VOLTAGE DIP CALCULATIONS USING SPREADSHEETS V. MIJATOVIC, R. COULTER*, A. ZAYEGH, A.

KALAM School of Communications and Informatics Victoria University PO Box 14428 MC, Melbourne, 8001 *Manager Technology Development, POWERCOR, Australia Abstract The analysis of voltage dips is an important technique in the determination of power quality. This paper deals with the use of spreadsheets to calculate voltage dips in a distribution network. It is shown that the graphs generated are essential tools in helping to understand the characteristics of voltage dips. 1. INTRODUCTION Voltage dips are short-duration rms voltage caused by faults in the electricity supply system and the starting of large loads [1]. The interest in voltage dips is mainly due to the problems they cause on many types of equipment. Characteristics typically analyzed when discussing voltage dips are its magnitude and duration. However, during voltage dips, there is a phase shift associated with the drop in voltage, which is not included in the normal characteristics. This characteristic is based on a balanced voltage dip, whereas most voltage dips are a result of unbalanced faults occurring on the system. Both these factors play an important role in the disturbance of equipment operation [4]. One of the most powerful tools for dealing with classical unbalanced systems is the theory of symmetrical components. This theory allows us to analyze the system response when dealing with both symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. In this paper, the theory of symmetrical components will be applied to voltage dips due to single line to ground fault (SLGF) and line to line fault (LLF). Using a simple radial high voltage distribution network at no load as the base model (Figure 1), phase voltage characteristics are derived for both faults. Using data provided with the base model and alternating the transformer from delta-delta ( ) to star-delta (Y), the phase voltage characteristics are then determined in terms of magnitude and angle. Co mparing the phase voltage to the pre-fault phase voltages will give the voltage dip in terms of magnitude and phase change.

Figure 1 Base model of a distribution network.

2. UNBALANCED FAULT CHARACTERISTIC For simplified symmetrical component analysis it is assumed that the positive and negative sequence networks have the same impedance (Z1 =Z2 ) [2]. However for the purpose of determining phase voltages we shall initially label both the positive and negative impedances separately. The analytical equations for the three phase voltages are derived via the voltage matrix.

V R 1 1 V = 1 2 Y V B 1

1 V R 0 V R1 2 V R 2

(1)

where = 1120 and 2 = 1 240

Therefore VR = VR0 + VR1 + VR2 VY = VR0 + 2 VR1 + VR2 VB = VR0 + VR1 + 2 VR2

(2)

Subtracting the fault voltage from its relevant pre-fault voltage determines the voltage dip magnitude and angle. To calculate the voltage dip at various fault points requires changing the line impedance, due to the fact that as the line length increases so does the line impedance. The advantage of using spreadsheets is that the data can be graphed in order to show the behaviour of the voltage dip. In the next section plots are generated which show the trend in voltage magnitude vs. phase change, change in voltage magnitude vs. distance and phase change vs. distance. The line voltages at particular fault points are displayed as sinewave graphs so that comparison between pre-fault, fault and post-fault conditions can physically be seen. The advantage of this is that it is possible to see voltage dip effects. Using MATLAB tool Excel Link, the data in Excel can be used to represent, in MATLAB, the three pre-fault and fault voltages as vector diagrams for the fault points. 4. RESULTS The following graphs are for both SLGF and LLF using either transformer, however due to these graphs being only examples we have only used the three line-ground voltages (VRN , VBN ,VYN ) as data. Please note that VRN is represented by a grey line, V BN by a light grey line and VYN by a black line. 4.1 Magnitude change vs. phase change Figures 2 to 5 are useful in determining the phase change experienced in the line when the fault voltage increases or decreases, and vice versa. It is also possible to see the difference that the transformer connections will make on the voltage dip. 4.1.1 SLGF

From the SLGF sequence network it can determined that VR0 = -IFZ0 VR1 = ER1 - Z1 IF VR2 = -IFZ2

(3)

where IF = ER1 / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3Z F ) For the LLF the sequence network is VR0 = 0 VR1 = IF (Z2 + ZF ) VR2 = IFZ2 where IF = ER1 / (Z1 + Z2 + ZF) Thus the sequence voltages at the fault point F and bus R, for given networks, can be determined using the above equations (2)(3) and (4). To determine the voltage at bus LD the transformer connections are taken into account. If the transformer is Y connected there is a phase shift of +30 in the positive sequence and a shift of 30 in the negative sequence [3]. There is no phase shift for the connected transformer. Also taken into account is the change in the zero sequence network due to transformer connections. 3. EXCEL SPREADSHEET FOR VOLTAGE DIP CALCULATIONS Using the relevant equations obtained from the previous section it is possible to calculate the voltage dip expected at varying fault points (0 20km) at bus LD for both SLGF and LLF using either transformer. Firstly it is known that pre-fault values of the phase voltages are equivalent to VRN = 1 30 VYN = 1 270 VBN = 1150 VRY = 160 VYB = 1 -60 VBR = 1 180

(4)

Figure 2 Magnitude change vs. phase change for connection

4.2 Magnitude vs. distance The graphs shown in this section help determine the voltage dip magnitude at certain distances. Thus, given the distance, it is possible to estimate what the voltage dip magnitude will be.

4.2.1 SLGF Figure 3 Magnitude change vs. phase change for Y connection. Note: VYN located origin. 4.1.2 LLF

Figure 6 Magnitude vs. distance for connection.

Figure 4 Magnitude change vs. phase change for connection. Note: VRN located at 0-30

Figure 7 Magnitude vs. distance for Y connection. Figure 5 Magnitude change vs. phase change for Y connection.

4.2.2 LLF

Figure 8 Magnitude vs. distance for connection.

Figure 11 Phase vs. distance for Y connection.

4.3.2 LLF

Figure 9 Magnitude vs. distance for Y connection.

4.3 Phase vs. distance Figure 12 Phase vs. distance for connection. Figure 10 - 13 show what phase change the system will experience over a certain distance 4.3.1 SLGF

Figure 13 Phase vs. distance for Y connection.

Figure 10 Phase vs. distance for connection.

4.4 Sinewave graphs The data used for the following graphs are taken at a fault distance of 0km. These graphs give a better understanding of the line voltage values at pre-fault, fault and post-fault conditions. Please note that transient effects are not taken into account. 4.4.1 SLGF

Figure 17 Y connection, at observation point

4.5 Vector diagrams The vector diagrams visually clarify the change in magnitude and phase in comparison to its initial value. Please Note that the data used is once again for a fault distance of 0km. Figure 14 connection, at observation point. 4.5.1 SLGF

Figure 15 Y connection, at observation point 4.4.2 LLF Figure 18 connection, at observation point

Figure 16 connection, at observation point

5. CONCLUSION As can be seen, by using a simple radial high voltage distribution network at no load as the base model, the phase voltage characteristics where derived for both faults using spreadsheets. Using the voltage dip data obtained from the spreadsheets it was graphically represented in order to give us a better understanding of its characteristics, especially noting its behaviour when the transformer connection was changed from to Y . The advantage of using spreadsheets is that the graphs generated help us to physically see the comparison between pre-fault and fault conditions as well as the difference between fault location points. Thus it helps us in determining the effects of voltage dips on the system. Another advantage of using spreadsheets, especially for students, is its ease of use and it is also relatively affordable and obtainable compared to other simulation packages. 6. REFERENCES [1] L. Zhang, and M.H.J. Bollen, Characteristic in Voltage Dips (sags) in Power Systems, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol.2, pp 827-832, April 2000. [2] H. Saadat,1999, Power System Analysis, WCB/McGraw-Hill. [3] J.J. Grainger, W.D. Stevenson, 1994, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill. Figure 20 connection, at observation point [4] M.H.J. Bollen, P. Wang, and N. Jenkins, Analysis and consequences of the phase angle associated with a voltage sag, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems Computation Conf., Dresden, Germany, Aug 1996.

Figure 19 Y connection, at observation point 4.5.2 DLGF

Figure 21 Y connection, at observation point