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I.C. ENGINE COMBUSTION 1.

Introduction
Bivek Baral, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Kathmandu University

Engine Basics

Piston reciprocates in the cylinder between two fixed positions: Top Dead Centre (where it forms smallest volume) and Bottom Dead Centre (where it forms largest volume in the cylinder) Stroke: Distance between TDC and BDC

Engine Basics
Clearance Volume: The minimum volume formed in the cylinder when the piston in at TDC

Displacement Volume: The volume displaced by the piston as it moves between TDC and BDC

Compression ratio: ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the minimum volume r = Vmax/Vmin = VBDC/VTDC Compression ratio is a volume ratio and not the pressure ratio

Engine Basics
Mean Effective Pressure: Fictitious
pressure that, if it is acted on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as

that produced during the actual cycle


= =

Engine Basics
MEP is a measure of specific work output. i.e. MEP is independent of

engine size. MEP can be used as a parameter to compare the performances of


reciprocating engines of equal size. The engine with a larger value of MEP delivers more net work per

cycle and thus performs better. if the MEP is calculated from a P-V or indicator diagram then it is
referred to as the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) if the MEP is measured by a dynamometer or brake then it is referred to as the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP)

Engine Basics
The power output (work per unit time) of an engine is related to the MEP by the geometric arrangement of the engine as follows

Engine Basics

The difference between the indicated power and the brake power represents work lost to mechanical friction and is termed the FRICTION POWER, such that

Air Standard Cycles


Thermodynamic cycles that approximate the actual gas power cycles. Used to analyze the processes occurring in the engines.

The air standard cycles have following assumptions. 1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop

and always behaves as an ideal gas.


2. All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible. 3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an external source.

4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process that


restores the working fluid to its initial state.

Petrol Engines

Otto Cycle
Ideal cycle for Spark Ignition (SI) engines

Otto Cycle
The processes involved 1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection Thermal efficiency of Otto Cycle

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic and v2=v3 and v4=v1.Thus
k = cp/cv

Ratio of specific heat

Otto Cycle
After substitution and simplification

where,

In the SI engines the compression ratio is limited by the autoignition phenomenon that leads to knock

In modern engines higher compression is achieved by good design of combustion chamber and additives in the fuel (tetra ethyl lead and
oxygenates)

Otto Cycle

The efficiency of Otto cycle also depends on ratio of specific heats

E.g. Argon or helium: 1.66, Air: 1.44, CO2 : 1.3, ethane: 1.2
Also the specific heats ratio decreases with temperature The above factor causes the efficiency of real cycle to be much less than air standard Otto cycle

Diesel Cycle

Diesel Cycle
The processes involved
1-2 Isentropic compression 2-3 Constant-volume heat addition

3-4 Isentropic expansion 4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection

Diesel Cycle
Thermal efficiency of Diesel Cycle

Where, rc is cuttoff ratio

Dual Cycle

Air standard cycle vs. real cycle


Simple air standard cycles overestimate real engine cycle efficiency by a

factor of about 2. For the real engine cycle:


Air is not the working fluid (fuel and residual combustion gases are also present)

Real gas effects are significant(PV is not equal to mRT; Cv, Cp not constant)
Combustion occurs over a finite duration Non-isentropic compression and expansion processes (blow-by and blow-

down)
Heat transfer to cylinder walls is significant Gas exchange processes

Mechanical friction is significant

Air standard cycle vs. real cycle

Assignments
Explain the differences between a four stroke engine and a two stroke

engine with the differences in their operating principle.


Explain the differences between a petrol and diesel engines Derive the thermal efficiencies of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles. Also discuss

the differences in the thermal efficiencies when at same compression ratio


and at same maximum and temperature and pressure.

This is the work of Dr. Bivek Baral Department of Mechanical Engineering Kathmandu University Hereby I do not claim anything for this paper Magma

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