INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION DISORDERS

A Lifespan Evidence-Based Perspective

Fourth Edition

Owens, Farinella, & Metz

Chapter 2 Typical and Disordered Communication

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Explain the role of culture and environment in communication Describe what is involved in human communication Demonstrate how communication disorders may be classified Name some types of communication disorders Discuss and estimate the frequency of occurrence of communication disorders
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OUTLINE

Human Communication Means of Communication Communication Through the Lifespan Communication Impairments How Common are Communication Disorders?
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HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Humans are social animals. Communication

Exchange of ideas between sender(s) and receiver(s) Satisfy needs and wants, reveal feelings, share information

Sociolinguistics
How cultural identity, setting, and participants influence communication

Cultural identity
Language and cultural communities
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MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

Language
A socially shared tool, rule-governed, generative, and dynamic. Symbols are arbitrary. Generative: Each utterance is freshly created Dynamic: Languages change over time Grammar: Rules of a language Linguistic intuition: Recognition of right/wrong grammar Three primary components: Form, Content, Use

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LANGUAGE FORM

Consists of Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax Phonology

Sound system of a language
Phonotactic Rules: How sounds can be arranged in words

Morphology
Structure of words
Morpheme: Smallest grammatical unit
Free morpheme Bound morpheme

Syntax
How words are arranged in a sentence
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LANGUAGE CONTENT

Consists of Semantics Semantics

The meaning of language
Semantic features
Pieces of meaning that define a word

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LANGUAGE USE

Consists of Pragmatics Pragmatics

Refers to how and why we use language Varies with culture Example rules in American English (Figure 2.2)
Do not interrupt Each utterance should be relevant Topics must be established, maintained, and ended

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MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

Speech
Acoustic representation of language Features
Articulation: How speech sounds are formed Fluency: Smooth, forward flow of communication
Influenced by rhythm and rate (prosody/suprasegmentals)

Voice: Components are Pitch, Loudness, Quality

Pitch: Listeners perception of how high or low a sound is Habitual pitch: Pitch a speaker uses most of the time Intonation: Pitch movement within an utterance
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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

About 2/3 of human communication is nonverbal Nonverbal

Prosodic features and nonvocal communication

Nonvocal communication features

Artifacts: Appearance (clothing, furniture, cars, music) Kinesics: Body language. Explicit vs. implicit. Space and Time
Proxemics: Physical distance between people Tactiles: Touching behaviors Chronemics: Effect of time on communication
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COMMUNICATION THROUGH THE LIFESPAN

Early communication between infants and caregivers fosters speech/language development. Speech and language skills continue to change throughout ones life. Modes of communication may change. New vocabulary is developed. The key to becoming a communicator is being treated as one. Biological basis of language is not the only factor; social interaction is very important.
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COMMUNICATION IMPAIRMENTS

ASHA: Disorders of speech (articulation, voice, resonance, fluency), orofacial, myofunctional patterns, language, swallowing, cognitive communication, hearing, and balance.
Reading, writing, and manual communication systems are included

Variations in communication are not impairments

Dialects: Differences that reflect a regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity
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COMMUNICATION IMPAIRMENTS

Means of classifying communication disorders

Etiology:
Cause/Origin

Time at which disorder occurs

Congenital: Present at birth Acquired: Result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances later in life

Severity
Range from mild to profound
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LANGUAGE DISORDERS

Disorders of Form (examples):

Phonology: Not producing word endings Morphology: Incorrect use of past tense Syntax: Incorrect word order Limited vocabulary, difficulty understanding abstract language Difficulty staying on topic, inappropriate responses, interrupting conversational partners
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Disorders of Content (Semantics) (examples):

Disorders of Use (Pragmatics) (examples):

SPEECH DISORDERS

Disorders of Articulation
Dysarthria: Caused by paralysis, weakness, poor coordination Apraxia: Neuromotor programming difficulties

Disorders of Fluency
Developmental disfluency: Young children Speech behaviors: Hesitations, repetitions, prolongations, fillers Stuttering: When speech behaviors exceed or are different from the norm, accompanied by tension/struggle Noticed around 6 years old Causes are generally unclear

Disorders of Voice
Vocal abuse can result in hoarseness Disease, trauma, allergies, neuromuscular or endocrine disorders
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HEARING DISORDERS

Deafness
Primary sensory input for communication is not auditory Interventions: Total communication (sign, speech, speechreading)
Assistive listening devices, cochlear implants, auditory training

Hard of Hearing
Depend primarily on audition for communication Temporary or permanent Categorized by severity, laterality, and type
Mild to severe Bilateral or unilateral Conductive, sensorinueral, or mixed

Auditory Processing Disorders (APD)

Normal hearing, but difficulty understanding speech
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HOW COMMON ARE COMMUNICATION DISORDERS?

Most communication disorders are secondary to other disabilities Prevalence

Number/percentage of people within a population who have a particular disorder at a given time. Examples:
17% of Americans have a communication disorder 11% have a hearing loss 6% have a speech, voice, or language disorder
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SUMMARY

Communication is an exchange of ideas that is strongly affected by culture and environment. The primary vehicle of human communication is language. The components of language are Form (phonology, morphology, syntax), Content (semantics), and Use (pragmatics). Any aspect of communication can be impaired. About 17% of Americans have a communication impairment.
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