Adolescence and Aging Eriksonian Stages -8 stages, looks at whole life span -Stage 1: (age 1) trust vs mistrust -Stage

2: (age 2-3) autonomy versus shame and doubt -Stage 3: (age 4-6) development of independence -Stage 4: (age 6 12) has a need to learn new skills to overcome inferiority, lack of self-worth -Stage 5: (age 12-13) starts to question topics like religion -Stage 6: (age 19-40) have thoughts of intimacy -Stage 7: (age 40-65) generativity, having children, stagnation -Stage 8: (age 65+) reflecting and accepting own life, sense of fulfillment

Levinsons Stages -stage 1: childhood and adolescence -stage 2: early adulthood (20 early 40s) -stage 3: middle adulthood (40s- early 60s) -stage 4: late adulthood (60s- 80s)

Formal Operations (ability to apply abstract ideas; logic) -hypothetical reasoning -learn how to tackle problems from different perspectives (angles) -becomes introspective; think about the impact you have on other people -manipulate two or more values at the same time (in preoperational, children typically can only manipulate one value at a time) -can hypothesize logical consequences; develop cognitive skills -detect logical inconsistencies

Characteristics of Formal Operational Thought -abstract, idealistic, logical

Moral Dilemma Demonstration Moral violations Joe: sexual blackmail Tarzan: ungrateful, inconsiderate (failure to send notice indicating that he was better) Jane: cheating (betrayal), gossip, BUT: didnt say yes right away and motivation was to save a life (good cause) or not Point of demonstration: diverse perspectives on moral issues

Kohlbergs stages -preconventional level : (age 7) -conventional level: -postconventional level: develop their own ethical principles

Comparison of stages between Piaget and Kohlberg (look at slides)

Adolescence -~11-19 years old -personal identity, emancipation from family (separating psychologically from family)

Puberty -physiological phenomenon -stage of adolescence

-true puberty: reproduction possible

Early Adolescence -rebellion -maturity vs babyish -absorption with close friend same age and sex -moodiness -sloppiness

Puberty-Early Adolescence -establish independence self, characterized by rapid growth, body-conscious, skin problems, confused by changes -constantly hungry -sleep schedule changes Middle Adolescence -experimental, risk-taking -Firsts (12-16) -omnipotence, invulnerability: you feel like nothing bad can happen to you -preoccupied with sex -striving for autonomy (want to do things that parents dont want you to do) -Teenage-parental conflicts Late Adolescence -establish ego identity -growth subsidies, settles -sleep and eating changes (approaches more to an adult level) -Same-sex intimacy fades

-seeks acceptance (society, parents)

Influences on Vocational Choice -family values -socio economic status (SES): well generally choose a vocation to meet the economic stratum -need for prestige -level of motivation -indecision

Ageism -Pat moore: reporter who investigated ageism (pretended to be an 85 year old) -discrimination against a person based on his or her apparent age -stereotypes: TV, advertising (never see a successful elder) -workers older than 65 (increase of perceived age discrimination from 1977 to 2011 (11.6%->16.9%) Elder abuse -5 year study shows physical violence (children abusing their own parents) -chronic verbal aggression -neglect of elderly -extortion of money -sexual assault - 1-3million older Americans suffer from people they depend on for care -perpetrators: -spouses (58%) -child (24%)

-victims: -less than 1%

Intelligence (EXAM QUESTION!!!!!) -crystallized intelligence -vocab, information, comprehension -tends to be retained with age (may even increase with age) -fluid intelligence -novel, speeded, perceptual-motor tasks -ability to put things together or do things quickly -decline with age; behavioural slowing Personality -stable across the lifespan -psychiatric disorders (elder vs young): -anxiety: same -depression: same -paranoia: increases

Social Factors in Aging -role changes -occupational -family -community -financial status

-social stressors -forced retirement -death of spouse -decreased health -declining finances -people who live for a very long time (~100 years old) - have common personalities -do not dwell on losses -sexual activity -no decline in enjoyment with age -sexual behaviours affected by medical factors, but the interest does not change in healthy older people -prosthetics -reduce institutionalization, retain independence

Nursing home study -good for people who cannot take care of themselves, but they lose their autonomy (independence), dignity, etc -can lead to psychological disorders -1.5 million Americans live in nursing homes, 90% with inadequate staffing Rodin and Langer study Group 1 -choose and care for a potted plant -select movie night

Group 2 -given a plant (care for by staff); -saw move on scheduled night -3 weeks later -group 1 happier and more active than group 2 -18 months later -15% group 1 died -30% group 2 died -Conclusion: activities that increase autonomy will prevent physical deterioration