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Table of Contents
viii
5.2 Gate Types
.................................................................................................................................... 53
5.2.1 Pin, Pinpoint, Tunnel, and Submarine Gates ............................................................................ 54
5.2.2 Edge and Straight-Edge Gates .................................................................................................. 55
5.2.3 Fan Gates .................................................................................................................................. 55
5.2.4 Film, Diaphragm, and Ring Gates ............................................................................................ 55
5.2.5 Tab Gates .................................................................................................................................. 56
5.2.6 Multiple Gates .......................................................................................................................... 56
5.3 Gate Location .................................................................................................................................... 57
5.3.1 Side, End, and Center Gates ..................................................................................................... 58
5.3.2 Determining Gate Position ........................................................................................................ 60
5.4 Gate Size
.................................................................................................................................... 62
5.5 Gate-Design Systems........................................................................................................................... 62
5.6 Runner Design .................................................................................................................................... 63
5.6.1 Multiple-Cavity Molds ............................................................................................................. 64
5.6.2 Ejection .................................................................................................................................... 70
5.7 Mold-Cooling Design .......................................................................................................................... 70
5.7.1 Cooling Channels ...................................................................................................................... 70
5.7.2 Effects of Corners ..................................................................................................................... 74
5.7.3 Thickness Variations ................................................................................................................. 75
5.7.4 Runnerless Molds ..................................................................................................................... 75
5.7.5 Slides .................................................................................................................................... 75
5.7.6 Venting .................................................................................................................................... 75
5.8 Mold Construction Materials .............................................................................................................. 76
5.9 Prototype Molding with SLA or Similar Type Molds......................................................................... 76
5.10 Pitfalls to Avoid................................................................................................................................. 77
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7 Factors Affecting Post-Mold Shrinkage and Warpage ................................................................... 97
7.1 Effects of Temperature on Dimensions ............................................................................................... 97
7.2 Effects of Moisture on Dimensions ..................................................................................................... 98
7.3 Creep
.................................................................................................................................. 103
Table of Contents
x
9.4 Customer Requirements ....................................................................................................................
9.5 Management Tools ............................................................................................................................
9.6 Filling Analysis .................................................................................................................................
9.7 Packing and Holding Simulation .......................................................................................................
9.8 Shrinkage/Warpage Simulation .........................................................................................................
9.9 Cooling Analysis ...............................................................................................................................
9.10 Costs
..............................................................................................................................
9.11 Conclusions
..............................................................................................................................
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11 Data
.................................................................................................................................. 157
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11.9 Material-Specific Shrinkage Characteristics .................................................................................. 198
11.9.1 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) (Crastin) (DuPont) ..................................................... 198
11.9.2 Polyoxymethylene: Acetal (POM) (Delrin ) (DuPont) ...................................................... 200
11.9.3 Polycarbonate (PC) ............................................................................................................. 203
11.9.4 Polyphenylene Sulfide (Fortron) (PPS) ............................................................................. 204
11.9.5 Thermoplastic Elastomer Ether Ester Block Copolymer (TEEE) (Hytrel) (DuPont) ....... 206
11.9.6 Polypropylene (PP) .............................................................................................................. 207
11.9.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (Rynite) (DuPont) ....................................................... 215
11.9.8 Polyetherimide (PEI) (Ultem) (GE Plastics) ...................................................................... 215
11.9.9 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) (Zenite) (DuPont) ............................................................. 216
11.9.10 Polyamide: Nylon (PA) (Zytel ) (DuPont) ....................................................................... 217
Glossary
.................................................................................................................................. 233
Index
.................................................................................................................................. 241
Table of Contents