Celestial Sphere

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Celestial Sphere & Co-ordination System
Diploma in Nautical Studies Semester V

Principles of Navigation II 1.01/ DNS/5122
1.0 Celestial Sphere and Coordination System
DNS Semester 5 / Principles of Navigation / Nov 2009/NNL
Recap from Semester I, II Celestial Sphere and Equinoctial System of Coordinates
Learning Outcomes
At the end of topic, student should be able to understand
Celestial Sphere and Equinoctial System of Co-ordinates Convert mathematical formulas and set exercises as understanding through illustrated by figures Daily Motion and Horizontal System of Coordinates
1.0 Celestial Sphere and Coordination System DNS Semester 5 / Principles of Navigation / Nov 2009/NNL 3
Have you ever taken the position of the vessel? Why? How can you get the position? GPS, Loran-C, Terrestrial object, Radar, Celestial body Bearing, distance (PL & PC) Position mentioned by 2 references(Ordinats). To get the bearing and distance; Do we need fixed objects? Fixed objects also need 2 references(Ordinates). Without fixed object or fixed object with unknown position, we cannot get the position.
RECAP
At the end of lecture/ discussion/ exercise/ tutorial, we need to covered the followings. If not, you have to remind your facilitator.
Celestial sphere Celestial poles Celestial meridians Equinoctial Annual motion of sun Ecliptic The obliquity of the ecliptic 1st point of Aries & Libra Equinoxes and Solstices SHA, Declination, Polar distance
Week:
5
FIXED OBJECT
THEREFORE, KNOWN FIXED OBJECT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW OUR CORRECT POSITION.
Reference for Earth

We need references(Ordinates) to start counting or naming as well as direction to measure. What are the references? Is it enough? What are the directions? Poles/Equator / Greenwich meridian / Clockwise / Anticlockwise / Upward / Downward
NAVIGATION IS FULL OF ASSUMING.

North Pole view South Pole view
Show ce_hc.swf animation with lat 89N & 89S.

EARTH
On earth, the position of the fixed object is mentioned with Latitude and Longitude Latitude and Longitude need to be named North or South / East or West.
NAVIGATION IS FULL OF ASSUMING. N

In this case, we need other references to name equator and Greenwich meridian. Here comes with poles and creator native place comes first for the terrestrial and celestial navigation. Now we are started the Principles of Navigation already with earths poles and creators native place.
Q G
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Definitions
Latitude
Angle at the centre of earth Arc of Meridian Measured between Equator and Objects or Observers parallel From Equator towards poles Northward or Southward 0 Maximum 90
Longitude
Angle at the pole Arc of Equator Measured between Greenwich (Prime) meridian and Objects or Observers meridian From Prime meridian towards 1800 meridian Eastward or Westward 0 Maximum 180
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Plot one point (eg; light house) on the earth surface We know latitude and longitude of this light house (Fixed object) If we know 2 things (bearing(s) and/or distance(s) from fixed object) we know our position definitely.
DNS Semester 5 / Principles of Navigation / Nov 2009/NNL 13
WE CAN GET OUR POSITION ON THE EARTH BY TERRESTIAL NAVIGATION.

AFTER WE GOT POSITION, WE CAN USE AND CONSIDER FOR (SAFETY, SECURITY, COURSE ADJUSTING, ETA, SPEED CALCULATION ETC) THE COORDINATE SYSTEM ON THE EARTH IS COMPLETE.
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Co-Ordinate System of the Earth

Poles Equator (Assume) Greenwich meridian (Assume) Latitude Longitude
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Celestial Navigation
NOW WE WILL CONSIDER BY FIXED OBJECT ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE. What is celestial sphere? Assume Where are the celestial poles? Is there any equator? (Equinoctial) Is there any meridians? (Celestial meridians)
Definitions later
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NOW WE WILL CONSIDER BY FIXED OBJECT ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE. Where are the actual positions of celestial bodies? Where are the assumed locations of celestial bodies? Assume Now, all celestial bodies are on the surface of celestial sphere but we dont know What is that body & where is it? The exact position of the body can be defined with two references (Ordinates),
How to identify the bodies? How to define the bodys position by two references? Two references need to measure from two FIXED reference points. What are these?
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On the celestial coordination system (Equinoctial system) The body is defined by declination and hour angle/Right Ascension. Declination needs to be named North or South. Hour angle / Right Ascension are not name as East or West likes on the earth. These are shown by angle or arc only. Anyway, we need reference points as usual to start counting or naming as well as direction to measure.
What are the references? What are the directions? Equinoctial / Upward / Downward Greenwich meridian / Observer meridian / 1st point of Aries / Clockwise / Anticlockwise In this case, we need other references to name Equinoctial, Greenwich meridian, Observers meridian and 1st point of Aries.
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Draw Earth at centre Celestial sphere / give definition Earths Poles / Equator / Greenwich meridian / Observer / Observers meridian Celestial Spheres poles / definition / projection to touch celestial sphere / N & S Equinoctial / definition / GC / 90 degrees / perpendicular / similar to equator / 1st reference plane
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Terrestrial System
NP QQ: Equator
OGO: Parallel of Latitude

O G O Q Q North, South Longitude East Longitude West Reference points on Earth Equator Prime Meridian Geographical Position Latitude (Declination) Longitude (SHA, GHA)
SP
Earth & Celestial Sphere

CNP
Equinoctial
CSP
Side View, 2 dimensions

Greenwich celestial meridian / definition / projection to touch on celestial sphere / one of 2nd references Observers celestial meridian / definition / projection to touch on celestial sphere / one of 2nd references celestial body and its meridian / definition / projection to touch on celestial sphere 1st point of Aries / DISCUSS LATER / ECLIPTIC SYSTEM / one of 2nd references
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G
NP
Top of CNP View, 2 dimensions

Declination / Small Circle /parallel / arc or angle / Measured from equinoctial to body / North or South ward ) Polar distance / arc or angle / Measured from body to poles / North or South ward ) Hour Angle (Measured Greenwich/Observer/1st point of Aries to body / arc or angle / Westward (Clockwise) from North pole view)
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Celestial Sphere
CNP
Equinoctial
Declination
Polar Distance
CSP
Right Ascension (Measured 1st point of Aries to body / arc or angle / Eastward(Anti-Clockwise) from North pole view) Plot one point (eg; star) on the celestial sphere surface Give declination and hour angle or right ascension of this star (Fixed object) If we know 2 things (bearings and/or distances from fixed objects) we know our position correctly.
WE CAN GET OUR POSITION ON THE EARTH BY CELESTIAL NAVIGATION. WE CAN USE AS DESIRE (SAFETY, SECURITY, COURSE ADJUSTING, ETA CALCULATION ETC)
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Sun / earth / planets / moon are moving. Actual: Earth is revolving around the sun, inclined with about 23.5 degrees from its axis. Visual: Sun is revolving around the earth inclined with about 23.5 degrees from earth axis. Apparent motion of the sun, The Obliquity of Ecliptic Concept: True/Apparent/Mean sun The apparent motion path of the sun is called ecliptic.
Draw Earth / celestial sphere / poles / equinoctial Path of the apparent sun movement Ecliptic / definition / intersection points / obliquity and effect 1st point of Aries / definition / S to N / Ascending / on equinoctial 1st point of Libra / definition / N to S / Descending / on equinoctial /
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Celestial System
CNP 1st Point of Libra ( Autumnal Equinox) Ecliptic Summer Solstice
Equinoctial
Winter Solstice
1st Point of Aries ( Vernal Equinox) CSP
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Summer solstice / definition / Maximum N / Ascending to descending / on tropic of Cancer Winter solstice / definition / Maximum S / Descending to Ascending / on tropic of Capricorn Sidereal Hour Angle / Measured 1st point of Aries to body / arc or angle / Westward(Clockwise) from North pole view Right Ascension / Measured 1st point of Aries to body / arc or angle / Eastward(Anti-Clockwise) from North pole view
Equinoctial System
Westerly Easterly G
SHA GHA
G
NP Long(W)
O
LHA RA
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Summary
Celestial sphere Celestial poles Celestial meridians Equinoctial Equinoctial as reference point 1st point of Aries as reference point Hour angles and declinations
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Assignment for week (1) Draw the sketch neat and tidy. Name it and write down measured arc/angle. Earth with poles / axis / equator / tropic of cancer / tropic of Capricorn / Artic circle / Antarctic circle; Celestial sphere with poles / axis / equinoctial / ecliptic / 1st point of Aries / 1st point of Libra / Summer solstice / Winter solstice; Relationship between LHA, GHA, SHA , RA of the same body (View from North pole and South pole)
Any question?
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End of lesson.
Thank You,
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Celestial Sphere

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