not know where the QB is. They are great upfield rushers. We don't run the 7 step drop game when we can not protect the passer. We run the football. We throw the ball on timed routes, we throw the screen and draws, and we are going to run some gimmick plays just to slow the game down a bit. This is our game plan every week. When you formulate your offense and decide you are going to throw the ball, these are things you should consider. Let me show you how we go about doing that. When we decide to implement the passing attack, which is not new to what is going on today, there were a couple of things we had to do. In designing the passing attack, the concepts remain the same. We have curls, flats, man routes, option routes, crossing routes versus man coverage, and the four vertical routes. The last thing we have is what we call triangles. That is what the passing game amounts to. I do not think these concepts will ever change. This is true if you run the run and shoot or a drop back style attack. I am going to talk about building triangles. I could go through the entire passing attack for USC because it is that simple. But instead I will focus in on building triangles in our passing game. This is what we do against teams that play zone coverage against us. We call these passes oblique passes. Everyone knows the horizontal and vertical stretch passing game. We say that we like to use the oblique passing game. In essence against the zone coverage we try to create oblique stretches to force the defense to cover the entire football field. We call it movement keys and receiver progression. Movement keys simply means the coverage. The defense can be quite confusing when they put seven or eight men in the box and show one thing and play another. It is hard to figure out what the coverages are when that happens. They move around so fast you can't tell what they are always doing. When we get to that point we are going to attack with triangles. For our basic passing game we have a strongside vertical, and we have a middle vertical, and a weakside vertical. We have a couple of horizontal stretches and we have a couple of man routes. We have a few one-man routes. We have a route to attack Cover 2, and we have the four verticals game. That is our basic passing game. There I have told you everything we do and I did it in two minutes. Again...we have one strongside vertical route, one middle vertical route, one middle vertical and one weakside vertical. We have two horizontal stretch routes, a man route, four verticals and a Cover 2 beater. That is all we basically do. We attack everyone we play with these basic plays. Our kids know these plays the second day of practice.

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USC Trojan Football Analysis

I am assuming everyone knows how to break down the passing zones. We figure that there are eight defensive zones on the football field. If the defense rushes three men, then they can defend with eight men against the pass. It is simple. If you rush three you can defend the eight zones. If the defense elects to cover all eight zones well we are going to run the football. If the defense rushes four and covers seven of the zones it is our responsibility to find the zone that is not covered and that is where we are going to attack. If you only cover seven zones we will eventually find it and that is where we are going to throw the football.

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USC Trojan Football Analysis

Here is an example. With a strong side vertical we send the Z (flanker) on the go route or whatever you want to call it. We tell the split end to go to the middle deep area. The tight end goes to the area where the deep and the underneath areas meet. The back checks the rush and runs an arrow route. The back side back runs a little check down as well. That is a basic example of how we design our passing game. That is an example of a strongside vertical route for us. If the defense is playing three deep (Cover 3) with four men underneath the we have a decent chance with this pass. This is our 65 pass. In terms of progression the deep man on this play is number one. We always look for that long ball first. We have learned the quarterback can throw the deep pass if can throw it in five steps. If he hits five and it is open he should throw the pass. If he hits that fifth step and has to insert a hitch step to make the throw we tell him not to throw it. Why? Those cornerbacks are good enough today that even if you have them beat and hesitate on the play they can react fast enough to still make the play. You can not hesitate. If the QB can throw on the fifth step that is fine. But anything after that and we do not want him to throw the long ball. The number two man in terms of progression is the tight end down in the area between the deep and the underneath zone. We want him to sit down and look for the QB. We call this our sail route. We find the dead spot in the zone and we sit there. The end has an easy release. He comes out and sits inside. Most teams run this play with an out route for the tight end. They want to get a one, two, three vertical look. We do not want to do that. We want a one and a two and a three look, so it looks like our triangle we talked about. It makes it tougher to cover for the defense. If the QB has an open window on the outside he will throw the football. If he has an open window inside with the tight end he will throw it. The tight end wants to get into position where he can shield the defender from getting the ball if it comes to him. It is just like playing basketball. If the ball is over his head he can still make the adjustment and make the

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catch. In our playbook the split end is also number two in terms of progression. We draw it up for the QB with both receivers being number two. If the QB drops five steps and does not see the wide receiver open on the called side he looks inside to the tight end. Then he sees a flash of light coming over to cover the tight end. It is the free safety. The quarterback now looks up to the split end who is running the deep route down the middle. When the free safety comes over to cover the tight end it leaves the split end open. Now the QB can throw the deep ball down the middle. If we can not get the ball to the first three receivers we look to the backs. It is a simple four or five yard throw. We tell the right half back to run a five yard to six yard arrow route. Once we get the ball outside to him he can run the ball upfield. Now if the defense takes the arrow route away from us we still have a chance to go to the backside on the dump to other running back. We look at the three deeper routes first and then go from there. This is a strong side vertical pattern. We can also add a "tag" to the pattern to make it a little more sophisticated. By tag I mean we can simply alter one of the individual routes within the pattern. Say for instance the defense has taken away all the deep patterns away. We can come back with the same play and tag it with 65 F-Angle. As the onside halfback sees the strong linebacker leave to cover the tight end on the curl route he cuts back inside on the angle route. Now we have an open spot in the defense. This all comes from slightly altering the one basic route.

If we face some type of man coverage and our tight end sees the strong safety come up to stop the inside route we want the tight end to make a move at the top of the route and push the outside. It is man coverage and he can get to the outside and get open. Now it is one, two, three progression. This is how we design out pass offense. It is very, very simple.

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The other way is the same idea. We are going to run the play to the weakside. The weakside vertical is the same idea. We send the split end on the up or go route. We take the tight end five to seven yards deep and then across the middle at 15 to 17 yards deep. We bring the wide receiver down the middle on the split. The onside halfback runs the flat. The other back runs the check down. We have the same play as before. We have the same basic triangles as we had before. This is just the weakside vertical play variation. We can do different things with the backside halfback. We can bring him down inside. This is what it looks like with the split end, tight end, and onside halfback in the triangle. Protection wise we are going to block big on big. We block backs on the linebackers. If the defense is better than we are, we will have to keep the backs in to check the rush. If the defender gets by the line, we will have the back block him if the linebackers are not coming. That is the weakside vertical.

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Now we tag this route as well. It is probably our favorite play. We call it a 69 weak. We tag it with a get-a-way route for the halfback. It is an option route. It is a free release for the halfback. He is not going to block the weak side line backer. It is our 69 H option play. As I said we block big on big. Our backs block linebackers. The halfback has the WLB and the fullback has the SLB. The front five have the four down lineman and the MLB. If we split the halfback out of if we are not going to block the WLB and we still want to throw the dropback pass we call the play 69 Will. We can not block the WLB. The WLB could be in a different area and we can not block him. If the WLB comes on the blitz then the halfback is the hot read. As the WLB comes across the line of scrimmage, the halfback must turn and look for the ball. We dump the ball to the halfback.

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USC Trojan Football Analysis

If we want to free the fullback on the other side we call it 69 Sam. The Sam call tag tells us we can not block the SLB. Everyone knows who is assigned to block the SLB. If he comes on the blitz we throw the ball to the fullback on the hot read. We call the play 69 Halfback Option - Will. We played Michigan years ago when I was still at BYU. We ran this single play 17 times that game. For some reason they were trying to defend the halfback with the MLB. We try for a free release on the halfback. If the WLB comes on a blitz then we throw it hot.

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USC Trojan Football Analysis

If the defense is playing in some type of zone defense the back just comes up to the line and finds a hole and sits in the hole. It is like you do on the playground. He sits at the hole on the line and the QB finds him and throws the ball to him. As the QB comes back on the progression read he eyes the back. When he gets open the QB throws the ball to him. If the defense is in man coverage the rule is this that the WLB has the halfback and he reinforces the defender's position. If the defender is outside we push him outside and then cut back to the inside. If the WLB is on the inside on some type of knockdown coverage we bring the halfback down inside and toward the WLB and then we break outside. Now I have the chalk so to speak and the offense should win this battle. We tell out receivers the defender can not be right. If he is on the outside we run inside. If he is on the inside we run outside. If he splits the difference with another defender then we want to run in the middle of the two defenders. If the defense takes the MLB and squeezes the play and dos not allow you to throw the ball to the halfback we look for the tight end. If the MLB goes over to help the WLB it leaves a lane open for the tight end. This is where the QB should throw the ball. When we run our normal 69 the look is long and then short in terms of reads. It is the triangle we talked about. When we tag on the H option the look is short to long or reversed. It is down and then back up to the top.

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We have now covered the strong side vertical and the weakside vertical. Now we can add on the middle vertical. It is the same idea. Now we want to stretch it down the middle of the field. We send the tight end 10 yards deep and drag him straight across. The Flanker runs a post cross route at 18 yards depth. We run the Split End on a split route. We take the fullback and check him down to the flat. The halfback checks down at three yards inside. Now we are stretching the defense down the middle. If the safety stays high we come off the split end. If we move the coverage underneath we have a shot at the Flanker. If we do not get movement underneath we look for the tight end at 10 yards deep across the middle. If that is covered we look for the halfback on the check down inside. We throw th ball at three yards and hope he gets four more yards out of the play. You had better cover the deep routes of the two outside receivers. The defense must cover everyone for us to get to the check down. If they cover everyone we get the ball underneath and get up the field and see what we can do. With all of this in mind all of this gives us a chance to run what we like to run. If we want to run 63 and put the Flanker on the post corner route we call it Z Corner. If we want to put it on the X route we call it 63 X Corner. We can put the Y end on the corner. The play stays 63. It looks like we are running about six different patterns. It is the same route run over and over again. This system allows us to run lots of different looks with the same basic pattern. It is one basic pattern. That is basically the way we put our offense together. We have one strongside, middle, and weakside vertical play. We have a couple of horizontal stretch plays to go along with this. This is as basic as we get with our passing game. One of our favorite routes is the horizontal stretch route. I have showed you the three vertical routes. Now, I am talking about the horizontal stretch route. We run 14 yard curl routes with the wide receivers. The fullback runs a four to six yard arrow route. The tight end runs 8 to 10 yards deep in the middle. We start with movement keys. Let me show you
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what we do against the basic Cover 3 with a basic 4-3 defense. On the first step the QB takes he is reading the MLB. The MLB will give the QB direction. If the MLB goes weakside it means the WLB has taken the flat away. If the MLB has taken the curl route away the read now becomes inside-out to the defenders on that side. We have three underneath receivers and the defense has only two defenders on that side. If the strong safety hangs on the curl and runs to the flat we throw the ball to curl inside. If the SLB takes away the curl by the tight end and the strong side safety takes the curl by the Flanker the QB throws the ball to the flat. If the SLB goes to the middle and the strong safety goes to the flat we throw the curl with the Flanker.

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You have four defenders underneath in this coverage. We have five receivers underneath. The QB simply has to find the open receiver. We do not run this play against Cover 2 as there are five underneath defenders and two deep in coverage as the match up is less favorable. If the MLB goes strong or goes straight back we respond accordingly. If MLB goes straight back he takes away the curl to the tight end. If they take away the strong side they only have the WLB underneath on the short side. If the WLB hangs to cover the curl we throw it to the flat. If the WLB goes to the flat we throw to the curl. This is how we attack the defense. Again, the defense has four underneath and we have five horizontal. The area the defense vacates we are going to hit. If the defense is in Cover 2 and we do not check out of it we do not have a very good play. We tell the receivers then if they see pressure on the five under two deep coverage to attack the defense on a high low route. If we can get the ball to the open man we will. If we can't we go back and call another play. We have to be smart. If the defense covers with five underneath it means they only have two deep men to cover. That is why we go high low. That is the way we attack cover two. The next play is our 66 play. We can call 66 Y bench. Some people call this play Hank. It is 66 to us. It is the same route over and over. All we are going to do is tag one man and everyone else is adjusting to the tag. We hope it looks to you like we are running a lot of different plays. When we call 66 Y Bench we have recognized that something is going on. The defense is giving us something that allows us to stay strong. Now, we are not reading the middle linebacker. We are staying on the strongside. Now we go with the Y end toward the bench. We read the routes, one, two, three. This gives us a chance to take advantage of what the defense is giving us. This is a good route for us against the blitz.
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We call it 66 Y Bench. It is a delay route for us with the fullback. We have a basic crossing pattern against man coverage. We tell our QB that when we put a game plan together we list all of the different situations. On the bottom of the plan we put the audible checks in. Against man coverage we allow two basic calls. Against Cover 3 it is two basic calls. Against Cover 2 it is two basic calls. The QB knows he has only two basic calls against the defense. If he comes up to the line and sees the defense is in something that will give us a problem with the play called in the huddle, he has two plays he can check to. We do not have a complicated list.

Next this is the route we use against man coverage. It is our crossing route. We tell the tight end (Y) that he is responsible for the depth of the route. We tell the X receiver that he is responsible for the mesh of the route. The X receiver comes underneath the Y end. If Y goes six yards deep then X has to go five yards deep. They are going full speed. It is not a pick route. It is simply a crossing route. The QB watches the mesh occur with the crossing routes. The QB turns his shoulders to the receiver that comes and throws the ball to him. If we make a mistake and the defense is not running man coverage and they are playing zone and we are running crossing routes then this is what the QB should do. He should look at the back of the two receiver side which is the tight end side and he should turn his shoulder and throw the ball to the back in the flat. We want to throw the ball three yards and get three more on the run. Now, we have a second and four situation. We have to be able to look for the crossing recievers and if they are covered we go to the backs. I heard YA Tittle say this about playing QB in the NFL. "If you are going to be an NFL quarterback you have to know where the number three receiver is going to be". I think it is our job to as coaches to make sure our quarterback understands where number three is going to be. It is not that hard if you work at it. Teams used to man blitz against us in the red zone. When teams played the man blitz we had a variety of things we could
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do. We run our 62 Z Pac route. It stands for post or corner route. The Flanker runs the corner or post.

You could line up in a split look with two backs split wide with the X receiver. You could line up in a stack look with two backs stacked behind the split end. You can do anything that is different. But basically it is the same route over and over. We have X and Y cross, Z runs a corner and the backs run out. I do not mean to minimize this but it is like a basketball game. We tell our receivers they have to get five yards deep. We tell the there is a hole on their side and they need to find the hole. If they understand the concepts of the routes we have taught them they should know where to run. We tell them we are not teaching robots. We are teaching young men, period. We teach them to play football and that is all. You can be as complicated as you want with the passing game. But if your players do not understand what you are doing it will not matter. We feel our players can understand what we are doing and they are comfortable with what we are doing.

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As we get older we do not remember who our chemistry teacher was. We do remember who our coaches were. I can remember Coach Ane like it was yesterday. I was in the ninth grade and on the third string JV team. The season was over and he was taking some of the JV players up to the Varisty. He called the names out and he called my name out. I will never forget that. The point I am trying to make and I want you to remember is that we are in the best profession in the world. We can go to work in shorts and tennis shoes. Don't forget to teach kids technique. Teach kids values and character. If we can do that we will all be successful. I appreciate you listening to my lecture. Norm Chow Offensive Coordinator University of Souther California (2001-2004)

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