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Introduction
Bivek Baral, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Kathmandu University
Engine Basics
Piston reciprocates in the cylinder between two fixed positions: Top Dead Centre (where it forms smallest volume) and Bottom Dead Centre (where it forms largest volume in the cylinder) Stroke: Distance between TDC and BDC
Engine Basics
Clearance Volume: The minimum volume formed in the cylinder when the piston in at TDC
Displacement Volume: The volume displaced by the piston as it moves between TDC and BDC
Compression ratio: ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the minimum volume r = Vmax/Vmin = VBDC/VTDC Compression ratio is a volume ratio and not the pressure ratio
Engine Basics
Mean Effective Pressure: Fictitious
pressure that, if it is acted on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as
Engine Basics
MEP is a measure of specific work output. i.e. MEP is independent of
cycle and thus performs better. if the MEP is calculated from a P-V or indicator diagram then it is
referred to as the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) if the MEP is measured by a dynamometer or brake then it is referred to as the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP)
Engine Basics
The power output (work per unit time) of an engine is related to the MEP by the geometric arrangement of the engine as follows
Engine Basics
The difference between the indicated power and the brake power represents work lost to mechanical friction and is termed the FRICTION POWER, such that
The air standard cycles have following assumptions. 1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop
Petrol Engines
Otto Cycle
Ideal cycle for Spark Ignition (SI) engines
Otto Cycle
The processes involved 1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection Thermal efficiency of Otto Cycle
Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic and v2=v3 and v4=v1.Thus
k = cp/cv
Otto Cycle
After substitution and simplification
where,
In the SI engines the compression ratio is limited by the autoignition phenomenon that leads to knock
In modern engines higher compression is achieved by good design of combustion chamber and additives in the fuel (tetra ethyl lead and
oxygenates)
Otto Cycle
E.g. Argon or helium: 1.66, Air: 1.44, CO2 : 1.3, ethane: 1.2
Also the specific heats ratio decreases with temperature The above factor causes the efficiency of real cycle to be much less than air standard Otto cycle
Diesel Cycle
Diesel Cycle
The processes involved
1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
Diesel Cycle
Thermal efficiency of Diesel Cycle
Dual Cycle
Real gas effects are significant(PV is not equal to mRT; Cv, Cp not constant)
Combustion occurs over a finite duration Non-isentropic compression and expansion processes (blow-by and blow-
down)
Heat transfer to cylinder walls is significant Gas exchange processes
Assignments
Explain the differences between a four stroke engine and a two stroke
This is the work of Dr. Bivek Baral Department of Mechanical Engineering Kathmandu University Hereby I do not claim anything for this paper Magma