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In conjunction with attending the lectures you will need to read around the
subject to fully understand the material.
4
Subatomic Physics:
Particle Physics Lecture 1
Our current understanding:
The Standard Model of Particle Physics
5
atom
nucleus
protons &
neutrons
quarks &
electrons
From the Atom to Subatomic
}
Nuclear
Physics
}
Particle
Physics
from introductory
Subatomic slides
6
}
Particle
Physics
Subatomic physics looks at:
Z
0
!
gluons
8
Basic Particles (1st Generation)
copies of ("
e
, e
#
, u, d)
equal mass
d e
e
+
e
e
Track
left by a
positron
More in PP Lec 2 (&
Quantum Physics 14.5)
11
Schrdinger and Klein Gordon
E = i
t
p = i
E
(r, t) =
E
(r) exp{iEt/}
E=p
2
/2m gives time-dependent Schrdinger:
(r, t) = N
exp{i( p r + E
p
t)/}
2
2m
2
(r, t) = i
t
(r, t)
2
2
t
2
(r, t) =
2
c
2
2
(r, t) + m
2
c
4
(r, t)
12
Subatomic Forces
Strongest force
propagated by photon, %
propagated by W
and Z
0
bosons
14
Colour Charge
The strong and weak forces also have charges associated with them.
Particle scattering
Particle decay
23
Higher Orders
So far only considered lowest order term in the
perturbation series. Higher order terms also
contribute
Lowest Order:
e
-
e
+
Second Order:
e
-
e
+
+
e
-
e
+
+
+....
Third Order:
+....
Second order suppressed by relative to rst
order. Provided is small, i.e. perturbation is
small, lowest order dominates.
Dr M.A. Thomson Lent 2004
6
Summary of Standard Model Vertices
!At this point have discussed all fundamental fermions
and their interactions with the force carrying bosons.
!Interactions characterized by SM vertices
ELECTROMAGNETIC (QED)
e
-
e
-
e
=
e
2
4
q
q
Q e
Couples to CHARGE
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
STRONG (QCD)
s
=
g
s
2
4
g
q
q
g
s
Couples to COLOUR
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
WEAK Charged Current
W
-
e
-
e
g
w
w
=
g
w
2
4
W
+
u
d
g
w
V
ckm
Changes FLAVOUR
For QUARKS: coupling
BETWEEN generations
WEAK Neutral Current
Z
0
e
-
,
e
e
-
,
e
Z
0
q
q
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
Dr M.A. Thomson Lent 2004
!
e
!
"
"#e
W
6
Summary of Standard Model Vertices
!At this point have discussed all fundamental fermions
and their interactions with the force carrying bosons.
!Interactions characterized by SM vertices
ELECTROMAGNETIC (QED)
e
-
e
-
e
=
e
2
4
q
q
Q e
Couples to CHARGE
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
STRONG (QCD)
s
=
g
s
2
4
g
q
q
g
s
Couples to COLOUR
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
WEAK Charged Current
W
-
e
-
e
g
w
w
=
g
w
2
4
W
+
u
d
g
w
V
ckm
Changes FLAVOUR
For QUARKS: coupling
BETWEEN generations
WEAK Neutral Current
Z
0
e
-
,
e
e
-
,
e
Z
0
q
q
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
Dr M.A. Thomson Lent 2004
d
e
!
u
"#e
W
time see: JH D&R lectures 2, 14, 15
Well learn all about
these type of diagrams
throughout the course
16
Free quarks have never been observed - quarks are locked inside hadrons
Hadrons are bound states of quarks: either (qqq) or (qq)
q
q
q
q
q
p = (uud)
n = (udd)
p = ( u u
d)
+
= (u
d)
= ( ud)
0
=
1
2
(u u d
d)
17
"
'
'
0
!1
u
d
c
s
t
b
+2/3
!1/3
Interaction
Gauge
Bosons
Charge,
e
Strong gluons, g 0
Electro-
magnetic
Photon, % 0
Weak W, Z 0, 1
Gravity graviton? 0
Matter Forces
fermions, spin-"
18