February 2012

BuildingRegulationinJapan PromotionofSeismicRetrofittingofBuildings TheGreatEastJapanEarthquakein2011 HASEGAWATomohiro

TheMinistryofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism Japan
1

Abbreviation
TheBSL MLIT TheMinister TheBuildingStandardLaw TheMinistryofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism TheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourism

Organizations rerated to the BSL

Name TheMinister DesignatedAdministrativeAgency DesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBody DesignatedStructuralCalculationReviewBody DesignatedEvaluationBody DesignatedApprovalBody Commentsregarding responsibilities 3 2 33 (2) 34(2) 34(4) 41 (3) 44(2)

Contents

1 Background Chapter 2 Laws relatedtotheBuilding gRegulations g Chapter 3 BuildingRegulatorySystem Ch t 4 Chapter CompositionoftheBuilding Codes Chapter 5 BuildingCodesforStructuralSafety Chapter 6 BuildingCodesforFireSafety(notincluded) Chapter p 7 Building gCodesforOtherFields( (not included) ) Chapter 8 ZoningCodes(not included) PromotionofSeismicRetrofittingofBuildings TheGreatEastJapanEarthquakein2011
Chapter
3

Contents
Chapter 1

Background 11Type ofconstruction 12Conflagrations 13Earthquakes 14Fireincidents 15Otherfactors

1-1 Type of construction

(1)Typeofconstructionofhousing
ThetraditionalJapanesebuildingmethodisthewoodenstructure.Evennow,most newlybuiltdetachedhousesarewoodenstructures.Ontheotherhand,most apartmentsincludingcondominiumsarereinforcedconcretestructuresorsteel structuresbecausetheJapanesebuildingcodesrequireapartmentswiththreeor morestoriestobefireresistantbuildingsinprinciple.
Threemajorwoodenconstructionmethodsusedfordetached housesinJapanareasbelow. (a) Postandbeamwoodenconstructionmethod(Rightfigure):Thisis themostpopularwoodenconstructionmethodinJapan.Itsrootsgo backtoancienttimes.Woodenbraceshavebeencommonfor100years. Structuralstabilityhasimprovedoverthepast50years,through; increaseinnumberofbearingwalls, useofstructurallaminatedwood,and useofmetalfittingsatjoints. (b)Wood dframe f construction i ( (Light i h f frameconstruction): i ) This hi construction i method h d i ispopular l i in NorthAmerica.TheJapanesebuildingstandardforthismethodwasissuedin1974,then,this methodbecamepopularinJapan. ( ) Wooden (c) W d prefabricated f b i t dconstruction: t ti Thi Thismethod th di isfor f constructing t ti houses h by b assembling bli panelsonthesite,whichareproducedinfactoriesbyliningwoodenframeswithlaminated wood,etc. 5

FY 2008 Total units of new housing starts: 1,039,180

Detached houses 424,314 units40.8 Apartments: p 581,859 units (48.2 Post-and-beam wooden: Wooden: , (6.4 ( ) <10.9> 66,744 129,460 (12.5) 24: 59,107 (5.7) <9.6> <21.1> Non-wooden prefab: 83,396 (8.0) <13.6> Wooden prefab: 3,609 (0 3)<0.6%> (0.3 )<0 6%> Steel, RC, etc: 402,010(38.7)<65.4> 24: 45,110 (4.3) <10.6> Non-wooden: Non wooden: 60,873 (5.9) <14.3> Non-wooden prefab: 48,240 (4.6) <11.4> Steel RC, Steel, RC etc: 12,663 12 663 (1.2 (1 2)<3.0 )<3 0> Note: 24 means a kind of wooden construction methods, which is popular in North America as light frame construction.
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Wooden: 363,441 (35.0) <85 7> <85.7

Post-and -beam wooden: 305,303 (29.4) <72.0>

Wooden prefab: 13,028 (1.3) <3.1>

Non-wooden: 485,406 (46.7) <78.9>

(2)Typeofconstructionof largebuildings
Beforetheintroductionofthebrick structureinthe1860s,andthe introductionofthesteelstructure andreinforcedconcretestructurein 19001920,thewoodenstructure wasthedominanttypeofstructure, structure includingstructureforpublicuse, temples,shrines,andcommercial use Someofthemstillremainin use. thecountry.

Todaijitemple, woodenbuilding withheightof46.8m, 1709

Himejicastle, woodenbuilding withheightof31.5m fromthetop ofthestonewall, 1608

From theendof19th century,constructionmethodsotherthanwooden constructionmethodwaspromoted,especiallyforlargebuildings,becausewooden buildingswereconsideredvulnerabletofiresandinferiorintermsofdurability. Therefore constructionoflargewoodenbuildingssharplydeclined. Therefore, declined Inthe1980s,Japanesepeoplereevaluatedwoodenbuildings,andengineering andadministrativemeasuresmadeitpossibletoconstructlargewoodenbuildings again. i Statisticaltrendsareshowninthenextpage.
7

RatiosofTotalFloorAreasinEachTypeofConstructioninJapan (AnnualStatistics) ( )

Timber

RC

SRC

CB

Others
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1-2 Conflagrations

ThetraditionalJapanesebuildingmethodisthewoodenstructure.Evennow, mostnewlybuiltdetachedhousesarewoodenstructures. structures Ontheotherhand, hand Japan hasacharacteristicclimateofdryairinwinter,seasonalstrongwindsandfoehn phenomenathatarisesincertainareasbecauseofthemountainousland.Densely b iltwooden built d buildings b ildi and dthe th characteristics h t i ti of fclimate li t produce d averyhigh hi hthreat th tof f fires bothsmallandlarge. Therefore,ithasbeenoneofthemainconcernsinbuildingcontroltoprevent conflagrationsbymeansofcoveringroofsandexteriorwallswithnoncombustible materials,especiallyincentralurbanareas.Suchrestrictionshavebeenineffectin Japanforaround350years.
Wakkanai Fire Department

Wooden built b iltuparea inJapan

1-3 Earthquakes

(1)GreatKantoEarthquake(1923)
IthitTokyoandsurroundingregionsandcausedsimultaneousoutbreaksoffire inmanyplaces,withapproximately450,000buildingsbeingdestroyedbyfire,and some143,000personsdeadormissing. Oneofthemainconcernsinbuildingcontrolhasbeentoconstructbuildings thatcanwithstandearthquakes.TheJapaneseBuildingCodehasrequiredstructural calculationinconsideringseismicforcesince1924(ThenextyearoftheGreatKanto Earthquake).Thiswasthefirstsuchrequirementintheworld.
Devastated area in Tokyo

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(2)GreatHanshinAwajiEarthquake(1995)
IthitKobecityandsurroundingregionsand104,906buildingscollapsed,and 6 148buildingsweredestroyed, 6,148 destroyed causing6,433 6 433deaths. deaths Itisestimatedthat80%of thedeathswereduetofallingbuildingsorfurniture. Mostofthecollapsed p buildings g werethosewhich wereconstructedbefore1981,whenthenewseismic buildingregulationswereenforced.Therefore,seismic reinforcementofoldbuildingsbecameanurgentissue inJapan.

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(3)GreatEastJapanEarthquake(2011)
IthitthePacificcoastofTohokuofJapan.Theseismicdamagetobuildingswas notsomuchinconsideringthescaleoftheearthquake. earthquake Extremelydestructive tsunamiwavesattackedthecoastareaandofTohokuofJapanandcausedaround 20,000peopleofdeathormissing. F ll i I Following Issuesarefocused f din i the h fi field ldof fb buildings. ildi Restrictionofbuildingsintsunamihazardousarea Placementoftsunamievacuationbuilding(buildingstohelppeoplevertically evacuatefromtsunami)

Incasewherethefloodwater depthwasmorethan2m, tsunamiinduceddamagewas much hsevererthan th the th case wherethedepthwasless than2m.

NILIM/BRI

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Japan is located on the boundaries of four Plates.

AroundJapan WorldMapofPlateBoundary

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Major earthquakes Great Kanto eq. 1923

Trends in development of earthquakeresistance measures 1924

Structural calculation regulation in considering seismic force (First such requirement in the world) 1950 1964 Enactment of the Building Manybuildingsbuilt Niigata g eq. q Standard Law (BSL) before1981donot 1968 1971 Tokachi Off-shore eq. complywiththe Amendment of the BSL currentseismic StrengtheningofRCstandards 1978 standard standard. 1981 Miyagi Off Off-shore shore eq. eq Amendment of the BSL (New Seismic Codes) Great Hanshin-Awaji eq. 1995
Not Notdamagedbymediumscaleearthquakes Not collapsedbylargescaleearthquakes 1995

Enactment of the Act for Promotion of q Retrofitting g Earthquake

Approvalofseismicretrofittingplans 2004 1998 Amendment of the BSL Niigata-Chuetsu eq.

West Off Fukuoka eq eq.

Off NiigataChuetsu eq. Iwate-Miyagi Inland eq. Noto Peninsula eq. Iwate North Coast eq.

2005 2007 2008

Buildingconfirmationbyprivatesector,introduction of 2006 interiminspection,performancebasedstandards

Amendment of the Act for Promotion of Earthquake Retrofitting

Great East Japan eq. 2011

Makingaplanforpromotingseismicretrofittingbylocal government 14

1-4 Fire incidents

Afterlargebuildingsbecamepopular,thereweresometimes conflagrations fl ti i inthese th buildings. b ildi Therefore, Th f Japanese J b building ildi codeswererevisedtostrengthenfiresafetyofsuchbuildings. (1) ( )Firecodesconcerning g necessary numberof stairs,interiorfinishing materials etc materials, etc.was strengthenedin1973, inconsideringsuchfire incidentsontheright. right
Sennichi department store(1972) 118deaths

Taiyo T i department d t tstore t (1973)100deaths

(2)Firecodesconcerningautomaticsprinklersystems,etc. wasstrengthened h din1980s ,inconsideringsuchfireincidents

below. HotelNewJapan (1982)33deaths

Kawaji Princehotel (1980)45deaths

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1-5 Other factors

(1) ( )Typhoon yp andsnow

Japanisalsosituatedinthepathoftyphoons.Buildingsfacethethreatofstrong windsfromtyphoons,andbuildingsnearmountainsarethreatenedbylandslides causedbyheavyrainfall oftyphoons. typhoons Therefore,buildingsmustbeabletoresistthestrongwindsfromtyphoons.The possibilityoflandslidesmustbeconsidered whenplanningforconstructionnear mountains. mountains Additionally,inthenorthernpartofJapan,theweightofaccumulatedsnowon roofs mustbeconsidered.

(2)Health
Inordertosecurethehealthofoccupants p andp publichealthingeneral, g ,buildings g musthaveanadequatesanitarysystem,topreventsickhouseissues,andsoon.

(3)Cityplanning
Fromtheviewpointofcityplanning,buildingsarerequiredtobedesignedwithina certainheight,tomeetlanduseplanning,andsoon.In manycountries,such requirements i t ( (zoning i codes) d )areprovided id db bythe th system t separated t dfrom f the th building b ildi codessystem.Relationshipbetweenbothsystemismentionedlater.
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Contents
Chapter 2

Laws relatedtotheBuildingRegulations

11Lawsrelatedtothebuildingregulations 12BuildingStandardLaw 13FireServiceLaw 14BarrierfreeLaw 15EnergySavingLaw 16CityPlanningLaw 17Kenchikushi K hik hi Law L

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1-1 Laws related to the building regulations

TheBSListhemainlawrelatingtothebuildingcodes.Buttherearesomeotherlaws relatingtothefieldsofthebuildingcodesandrelatedfieldsasshowninthetable below. Buildingcodesitemsand relatedfields Fireextinguishing g g equipment,etc. Restrictivelaws (Requirementsare mandatory.) FireServiceLaw Promotionallaws

Fire safety Fire resistance, evacuation, ti etc. t Structuralsafety Hygienicsafety Accessibility Energysaving

BuildingStandardLaw

SeismicRetrofitting Law BuildingManagement Law

BarrierfreeLaw EnergySavingLaw
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1-2 Building Standard Law

(1)PurposeoftheBSL
TheBSLwasenactedin1950,Thepurposeistosafeguardthelife,health,and propertyofpeoplebyprovidingminimumstandardsconcerningthesite, site construction,equipment,anduseofbuildings,andtherebytocontributetothe furtheranceofthepublicwelfare.

(2)Forallbuildings
TheBSLisalawthatappliestoallbuildingsthroughoutJapan.However,the standardsthatitprovidesforarenotuniformthroughoutthecountrybecause additionalstandardsaredeterminedinaccordancewithregionalconditions.For example, p ,themethodofstructuralcalculationandfiresafety ymusttakeintoaccount factorssuchassnowaccumulation,earthquakeactivityandotherconditionsofeach area.

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(3)Restrictivelaw
TheBSLisenforcedthroughadministrativeprocedure,andallbuildingsmust conformtorequirementsdeterminedbytheBSLandthedocumentsundertheBSL. Forexample: (a) ( )Itisrequired q tohavebothabuilding gconfirmationandinspection p by yabuilding g officialorafairandimpartialprivatesectororganization(adesignatedchecking andinspectionorganization)todeterminewhetherthebuildingisincompliance withtheBSLandotherlawsconcerningbuildings. (b)Additionally,itprescribesthattheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency(see Chapter3)hasthepowertocallahalttotheconstructionofabuildingorto orderthedemolitionorprohibitionoftheuseofbuildingsthatarejudgedtobe inviolationoftheBSL.

(4)Covering C i the h main i partsof fthe h building b ildi codes d

TechnicalrequirementsbasedontheBSLcoverthefieldsbelow: (a)Structuralsafety (b)Firesafety (c)Hygienicsafety Theyarethemainpartsofthebuildingcodes,butitisnotacompletelist.For example,theBSLdoesnotcovertechnicalrequirementsforfireextinguishing equipment.TheyarecoveredbytheFireServiceLaw.

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(5)Coveringthefieldsofzoningcodes
TechnicalrequirementsbasedontheBSLcovernotonlythemainpartsofthe buildingcodes, codes butalsobasicrequirementsforzoningcodes. codes TheBSLand documentsundertheBSLcoverthebasicrequirementsofzoningcodes,whichare: (a)mandatoryandapplytoeverybuildingintheCityPlanningAreaandQuasi Cit PlanningAreadesignatedby City b city cit planning, planning and (b)aimedtosecurebuildingstofulfillcityplanning,and whichstipulate: buildinguseregulations; heightregulationsfromtheviewpointoflandscape/cityscape;and others.

(6)Fromconstructionofabuildinguntilitsdestructionordemolition
TheBSLisappliedcontinuouslyfromthetimeofconstructionofabuildingtothe timeofitsdestructionordemolition.Itthereforeprovidesregulationsthatstipulate maintenanceandperiodicinspectionsofbuildings.

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1-3 Fire Service Law

ThepurposeoftheFireServiceLawis: (a)toprevent,detectandextinguishfires,andtoprotectpeopleslives,health,and propertyfromfires;and (b) ( )tominimizedamage g causedby yfires, ,earthquake q s,andotherdisasters. TheLawrequiresthatcertainbuildingsbeequippedwithfireextinguishingequipment, suchasautomaticsprinklersystems. systems FiredepartmentsoflocalgovernmentsareinchargeoftheadministrationoftheLaw.

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1-4 Barrier-free Law

TheBarrierfreeLawhassomeprovisionsrelatingtothebuildingregulationsasbelow.

(1)Restrictionsofthestandard
Whenundertakingcertaintypesofconstructionworkofaspecialspecified building bu d g*1 with t atotal tota floor oo a area eao of2,000 ,000m2 o ormore, o e,access accessibility b tyand a dmobility ob ty *3 standards mustbecompliedwith.

(2)Promotionofthestandard
Buildingownersundertakingcertaintypesofconstructionworkofaspecified building*2 mustmakeeffortstocomplywithaccessibilityandmobilitystandards*3. *1. Specialspecifiedbuildings areanyspecifiedbuildings*2 usedbymany,and * unspecifiedpersons,orthoseusedprimarilybytheelderlyorphysicallydisabled. Examplesarehospitals,theaters,assemblyhalls,departmentstores,hotels,and homesfortheaged. *2.Specifiedbuildings arebuildingsusedbymanypeople,suchasschools,hospitals, theaters, ,assembly yhalls, ,department p stores, ,hotels, ,offices, ,apartments, p ,and factories. *3.Examplesofaccessibilityandmobilitystandards are: thesecuringofahallwaywideenoughtoallowforawheelchairuserandapasser by;and installationofatleastonecommodedesignedforwheelchairusers. 23

AccessibilityandMobilityStandardsofBuildings
InJapan,whensomeoneintendstoconstructbuildings,suchashospitals,theaters, assemblyhalls,departmentstores,hotels,andhomesfortheaged,withatotalfloor areaof2,000m2 ormore,thebuildingsmustbedesignedinaccordancewiththe accessibility yandmobility ystandards. Figurebelowshowsthepointsofthestandards.Number,width,length,etc.are stipulatedinthestandards.
Lavatories for wheelchair users Wide hallways Elevators Entrance doors which wheelchair users can pass through Approaches with no steps Guidance blocks for visually impaired Parking spaces f wheelchair for h l h i users
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Stairs St i with ith handrails

1-5 Energy Saving Law

TheEnergySavingLawhassomeprovisionsrelatingtothebuildingregulationsas b l below.

(1) ( )Energy gyefficiency yStandard

BothoftheMinisterofEconomy,TradeandIndustryandtheMinisterofLand, Infrastructure,TransportandTourismreleaseguidelinesonthedesignand constructionofbuildingsforbothnonresidentialbuildingsandhouses. houses (Examples areshowninlater.)

(2)Obligation Obli ti of fbuilding b ildi ownersto t make k certain t i efforts ff t

Buildingownersmustmakeeffortstocontributetotherationalizationofenergyuse inbuildings.CompetentAdministrativeAgencies*1 providebuildingowners,who undertaketheconstructionorrenovationofspecifiedbuildings,withguidanceand adviceonthedesign,construction,andmaintenanceofbuildings. *1:TheCompetentAdministrativeAgency isatermdefinedintheEnergySavingLaw. MostofthemareDesignatedAdministrativeAgencies definedintheBSL.

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(3)Mandatorynotification
Ownersof buildings(includingresidentialbuildings)withatotalfloorareaof300m2 ormore,whoundertakenewconstructionorlargescalerenovationprojectsare subjecttomandatorynotificationtoaCompetentAdministrativeAgency,withregard toenergyconservationmeasures. measures <Incasewhereatotalfloorareaofanotifiedbuildingis2,000m2 ormore> Ifthe h notification ifi i i includes l d extremely l i inadequate d mattersi incomparison i with i h thejudgmentcriteriaissuedbytheMinisters,theCompetent AdministrativeAgency issuesadirective.Iftheownerdoesnotfollowthedirective,theCompetent AdministrativeAgency maypublishthefactorissueanorder.Iftheownerdoesnot followtheorder,theownerwillbefined. Forbuilding gownerswhohavenotifiedtheCompetent p AdministrativeAgency g y, theymustfileregularreportsonthestateofmaintenance: Ifthereportincludesextremelyinadequatemattersincomparisonwiththe judgmentcriteria,theCompetent AdministrativeAgency issuesrecommendations.

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EnergyefficiencyStandardforNonresidentialBuildings

TheenergyefficiencystandardfornonresidentialbuildingsconsistsofPALfor thermalinsulationofbuildingenvelopeandCECforenergyefficiencyofbuilding facilities. PAL:PerimeterAnnualLoad,CEC:CoefficientofEnergyConsumption CECsetsthestandardsforeachofbuildingfacilities,i.e.CEC/AC(airconditioning), CEC/V(ventilation),CEC/L(lighting),CEC/HW(hotwatersupply),andCEC/E (elevator). ThestandardsofPALandCECdifferaccordingtothepurposeofbuildings,suchas, office,hotel,hospital,store,restaurant,school,communitycenter,andfactory.

Insulationof exteriorwalls,etc.
Controlofsunlight

PAL examples PAL l

CEC examples l Airconditioning(airvolumecontrol,etc.)

Lighting g g( (Reduction in energy use for lighting, by making use of daylight)
25% 50% 70%

750lx 750lx 750lx 750lx

Louver(sunblind)

Elevator (use of energy-efficient systems) H t Hot-water t supply l system t (use ( of f energy efficient systems and insulation for piping) 27

EnergyefficiencyStandardforHouses
Dividing Japan into six regions, the standard values related to thermal insulation, air tightness, sun shading, etc. are provided for each region.

Example p (1) ( )ofEnergy gyefficiency yStandardforHouses

(specificstandard,woodenhouse,RegionIVincludingTokyo)
Ceilingthermal insulation (180mm in 180mm caseofglasswool) ventilationsystem
24hour

Exteriorwallthermal insulation(100mm in 100mm caseofglasswool) Continuous moistureproof airtightlayer

coolingprovided byairconditioner

Heatingand

Eaves ofsouthside window

Multilayeredglassfor windows (Thermal

Sunshade foreastand

westsidewindows

insulatingsashifpossible)

Floorthermalinsulation 100mm (100mmincaseofglasswool)

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Example(2)ofEnergyefficiencyStandardforHouses
(Performancebasedstandard) Heatlosscoefficient(Q)shouldbelessthanthestandardvalueprovidedforeach region.

(1) Heat loss coefficient: Q value p g to the outside Heat escaping from inside of the house when the temperature difference between the inside and outside is 1C. Totalfloorarea

Heat escaping from roof/ceiling

Heat escaping through ventilation

Interior/exterior temperature difference

Heat escaping through walls/windows

Heat escaping through floor

(2)Standardvalueforheatlosscoefficient(Q)
RegionI W(K) 1.6 Region 1.9 Region 2.4 Region Region Region 2.7 2.7 3.7
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1-6 City Planning Law

TheCityPlanningLawprovidesfor: (a)Theitemstobedeterminedbycityplanning; (b)Theprocedurefordecidingthem; (c)Restrictionsconcerningcity cit planning; planning and (d)CityPlanningprojects. Theaimistorealizethesounddevelopmentandsystematicimprovementofcities. Theitemsdeterminedbycityplanningareclassifiedintothreecategories,asshownin thefigureonthenextpage.ZoningcodesstipulatedintheBSLarerelatedtothecity planningbasedontheCityPlanningLaw.

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RelationshipbetweentheCityPlanningLawandtheBSL
Itemsdeterminedin cityplanning, l based b d ontheCityPlanning Law MasterPlan (PolicyforImprovement,Development,andPreservation) L d U Land UseControl C l
Area Classification Zoning Z i Others

Planning l i of f PublicFacilities
Roads,Parks, Sewerage Wastetreatment facilities Others Oth

Urban U b Development l Project

LandReadjustment Project UrbanRedevelopment Project Others Oth

Zoningcodes stipulatedintheBSL, whicharerelatedto cityplanning,based onthe CityPlanning Law

Regulations of:
buildingheight, buildinguse, use and others

Restrictionof building construction i in

areaswherepublic facilitiesare planned l d

Restrictionof building construction i inareas

whereurban developmentprojects areplanned l d
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1-7 Kenchikushi Law

The Kenchikushi systemisanationalqualificationsystemundertheKenchikushi Law. Kenchikushi arelicensed: to designbuildings(see(1)); and toconductconstructionadministration(see(2)). The Kenchikushi systemhasalinkagewithbuildingregulationstoensurethesafetyof thebuildings.

(1)Todesignbuildings
To designbuildingsincludesboth; theroleofarchitect, architect such s chasmakingarchitectural architect raldrawings dra ingsandspecifications, specifications and theroleofbuildingengineer,suchasperformingstructuralcalculations,andMEP (mechanical,electrical,andplumbing)systemdesign. Thus,Kenchikushi havethedualroleofarchitectandbuildingengineer,whilemany countrieshaveseparatelicensingsystemsforarchitectsandbuildingengineers.

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(2)Toconductconstructionadministration
Check ofconstructionworksisdoneby ybothanownersparty p yandabuildersparty p y inJapan.Theirresponsibilitiesareshownasbelow. (a)Abuilderssuperintendent isanemployeeofthebuilderandisresponsiblefor overseeingbuildingconstructiononbehalfofthebuilder toassuregoodquality. (b)Apersonwhoconductsconstructionadministration isresponsibleforexamining buildingconstructiononbehalfofthebuildingowner,todeterminewhetheror notthe saidconstructionfollowsthedrawings/specificationsmadebya Kenchikushi. InJapan, I J builders b ild areallowed ll dto t engagein i construction t ti of fb buildings ildi that th tthey th themselveshavedesigned.Actually,manybuildings(especiallysmallbuildings,such asdetachedhouses)areconstructedbythesamecompanythatdesignedthe buildings.Inalmostallofthesecases,Apersonwhoconductsconstruction administration areassignedfromthesecompanies.

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(3)LicenseandScopeofActivitybyTypeofKenchikushi
ThequalificationsofKenchikushi areclassifiedintothreetypes: (1)1stclassKenchikushi; (2)2ndclassKenchikushi;and (3)Mokuzo (woodenstructures) Kenchikushi. Kenchikushi Inprinciple,apersonwho: has h necessaryeducational d i l b background k dand dj job bexperience i of farchitecture; hi and d passed theofficialexamination; canberegistered to: theMinisterfor1stclassKenchikushi ;and PrefecturalGovernorsfor 2ndclassKenchikushi andMokuzo Kenchikushi. The Kenchikushi Lawstipulatestheuse,structure,height,etc.ofbuildings,thatonly Kenchikushi maydesign andconductsconstructionadministrationasshowninTable inthenextpage.

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ScopeofActivitybyTypeofKenchikushi
Height g andstructure heightofbuilding 13mand H i htof Height feave 9m 9 wooden Nonwooden 1story 2story 3story Heightof b ildi 13m, building 13 or Heightofeave Up to2 3stories 9m stories ormore

Total floorarea (S: m2 S 30 30 S100 100 S 300

Anyonecanengage i this. in hi
1st,2nd,orMokuzo mayengageinthis.

Anyone

300 S 500 Only1stclassor2ndclass Generalpurpose mayengageinthis. buildings 500S 1,000 Specialpurpose buildings Generalp purpose p Only y1stclassmay y 1st,2nd 1 2 d buildings engageinthis. 1,000 S Specialpurpose buildings g Note:Specialpurposebuildings refertoschools,hospitals,theaters,cinemas,grandstands, publichalls,assemblyhallswithauditoriums,anddepartmentstores.

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(4)StructuralDesign1stclassKenchikushi andMEPDesign1stclass Kenchikushi

Inprinciple,apersonwho: engagedintheservicesofstructuraldesign(MEPdesign)forfiveyearsormoreas a1stclassKenchikushi;and completedthedesignatedtrainingprogram; mayapplyforissuanceofaStructuralDesign1stclassKenchikushi (MEPDesign1st classKenchikushi). ) (a)StructuralDesign1stclassKenchikushi Inthecaseofbuildingsoveracertainsize(*1),eitherofthefollowingisrequired: (i)AStructuralDesign1stclassKenchikushi designsthebuilding,andalso examinesthatthebuildingmeetstherelevantcodesandstandardsfor building bu d gstructures. s uc u es st (ii)A1 classKenchikushi designsthebuilding,andaStructuralDesign1stclass Kenchikushi examinesthatthebuildingdesignmeetstherelevantcodesand standardsforbuildingstructures. structures (*1) Steelbuildingswith4ormorestories(excludingbasement); RCorSRCbuildings g of20mormoreinheight: g Woodenbuildingswithbuildingheightofmorethan13moreaveheightof morethan9m;and BuildingsstipulatedbytheCabinetOrder. 36

(b)MEPDesign1stclassKenchikushi Inthecaseofbuildingslargerthan5,000 5 000m2withmorethan3stories, stories eitherof thefollowingisrequired: (i)AMEPDesign1stclassKenchikushi designsthebuilding,andalsoexamines th tthe that th building b ildi meets t the th relevant l tcodes d and dstandards t d d for f building b ildi equipment. (ii)A1stclassKenchikushi designsthebuilding,andaMEPDesign1stclass Kenchikushi examinesthatthebuildingdesignmeetstherelevantcodesand standardsforbuildingequipment.

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Contents
Chapter 3

BuildingRegulatorySystem 31Legislation 32RoleoftheCentralGovernment 33Roleoflocalgovernments 34Regulatoryprocedures 35Measuresagainstbuildingsinviolation 36Declarationofdissatisfaction

38

3-1 Legislation

(1) ( )CentralGovernment
TheCentralGovernmentlegislatesforbuildingregulationsbasedontheBSLin Japan.Thebuildingregulatorysystemsandbuildingcodes(technicalrequirements) arebasicallycommonalloverthecountry.Anditsadministrationiscarriedoutby localgovernmentsasstipulatedbytheBSL.

(2)Localgovernments
Ontheotherhand,regionalconditions,suchasclimateandearthquakerisk,are differentamongregions.Therefore,localgovernmentsareentrustedtodetermine someitems,suchas: (a)Figuresusedforstructuralcalculation,suchassnowaccumulation,wind pressureandseismicforce; (b)Specificzoneswhererestrictionsonexternalfinishesareplacedinorderto preventbuildingsfromcatchingfire; (c)Specificprocessofconstructionwork,forwhichinteriminspectionsare needed. Andlocalgovernmentsmay,withinspecificlimitsandwithinthescopeofnot disruptingthesafetyofbuildings, buildings setmoresevereormorerelaxedregulationsthan thestandardappliedthroughoutthecountry.
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(3)Documents
Provisionsareprovidedinthedocumentsinthetablebelow. Authoritiestoissue National Central assembly Government Documents Maincontents TheBSL(theBuilding Procedures,suchasconfirmation, StandardLaw) permission,certification system Penalties Technicalrequirements(outline) Cabinet TheEnforcement Technicalrequirements Order MLIT TheEnforcement Procedures(Details, suchas Regulationofthe applicationforms) Ministry MLIT Notificationsofthe Technicalrequirements(Details) y Ministry Local Byelaws Additionaltechnical assembly requirementsinresponseto theirlocalconditions. Governor Enforcement Procedures(Details) orMayor Regulations Technicalinformation,suchas ,earthquake q snowaccumulation, risk,etc.
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Local Governments

3-2 Role of the Central Government

BasedontheBSL,thepowerandcommissionoftheMinisterincludes: (a)submissionsofproposals totheJapaneseDietforamendmentstotheBSL; (b)submissionsofproposalstotheCabinetforamendmentstotheEnforcement Order; ; (c)issuanceof: TheEnforcementRegulationofMLIT; The MinisterialOrderConcerningDesignatedQualifyingExaminationBodyand Others;and MLIT Notifications; (d)conductingqualifyingexaminationsforbuildingregulationconformityinspectors, inspectors andtheregistrationofqualifiedpeople; (e)Designating(i)ConfirmationandInspectionBodies,(ii)PerformanceEvaluation Bodies, di (iii)Approval lBodies, di and d(i (iv) ) O Others. h (ConfirmationandInspectionBodies whosescopeofworkislimitedwithina specificprefecturearedesignatedbytheprefecturalgovernors.) (f)givingthenecessaryorderstothedesignatedbodiesmentionedin(f); (g)approvingbuildingmaterials,buildingcomponentsandbuildingdesignsthatmeet performancecriteria, p ,butdonotsatisfy ysample p specification/ p /DeemedtoSatisfy fy Provisions norOrdinaryVerificationMethods;and (h)others.

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3-3 Role of local governments

(1)LocalgovernmentsinJapan
TherearetwolevelsoflocalgovernmentsinJapan;prefecturesandbasiclocal governments. ( )Japanconsistsof (a) f47prefectures. f (b)Japanconsistsof1,742basiclocalgovernments,including785cities,750towns, 184villages,and23wardsinTokyo. (ThenumberoflocalgovernmentsisasofOctober2011.)

(2)DesignatedAdministrativeAgency
Allprefecturesandmanybasiclocalgovernmentsconductbuildingcontrol administrationasaDesignatedAdministrativeAgency.Buildingofficialsunderthe DesignatedAdministrativeAgencies areinchargeof: (a)buildingconfirmation;and (b)onsiteinspections. D i Designated dAdministrative Ad i i i Agencies A i arein i charge h of: f (c)receiptofreportsofperiodicinspections;and (d)measuresagainstviolations. Theresponsibleagencyofeachareaisasshowninthetableofthenextpage.
42

DesignatedAdministrativeAgency inresponsetotheareaandthebuilding (1) Building ildi Area Largebuildings (Buildingsother than(2)) (2) Smallbuildings,such asdetachedhouses ofnotmorethantwo stories.

(A)Areasof221basiclocalgovernments They yaremajor j citiesinJapan, p ,andtheir mayorsareDesignatedAdministrative Agencies.Mostofthemhavea populationofmorethan100,000. 100 000 (B)Areasof176basiclocalgovernments Mostofthemaresmallcities,andtheir mayorsareDesignatedAdministrative Agencies.Theyareinchargeofbuilding controlofsmallbuildingsonly. ( )Other (C) h areas Areaofaround1,300basiclocal governmentsinJapan.Mosttownsand villagesareincluded.

Basic B i l local lgovernments t arein i chargeofbuildingcontrol.

Prefectural governmentsarein g chargeofbuilding control.

Basiclocal governmentsarein g chargeofbuilding control.

Prefecturalgovernmentsareincharge ofbuildingcontrol.
43

NumberoflocalgovernmentsisasofApril2011.

3-4 Regulatory procedures

Eachprocedureismentionedinthepartwhereeachnumberinbracketshows. Building Process (1)Building design (2)Building confirmation byanauthority (5) Construction work (6)Interiminspection byanauthority (7)Finalinspection byanauthority (8)Occupancy RegulatoryProcedures (3)Consentfrom achiefofafirestation (4)StructuralCalculationReview byanotherauthority Blueproceduresareappliedtoall buildings. Greenproceduresareappliedto buildings,suchasdepartment storesandhotelsand scale buildingsovercertainscale.

( )Periodicinspection (9) p report p conductedbyexperts,submittedbyabuildingowner,and checkedbythelocalgovernment

44

(1)BuildingDesign
TheKenchikushi LawstipulatesthatonlyKenchikushi mayperformbuildingdesign, exceptforsmallbuildings. buildings TheBSLprohibitsimplementingbuildingconstructionifits drawingsaremadeinviolationofthe Kenchikushi Law.

(2)BuildingConfirmation
Generally,incaseswhereacertainbuildingistobenewlyconstructed,extended, rebuiltorrelocated,abuildingownermustapplyforandreceivebuilding confirmation fi i from: f abuildingofficialundertheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency inchargeof buildingcontrolinthearea;or oneoftheDesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBodies (seethenextpage) todeterminewhethertheplanofthebuildingisinconformitywithtechnical regulations g basedonthelaws( (notlimitedtotheBSL) ) .

45

DesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBody
DesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBodies conduct: (a)buildingconfirmation; confirmation and (b)onsiteinspection; bothoftheseareconductedasafairandimpartialprivatesectororganization.The designationisdonebytheMinisterorprefecturalgovernors.Theirworksare performedbyconformityinspectorswhohavepassedthequalifyingexaminationfor QualifiedBuildingRegulationConformityInspectors.Thissystemwasintroducedin 1999.Ontheotherhand,buildingofficialsunderDesignatedAdministrativeAgencies are,asmentionedin22(2),alsoinchargeof(a)and(b),above.Theeffectofthe certificateissuedby yaDesignated g Confirmation f andInspection p Body y isthesameas thatofabuildingofficialundertheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency.Their achievementisasshownbelow. DesignatedAdministrativeAgency andDesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBody Numberof authorities th iti (Jul.2011) 444 123 557 Numberofbuilding confirmations fi ti (2010Japanesefiscalyear) 104,496 (19%) 441,793 (81%) 546,289
46

DesignatedAdministrativeAgencies DesignatedConfirmationandInspection Bodies Total

Number of Building Confirmations in Japan

(10,000 cases) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (Fiscal year) 2004 2005 2006
47

Designated confirmation and inspection body Building official 2 8 16 24 34 42 48 49

83

84

74 59 49 41

33

26

24

(3)Consentfromachiefofafirestation
Beforegivingconfirmationforbuildings,abuildingofficialandaDesignated ConfirmationandInspectionBody mustobtainconsentfrom: (a)thechiefofthefirestationintherespectivejurisdiction;or (b)thefireinspector.(Ifitisacity,townorvillagewithoutafiredepartment,the h d) head). However,thisdoesnotapplyinsuchcasethatthebuildingrequiringconfirmationis adetachedhouse,locatedinareasotherthanFireProtectionZones orQuasiFire ProtectionZones.

48

(4)StructuralCalculationReview
Asmentionedin(2),anapplicationforbuildingconfirmationissubmittedto: abuildingofficialundertheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency;or oneoftheDesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBodies. Incaseswherethebuildingisacertaintypeofbuilding,suchas: wooden d buildings b ildi orsteel lbuildings b ildi with i hheights h i h of f13m 13 ormore,oreaveheights h i h of9mormore; reinforcedconcretebuildingswithheightsof20mormore;and steelstructurebuildingswithfourormorestoriesexcludingthebasementlevels, abuildingofficialandaDesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBody mustaskthe prefecturalgovernor p g oroneoftheDesignated g StructuralCalculationReviewBodies (seethenextpage)toperformacalculationreviewonthebuildingplanbefore issuingabuildingconfirmation.
Remark:Buildings g ofmorethan60minheight g (and ( someothers), ),areexceptions p because thesebuildingsneedapprovalfromtheMinisterfromtheviewpointofstructural safety.

DesignatedStructuralCalculationReviewBody
ADesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBody conductsastructuralcalculation reviewrespondingtotherequestfromabuildingofficialoraDesignated C fi Confirmation ti and dInspection I ti Body B d .The Th d designation i ti i isd doneb byth theprefectural f t l governors.Thissystemwasintroducedin2007,and64bodieshavebeendesignated asofMarch2010 inJapan. 49

(5)ConstructionWork
TheBSLandtheKenchikushi Law stipulatetheprovisionsrelatedtoconstruction administration,asshowninthefigureofthenextpage,sothatdesignersdesign buildingsandbuildersperformbuildingconstructionincompliancewiththe technicalrequirementsstipulatedbytheBSL.

Provisionsrelatedtoconstructionadministration
Constructionworkmustbedoneincompliancewithrelatedprovisionsprovidedby theBSLandtheKenchikushi Lawasshowninthefigureofthenextpage. Remark:Therequirementsindicatedby(*)donotapplytotheconstructionof smallbuildings (woodenbuildingswithnotmorethantwostoriesandof nomorethan100m2,andnonwoodenbuildingswithnotmorethantwo storiesandofnomorethan30m2).

50

Provisions related to construction administration Designers OnlyKenchikushi maydesignbuildings. (*)(theKenchikushi Law) Kenchikushi mustdesignbuildingsincompliancewiththetechnical requirements stipulatedbytherelatedlaws.(theKenchikushi Law) Builders Buildersmay yonly yimplement p constructionworksthataredesigned g by y Kenchikushi.(*) (theBSL) Buildingowners ThebuildingownermustassignaKenchikushi asa person who h conducts d construction i administration d i i i .(*)(theBSL) Builders Buildersmustdisplaythenamesofthedesigner(*),thebuilder,thefield managerandthepersonwhoconductsconstructionadministration(*), (*) in plainviewontheconstructionsite.(theBSL) Buildersmayonlyimplementconstructionworksforwhichapersonwho conducts co duc sco construction s uc o ad administration s a o is sass assigned. g ed ( (*) ) ( (theBSL) ) Apersonwhoconductsconstructionadministration Whenaperson whoconductsconstructionadministrationfindsthatthe construction t ti work kdoes d not tfollow f ll the th drawings/specifications d i / ifi ti made d by b a Kenchikushi: he/shemustnotify thebuilderimmediately;and incaseswherethebuilderdoesnotfollowhisinstructions, instructions he/shemustreport thistothebuildingowner.(theKenchikushi Law)
- Once the construction work has been completed, He/she must report the result to the inspector 51 who conducts final inspection of the building.

(6)Interiminspection
Abuildingownermust,inacasewheretheconstructionworkincludesoneofthe processesinanyof(a)and(b)below, below andtheprocesshasbeencompleted, completed request withinfourdaysfromthedateofcompletion,onallsuchoccasions,aninspectionby; abuildingofficialundertheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency inchargeof b ildi control building t li inth that tarea;or oneoftheDesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBodies. (a) theprocessofinstallingsecondstoryreinforcingbarsandsupportingbeamsof apartmentbuildingswiththreeormorestories (b)processesstipulatedbytheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency

(7)Finalinspection
Oncetheconstructionworkhasbeencompleted,thebuildingownermustsubmita notificationto; abuildingofficialundertheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency inchargeof buildingcontrolinthearea;or oneoftheDesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBodies; within i hi four f days d from f the h d dateof fcompletion. l i Th Theb building ildi mustundergo d inspection i i toascertainwhetherthebuildingconformstotherelatedregulations.
52

(8)Occupancy
Incaseswherebuildingsarenewlyconstructed,thebuildingownerconcernedmust neitherusenorletanyoneusethebuildinguntilhe/sheobtainsanfinalinspection certificate. Exception:incasesofanyoneofthefollowingitems,he/shemayuseorlet someoneusethebuildingevenbeforeobtainingthecertificateofinspection. inspection (1) Small buildings, such as ordinal wooden detached houses of 2 stories or less. (2)WheretheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency(orabuildingofficialafterhaving receivedanapplicationforafinalinspection)haspermittedtemporaryuse afterdeterminingthatthereisnoobjectionfromtheviewpointofsafety,fire prevention,orevacuation. (3)Wheresevendayshaveelapsedfromthedayonwhichtheapplicationfora finalinspectionwasreceived. The h owner,custodian di oroccupantof fabuilding b ildi shall h llendeavor d tomaintain i i the h site, i constructionandbuildingequipmentofthebuildinginastatecomplyingwithlegal requirements.
53

(9)Periodicinspectionreport
TheownersofthebuildingsandbuildingequipmentthattheDesignated AdministrativeAgency hasdesignatedmusthavethoroughsafetycheckscarriedout atregularintervals(designatedperiodsrangingfromsixmonthstothreeyears)by Kenchikushi orotherqualifiedpeople,andtheresultsmustbereportedtothe D i Designated t dAdministrative Ad i i t ti Agency A .Many M Designated D i t dAdministrative Ad i i t ti Agencies A i have h designated; hospitals,hotels,departmentstores,theaters,apartmenthousesandoffices,that exceedsaspecificsize;and escalatorsandelevators; asbuildingsandbuildingequipmenttobereported.

54

3-5 Measures against buildings in violation

Incaseswhereabuilding gisinviolationoftheBSL, ,orordersandordinancesbased uponit,DesignatedAdministrativeAgencies areempoweredwiththemeasures necessarytoissueordersfor: thesuspensionofconstructionworkconcerned;or thedemolition,relocation,rebuilding,addition,repair,remodeling,prohibitionor restrictionofuseofthebuildingconcerned;or, theimplementationofothermeasurestocorrectviolationsagainstthesaid provisionsorrequirements; tothebuildingowner,ortothecontractororfieldmanageroftheconstructionwork, ortothe h owner,custodian d oroccupantof fthe h building b ld oritssite.Inorder d toensurethe h observanceoftheBSL,andordersandordinancesbaseduponit,variouspenal provisionsaresetout.

55

3-6 Declaration of dissatisfaction

According gtotheprovisions p oftheBSL, ,arequest q forareviewontheproceeding p gor nonfeasanceof: aDesignatedAdministrativeAgency; abuildingofficial;or aDesignatedConfirmationandInspectionBody; canbemadetotheBuildingReviewCouncil ofthelocalgovernmentconcerned.In caseswheretheBuildingReviewCouncil receivessucharequest request,itisobligedtopass judgment,afterapublichearingwithinonemonthafterthereceiptoftherequest.If thereisanydissatisfactionwiththejudgmentoftheBuildingReviewCouncil,an appeal lagainst i the h j judgment d canbe b made d tothe h Minister. i i

56

Contents
Chapter 4

CompositionoftheJapaneseBuilding Codes

41Performancebasedcodes 42Alternativesolution 43Qualityofmaterials 44TypeApprovalandCertificationofSpecifictypeProduct Manufacturers

57

4-1 Performance-based codes

(1) Before2000
Historically,Japanesebuildingregulationswerelargelyacollectionofspecific provisionsthatdictatehow abuildingmustbebuilt,includingwhatmaterialscanbe used.And,whensomeoneintendedtousematerials,equipments,design,or constructionmethodsthatdidnotmeetspecificprovisions,he/shecouldnotuse themwithoutspecialapprovalfromtheMinister. Minister

(2)After2000
Aspartofthe1998revisionoftheBSL(enforcedinJune2000),performancebased provisions weresetupintheBuildingCodesinordertoensure: increasedflexibilityofperformancebaseddesignaccordingtotheBuildingCodes; correctionofthedistortedcoststructure;and smoothintroductionoftechnicalinnovationsandmaterialsfromoverseas. Andthenewevaluationsystemwassetup.

58

(3)Evaluationsystem
Thep performancebasedp provisionssetup pintheBuilding gCodes, ,provide p performancerequirements (performancecriteria),whichstatethelevelof performancewhichmaterials,equipments,design,orconstructionmethodsmust meet Whensomeoneintendstousematerials, meet. materials equipments, equipments design, design orconstruction methodsthatdonotmeetspecificprovisions,he/shecanusethemifhe/she receivesanevaluationfromoneoftheDesignatedEvaluationBodies,andreceives MinisterialApproval. Approval DesignatedEvaluationBody ADesignated D i t dEvaluation E l ti Body B d conducts d t anevaluation l ti t todetermine d t i whether h th ornot t thesolutionmeetsperformancerequirements(performancecriteria)inresponseto arequestfromabuildingowner/manufacturer.EvaluationbyoneoftheDesignated EvaluationBodies isrequiredpriortoapprovalbytheMinister.Thedesignationis donebytheMinister,and27bodies(25bodieslocatedinJapanand2bodieslocated inforeign g countries) )havebeendesignated, g asof1November2011.

59

TrendsinMinisterialApproval
4500

4000

3500

Total4,026

Total3,969 Total3,449

Total3,822

3000

Total3,128
2500 3613 2000

Total 2,663

Total 2,612

3016

Total 2 3032693 2,303

2968

Total1,959
1500 1595 1000

Construction materials,etc .

2793 2171 2035 1739

500

Total 347
166 181 364 335 413 492

577

564

756

953

854

Buildings, B ildi e tc.

60

4-2 Alternative solution

(1)Structureofalternativesolutionsystem
Basedontheperformancebasedprovisionssetupin2000,somealternative solutionsystemsareestablished.Thefigureofthenextpageshowsthealternative solution l ti system t f forfire fi resistance, it f forexample. l

61

Structureofthealternativesolutionsystemforfireresistance
PerformanceRequirements Example:Principalbuildingpartsmustwithstandtheheatofafirethatcouldbeexpectedtooccurinsidethe buildinguntiltheendofthefire.Externalwallsmustwithstandtheheatofanormalfireoccurringinthearea surroundingthebuildinguntiltheendofthefire. PerformanceStandard Example:Whenprincipalbuildingpartsareheatedwiththeheatproducedduringanormalfire,theparts mustnotbedeformed,melted,orcracked,normusttheyundergoanyotherdamagedetrimentalto structuralstrength. Choiceofthemethod OrdinaryVerificationMethod AdvancedVerificationMethod Todeterminewhetherornotthe Todeterminewhetherornot solutionmeetsPerformanceCriteria thesolutionmeets throughOrdinaryVerificationMethod PerformanceCriteriathrough statedinthebuildingCodes Codes. AdvancedVerificationMethod Example: EvaluationbyaDesignated Principalbuildingpartswhichare EvaluationBody confirmedbythefireresistance verificationmethod conformtoFire ApprovalbytheMinister resistiveperformancecriteria. BuildingConfirmationandinspection Thesolutionischeckedthrough Thesolutionischeckedexceptthe OrdinaryVerificationMethod. partalreadycheckedbythe 62 Minister.

Specificprovisions Todeterminewhetherornot thesolutionmeetsoneofthe SampleSpecifications Example: Principalbuildingpartsof reinforcedconcretewith requireddepthofconcrete coverabovesteelbarsare deemedtobefireresistant.

Thesolutionischecked throughspecific provisions.

(2)OrdinaryVerificationMethods andAdvancedVerificationMethods
DetailsoftheOrdinaryVerificationMethods arestipulatedintheEnforcementOrder andintheMLIT Notifications.Examplesareshownbelow below.Ontheotherhand, hand details oftheAdvancedVerificationMethods arenotissuedbytheGovernment.Designated EvaluationBodies evaluatethedesign/solutionofabuilding,usingamanual approved db bythe h Minister,then h the h applicant l sends d the h evaluation l b body d d decision, alongwithdrawings,totheMinistertorequestapproval.

63

(3)FireresistanceVerificationMethod
TheFireresistanceVerificationMethod isamethodbasedontechnicalstandards, etc providedintheEnforcementOrder andintheMLITNotifications,whichisused etc. toassumetheoccurrenceofafireinaroom,andtoverifythatprincipalbuilding partscanwithstandtheheatfromthefireuntiltheendofthefire.Whenfire resistance i is i verified ifi dthrough h hthis hi method, h d deemed d dtosatisfy i f solutions l i for f fire fi resistancearenotappliedtothesolution.Thestagesareasfollows: (a)Calculationoffireduration; Thepredictedtimefromthestartofafireuntilitsendiscalculated, consideringthevolumeofcombustiblematerials,thesizeofopenings,etc. (b) ( )Calculationofheatwithstanding gperiods p forp principal p building gp parts; ; Theperiodsoverwhichprincipalbuildingpartscanwithstandtheheatbythe firearecalculated,takingintoconsiderationthetypeofstructuralmethods usedintheprincipalbuildingparts,theheatofafires,etc. (c)Comparisonof(a)and(b); (b),heatwithstandingperiod,mustbelongerthan(a),fireduration.

64

(4)VerificationMethodforEvacuationSafety TheVerificationMethod forEvacuationSafety isamethodbasedontechnical standards etc standards, etc.providedintheEnforcementOrder andintheMLITNotifications, whichisusedtocheckevacuationsafetyinfiresbycomparing:
(i)thepredictedtimerequiredfortheevacuationofpersonsinabuilding;with (ii)thetimeduringwhichthefloors, floors orbuilding, building willbeatriskfromsmokeandgas, gas etc, etc accordingtothedesignofthebuilding(numberofpersonspresent,locationofevacuation routes,fireandsmokepreventionmethods,etc.).Whenevacuationsafetyisverifiedthrough thismethod,someDeemedtoSatisfyProvisions forevacuationsafetyarenotappliedtothe solution.Thestagesareasfollows: (a)Calculationoftimeuntilcompletionofevacuation; Theevacuationtimeiscalculatedasasumof: (i)thetimefromtheoutbreakoffireuntilthestartofevacuation; (ii)thewalkingtimetotheexits;and (iii)thetimelostatexits. (b)Calculationoftimerequiredforsmokeandgastobecomeahazard; Thetimeiscalculatedforfirerelatedsmokeandgastodescendfromceilingstoreacha levelatwhichtheybecomehazardstoevacuation,takingintoaccountsuchfactorsas: (i)thefloorareaandceilingheight; (ii)thesmokeexhaustassembly;and (iii)thetypesofmaterialsusedtofinishtheceilingsandwalls. ( )Comparison (c) C i of f(a) ( )and d(b); (b) (a),thetimeuntilcompletionofevacuation,mustbeshorterthan(b),thetimewhen smoke/gasbecomesahazard. 65

4-3 Quality of materials

(1)Requirementsonthequalityofmaterials Wh building When b ildi materials t i l d designated i t dby b the th Minister Mi i t (such ( hasconcrete, t steel, t l and d seismicisolationdevices)areusedforimportantbuildingparts(suchas foundations,columns,bearingwalls,andfiredoors), (a)thesematerialsmustconformtoeitherJapaneseIndustrialStandard (JIS)or JapaneseAgriculturalStandard (JAS),asspecifiedbytheMinister; (b)otherwisetheymustbeapprovedbytheMinister. Inthecaseof(b),beforeapplicationforministerialapproval,itismandatorytohave performanceevaluationsconductedbyDesignatedEvaluationBodies basedonthe technicalcriteriaconcerningtherespectivematerials,whichareprovidedbythe MLITNotification.
Placetobeinstalled Importantpartsofbuildings(See(2)) Materials Designatedbuilding (See( (3)) )) materials( Materialsmustmeetanyofthefollowings: MaterialswhichconformtodesignatedJIS* andJAS* MaterialswhichareapprovedbytheMinister Notregulated Others Notregulated

Others

Not regulated

Remark:Thereareotherprovisionstostatesomerequirementsonbuildingmaterials,suchas requirementsconcerningfireresistance,formaldehyde,asbestos,andothers. 66

(2)Important building parts concerning requirements on building materials

Partsof P fb buildings ildi important i from f the h viewpoint i i of fsafety, f fire fi prevention i or sanitationarefollowingitems: (a)Elementsnecessaryforstructuralresistance (b)Partsoffireresistive,quasifireresistive,orfirepreventiveconstruction (c)OpeningfireprotectiveassemblyspecifiedinArticle109orpartsofthese (d) ( )Interiororexteriorp partsofbuildings g whicharespecified p by ytheMinisterasthose importantfromtheviewpointofsafetyorfireprevention (e)Partitionwalls,removablefloorboards,floorsofthelowestfloor,small beams,pentroofs,smallstairsforlocaluse,outsidestairs,balconiesorother partssimilarthereto,otherthanprincipalbuildingpartswhicharespecifiedby theMinisterasthoseimportantfromtheviewpointoffireprevention (f)Buildingequipmentorpartsthereof(excludingequipmentssubjectto certificationasspecifiedintheFireServicesLaw,electricalappliancesasdefined inArticle2paragraph1oftheElectricalApplianceandMaterialControlLaw,etc)

67

(3)Designatedbuildingmaterialsconcerningrequirementsonbuilding materials
Designated D i dbuilding b ildi materials i l concerning i requirements i onbuilding b ildi materials i l are followingmaterials:
(1)Structuralsteelandsteelcastings (2)Highstrengthboltsandbolts (3)Structuralcables (4)Steelbars (5) ( )Welding gmaterials( (welding gofcarbonsteel, ,stainlesssteel, ,andaluminumalloy) y) (6)Turnbuckles (7)Concrete (8)Concreteblocks (9)Seismicisolationdevices (10)Woodbasedgluedaxialmaterial (11)Woodbasedcompositeaxialmaterial (12)Woodbasedcompositeinsulatedpanel (13)Woodbasedgluedcompositepanel (14)Tappingscrewsandotherssimilarthereto(limitedtothosewithaninternalthreadformedon structuralsteelorthosethatcutandpassthroughstructuralsteel.) (15)Firebolt(referringtothosedrivenintostructuralsteel;sameshallapplybelow) (16)Aluminumalloy (17)Mechanicaljointsforspaceframestructure (18)Membranematerialsandmembranematerialsfortentwarehouses (19) ( )Ceramicmasonry yunit (20)Asbestosencapsulant (21)Prestressing Tendons (22)AutoclavedLightweightaeratedconcretepanel

68

4-4 Type approval and Certification of Specific-type Product Manufacturers

(1)Purposes
AtthesametimethattheperformancebasedprovisionswereaddedtotheBuilding Codes,newsystemsofTypeApproval andCertificationofSpecifictypeProduct Manufacturers werealsocreatedtodecreasetheburdenonapplicantsandto improvethepracticalityoftheexaminationprocess.

(2)Type T Approval A l
Forexample,manyprefabricatedhousessharemanyofthesamedesignfeatures, andmanybuildingshavemuchofthesametypeofequipment,suchasmass producedelevatorsandwatertreatmentfacilities.Itisnotpracticaltocheckthese productsineverybuilding.Therefore,theBSLstipulatesthattheMinisterdesignates ApprovalBodies,andthatthey: (a)examinea building,apartofabuilding,oranelement/componentofabuilding todeterminewhethertheymeettherespectivepartoftheBuildingCodes;then (b)issueaTypeApproval priortotheexaminationbybuildingconfirmation agencies. IfTypeapproval isissued,examinationforbuildingconfirmationofeverybuilding issimplified becausenoteverybuildingrequiresexaminationforeverypartofthe BuildingCodes.ThenumberofDesignatedApprovalBodies is8,asof1November 2011. 69

(3)CertificationofSpecifictypeProductManufacturers
Inaddition,DesignatedApprovalBodies areallowedtograntCertificationofSpecific typeProductManufacturers tomanufacturerswhosupplytheabovementioned productswiththeType p yp Approval pp ,through g g goodquality q ymanagement. g Inthiscase, notonlyexaminationsforbuildingconfirmation,butalsoonsiteinspectionofeach buildingaresimplified.

70

TypeApproval andCertificationofSpecifictypeProduct Manufacturers

PerformanceCriteria Specific provisions Ordinary Verification Method Choiceofthemethod AdvancedVerificationMethod Procedurefor EvaluationbyDesignated Advanced EvaluationBody
Verification Method

Approvalby theMinister

OptionalProcedure TypeApproval
Effect:Simplifiedexaminationinbuilding Effect confirmation

CertificationofSpecifictypeProduct Manufacturers
Effect:Simplifiedexaminationinboth buildingconfirmationandinspection

BuildingConfirmationandInspection

71

Contents
Chapter 5

BuildingCodesforStructuralSafety 51Compositionofthestructuralcodes p 52Structuralspecifications 53Structuralcalculationmethods

72

5-1 Composition of the structural codes

(1) ( )Basicidea
Thebasicideaconcerningstructuralsafetyisthatstructuresmustbesafeagainst: (a)permanentload(deadload); (b)imposedload(liveload); (c)snowload; (d)windpressure; (e)seismicforce;and (f)Others

( )Concepts (2)
Inconcreteterms,technicalrequirementshavebeensetonthebasisofthe gconcepts: p following (a)Thepermanentloadandimposedloadaresafelysupported,andcauseno excessivedeformationorvibration,whichcaninterferewiththeuseofthe building. building (b)Thebuildingdoesnotsustaindamageduetoararemediumscalesnowfall, windstorm,earthquake,orotherevent. (c)Thebuildingdoesnotcollapseorotherwisefailduetoanextremelyrarelarge scale snowfall,windstorm,earthquake,orotherevent.
73

(3) General Flow of Structural Design

(a)Categoryofthebuildings Everybuildingisclassifiedintooneofthecategories: CategoryI (highrisebuildings); Category C II (large (l seized i dbuildings); b ildi ) CategoryIII (mediumsizedbuildings);and CategoryIV (smallbuildings), basedonthestructuraltype,height,andsizeofthebuilding,asshowninthe Structuraldesign(1/2). (b)Structuralcheckcombinations Thereare6structuralcheckcombinations(A throughF,asshownintheStructural design(2/2) (2/2). . TheorderofsophisticationofthecombinationsisfromA(the highest),downtoF.Somerequirementsofstructuralspecifications arenotapplied tothecombinationsofA,B,andC,becausethesespecificrequirementscanbe checkedthroughstructuralcalculationsofA,B,andC.Structuralcalculationor checkforroofingmaterial,etc.isdoneintheallcombinations.

74

(c)StructuralcheckcombinationsrespondingtotheCategories Foreachcategory,thepossiblecombinationsaredeterminedasshowninthe figureoftheStructural Structuraldesign(2/2) (2/2). (i)ForCategoryIV (small buildings),itisrequiredtoonlycomplywithstructural specifications Structuralcalculationsarenotrequired. specifications. required Ontheotherhand hand,itis allowedtouseotherstructuralcombinations.Incasewherethestructural safetyofthebuildingwasconfirmedbycombinationsofA orB,onlythe structural lspecifications ifi i ondurability, d bili etc.areapplied li dtothe h b buildings. ildi (ii)ForCategoryII (largesizedbuildings)andCategoryIII (mediumsized buildings),structuralcalculationsarerequired.AssameasCategoryIV(small buildings),incasewherethestructuralsafetyofthebuildingwasconfirmedby ythestructuralspecifications p ondurability, y etc.are combinationsofA orB,only appliedtothebuildings. (iii)ForCategoryI (highrisebuildings),onlythecombinationA isallowedto use,andperformanceevaluationbyaDesignatedEvaluationBodyand ApprovalbytheMinisterarerequired.

75

Structuraldesign (1/2)
Categories (I)Highrise buildings g (II)Large sized buildings Structure,height,andsizeofbuilding Wooden buildings Buildingsotherthanwoodenbuildings
Buildingheight 60m Anyofthebuildingsbelowotherthan(I): Steelbuildingswith4ormorestories(excluding basement); RCorSRCb buildings ildi of f20 20mormorei inheight, h i ht and d BuildingsstipulatedbytheCabinetOrder,suchas steelbuildingsmorethan13minheightormore than13mineaveheight height, Number of stories 3, or Number of stories 2, or Total floor area 200 m2, Total floor area 500 m2 and Masonry structure, etc. that are more than 13m in otherthan(I)and(II) height and that have eaves of more than 9m in height. other than (I) and (II) Buildings other than (I), (I) (II) Buildings other than (I), (I) (II) and (III). (III) and (III). It means wooden buildings that conform to: ; Number of stories 2; Total floor area 500 m2; Building height 13m; and 76 Eave height 9 m. Building height 13m, or Eaveheight 9m, otherthan(I)

(III) Medium sized buildings (IV) Small S ll buildings

Structuraldesign(2/2)
() (I) High-rise
A B

(II) Large-sized buildings 31m<h h 31m

(B or C)

(III) Mediumsized
D E

( ) (IV) Small
F

only durability, etc.

Structural specifications except some provisions Structural calculation methods

all provisions

Timeseries analysis

Response and limit capacity calculation

Allowable unit stress calculation Check of Story drift angle Horizontal load loadcarrying capacity calculation Check of Stiffness ratio, Eccentricity ratio, etc.

Performance evaluation Ministerial Approval

Procedures
Check by Designated Structural Calculation Review Bodies
77

Check by Building Officials / Designated Confirmation and Inspection Bodies

5-2 Structural specifications

Structuralspecificationsareprovidedaccordingtoordinarystructuraltypes,namely: wooden d structures; t t masonrystructures; reinforcedconcreteblockstructures; steelstructures; reinforcedconcretestructures; steelandreinforcedconcretecompositestructures;and plainconcretestructures. Inaddition, ,for: specialstructuralmethodsofordinarystructuraltypesmentionedabove(suchas woodframestructure);and structuraltypesotherthanordinarystructuraltypesmentionedabove(suchas membranestructure), structuralspecificationsareestablishedandannouncedintheformofMLIT Notifications.

78

(1)WoodenStructure
Concerningwoodenstructures,regulationsareprescribedfor: structureofsillsandfoundations; sizeofposts; necessarystrengthandquantityofbracesandstructuralframes; methodsofusingjoints/connection; qualityofpreservativemeasures;and others. th Here,thewoodenstructurereferstothepostandbeamstructure,whichisthe conventionalmethodofconstructioninJapan(seethenextpage),whilethewood framestructurecomesunderadifferentsetofstructural specifications.Structural specifications alsoexistforlargewoodenstructureswithpostsandbeamswithlarge sectionalsize.

79

StructureofCnventional Japaneseooden Houses

Source:StructuralEngineeringTextbook 1995,ArchitecturalInstituteofJapan

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(2)MasonryStructure
Concerning gmasonry ystructures, ,suchasthebrickstructureandthestonestructure, , regulationsareprescribedfor: foundationstructures; necessarylengthandthicknessofwalls; wallgirderstructures; limitationsonthesizeofopenings; methodsofconstructionwork;and others.

(3)ReinforcedConcreteBlockStructure
Thismethodofconstructioninvolvesreinforcingbarspassingthroughconcrete blocks.Variousregulationsareprovidedfor: foundationstructures; necessarylengthandthicknessofwalls; sizeandarrangementofreinforcingbars; wallgirderstructures; et odo ofconstruction co st uct o work; o ; method structuralpartsoffences;and others.

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(4)SteelStructure
Regulationsconcerningthesteelstructureareprovidedfor: effectiveslendernessratioofmembers; foundationstructures; methodsofmaking gjoints j andconnections; ;and others.

(5)ReinforcedConcreteStructure
Reinforcedconcretestructuresaregovernedbyregulationsprescribing: qualityofconcretematerials; connectionsandarrangementofreinforcingbars; strength t thof fconcrete; t methodofcuring; structureofcolumns,floorslabs,beams,andbearingwalls; depthofconcretecoverabovesteelbars;and others.

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(6)SteelandReinforcedConcreteCompositeStructure
Concerning C i steel t land dreinforced i f dconcrete t composite it structures, t t regulations l ti for f both b th steelstructuresandreinforcedconcretestructuresareappliedcorrespondingly,as theoccasiondemands.

(7)PlainConcreteStructure
Co ce Concerning gp plain a co concrete c etestructures, st uctu es,regulations egu at o sfor o both bot reinforced e o cedconcrete co c ete structuresandmasonrystructuresareappliedcorrespondingly, astheoccasion demands.

(8)OtherStructuralTypes
Technicalstandardsforstructuraltypesotherthanthoselistedaboveareannounced intheMLITNotifications.Someofthetechnicalstandardshavebeenannouncedfor: woodframestructures; prestressedconcretestructures; boxframetypereinforcedconcretestructures;and others.

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5-3 Structural calculation methods

(1) ( )Twop phaseseismicdesign g

Seismiccodesrevisedin1981featureatwophaseseismicdesignforearthquakes. (a)Primaryseismicdesign Formediumscaleearthquakemotions(StandardshearcoefficientC0 0.2) Strongearthquakeswhichcouldoccurseveraltimesduringthelifetimeof thebuilding Workingstress<Allowablestress Notbasicallychangedfromtheseismicdesignmethodbefore1981) Forboth b hsuperstructureand dfoundation f d (b)Secondaryseismicdesign Forlargescaleearthquakemotions(StandardshearcoefficientC0 1 1.0) 0) Extraordinaryearthquakeswhichcouldoccuronceinthelifetimeofthe building Itrequiresadditionalcheckingofseveralaspectsofthebuildingthathasbeen proportionedbytheprimaryseismicdesign Forsuperstructureonly
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Allowableunitstresscalculationandothercalculationmethods Size of force th t acts that t Medium-scale earthquake Large-scale earthquake Material Elastic area Plastic area g strength

Allowable unit stress

(Maximum force that a member can sustain)

Range of calculation methods, such as horizontal load-carrying capacity calculation Collapse or failure

Damage (deformation) will remain even after removal of force. force

Relationship between force working on a member and deformation

Deformation Range of allowable unit stress calculation Original condition diti No damage ( t t remains (structure i iintact) t t)
85

Original condition will be recovered after removal of force (after earthquake).

(2) Allowableunitstresscalculation
(a)Calculation Stressesactinguponthesectionsofelementsnecessaryforstructuralresistance mustbecalculatedbytheformulasinthefollowingtableincasesboth: sustained dloads l d (for (f calculation l l considering d normal ltime); ) and d temporaryloads(forcalculationconsideringsnowseason,storm,orearthquake). Kindofforce Forcedueto sustainedloads Forcedueto temporaryloads l d Loadsandexternalforces, forces which Possibleconditionsregarding mustbeincluded loadsandexternalforces Generalarea Heavysnowarea Normaltime G+P G+P Snowseason G+P+0.7S Snowseason G+P+S G+P+S G+P+W Storm G+P+W G+P+0.35S+W Earthquake G+P+K G+P+0.35S+K

Inthistable,G,P,S, W andK representthefollowingloadsandforces: G:Permanentload(deadload); P:Imposed p load(live ( load); ); S:Snowload; W:Windpressure;and K:Seismicforce.

86

(b)Confirmation Itshallbeconfirmedthatsustainedortemporarystressesdonot exceedtheallowableunitstressesincasesbothsustainedloadandtemporaryload load.

Calculatedstress Allowableunitstress
Valuesofallowableunitstressareavailableforcommonmaterials,suchas timber,steel,concrete,etc.Thesevaluesarespecifiedforbothsustainedloadsand temporaryloads. loads Examplesareshowninthenextpage page. Materialstrength strength mentionedinthetableisvaluesofstrength,whichareusedforcalculations,such ashorizontalloadcarryingcapacitycalculation.

87

Examplesofvaluesofallowableunitstressandmaterialstrength
Concrete Allowableunitstress Materialstrength
(Values of strength, which are used for calculations, such as h i horizontal l load l dcarrying i capacity i calculation) l l i )

Sustainedload

Compression C i F/3 F/32 F

Tension T i F/30 F/302 F/10

(Values of stress, which are used for Temporaryloads allowable ll bl unit stress calculation) l l )

Frepresentsaspecifieddesignstrengthofconcrete(unit:Newton/mm2),whichis compressivestrengthtobesetupindesigning,andconfirmedbythetestof specimens. Structuralstainlesssteel Allowableunitstress

(Values of stress, which are used for allowable unit stress calculation)

Sustainedload p yloads Temporary

Compression F/1.5 F F

Tension F/1.5 F F

Materialstrength
(Values of strength, which are used for calculations, such as horizontal loadcarrying capacity calculation)

Frepresentsavalueofspecifieddesignstrength(unit:Newton/sq.mm),whichis specifiedbytheMinisteraccordingtothekindsandqualityofsteel,etc.

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(3)LoadsandExternalForces
Loadsandexternalforcesasfactorsforstructuralcalculationvary,dependingupon thelocationofthebuildinganditsuse. use Oftheseforces, forces atleastfivemustbe checked.Theyare: permanentload(deadload); imposed i d l load d(live (li l load); d) snowload; windpressure;and seismicforce. Dependingupontheconditions,checksmustalsobeperformedforotherexternal forcessuchas: groundpressure; waterpressure; vibration;and shock.

89

(a)Permanentload(Deadload) Thepermanentloadistheloadofeachofthecomponentsofthebuilding, includingbuildingequipment. equipment Itdependsonthestructuraltypeofthebuilding, building finishingmaterialofthecomponents,etc.Variousvaluesareprovidedinthe EnforcementOrder forgeneralcases.Forspecialcases,thepermanentloadis determinedaccordingtotheactualconditions. conditions (b)Imposedload(Liveload) Th i The imposed d l load di isthe h l load dof ff furniture, i occupants,etc.I Itd depends d onthe h useof f thebuilding.VariousvaluesareprovidedintheEnforcementOrder forgeneral cases.Forspecialcases,theimposedloadisdeterminedaccordingtotheactual conditions.

90

(c)Snowload Thesnowloadisdeterminedbythemethodofcalculation,below.Snow accumulationvariesgreatlyfromregiontoregioninJapanbecauseofthevarious meteorologicalconditions.Therefore,theDesignatedAdministrativeAgencies issueregulationstospecifyvalues,basedoncriteriaspecifiedbyMLIT. S=HR S: SnowLoad(N/m2) p snow fall in the region g ( (cm), ) which is specified p by y regulation, g H: Deepest issuedbytheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency R: Unit snow load, which is 20 N/m2/cm, or the value specified by regulation, issuedbytheDesignatedAdministrativeAgency Thesnowloadusedincalculations,however,canbedecreasedbyincreasingthe degreeoftheroofslope.Itcanalsobedecreasedinregionswheresnowis customarilyremovedfromroofs.

91

(d)Windpressure Thewindpressurethatactsonabuildingdependsontheshapeandtheheightof thebuilding. building Itiscalculatedbythevelocitypressuremultipliedbythewindforce coefficient.Thevelocitypressureisgenerallycalculatedbythefollowingformula: q=0.6EVo2 q: Velocity V l i pressure(N/ (N/m2) E: Coefficient calculated using a method stipulated by the Minister, reflectingtheroofheightofthebuildinganditssurroundingenvironment Vo: Standardwindvelocity(m/s),asdeterminedbytheMinister Windforcecoefficientsthatareavailableforgeneralcasesarespecifiedinthe MLIT Notification N ifi i .

(e)Seismicforce Theseismicforceisdeterminedbycalculatingtheinertialforcethatisgenerated th through hth themovement tof fb both thth theground dand dth theb building. ildi Th That t i is,h horizontal i t l force(seismicshearforce)generatedinthebuilding.ItiscalculatedbyFormulaA andFormulaBbelow,incorporatingthevibrationcharacteristicsofthebuilding, theconditionsoftheground,andotherconditions.
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FormulaA:ForseismicForceabovethegroundlevel Qi=WiCi Ci=ZRtAiCo

Qi: Ci: Wi: the seismic shear force of point i (the height from ground level) the seismic shear coefficient of point i i permanent load added to imposed load above point i (+ snow load, in heavy snow areas, as designated by the Designated g Administrative Agency g y) the seismic zone factor (from 0.7 to 1.0) vibration characteristic factor vertical distribution factor the standard shear coefficient Wi Qi

Z: Rt: Ai: Co:

GL

(a) In general cases, not less than 0.2 (not less than 0.3 within areas designated as soft ground areas) (b) For F calculating l l ti required i d horizontal h i t l load l dcarrying i capacity it , not t less l th 1.0 than 10

FormulaB:Forseismicforceofthebelowgroundportion Qb=Wbk
Qb: k: the seismic shear force theseismiccoefficient (1H/40) / ) z k > 0.1( H=thedepthoftheportionbelowgroundlevel(m)(H < 20) z = the seismic zone factor (from 0.7 to 1.0) Wb: permanent load added to imposed load above the portion

93

(3)StructuralcalculationmethodsotherthanAllowableunitstress calculation
Highrisebuildingsandlargesizedbuildingsmustbeconfirmedtobestructurally safethroughstructuralcalculationmethodsshowninthispart. (I) High-rise
A

(II) Large-sized buildings 31m<h h 31m

B (B or C)

(III) ( ) Mediumsized
D E

(IV) Small
F

only durability, etc.

Structural specifications except some provisions i i

all provisions

Structural calculation methods Timeseries analysis Response and limit capacity calculation Allowable unit stress calculation Check of Story drift angle Horizontal loadcarrying capacity calculation Check of Stiffness ratio, Eccentricity ratio, etc.

94

(a)Storydriftangle
Thisistocheckthat that,duringamidsizedearthquake earthquake,thehorizontaldeformationin eachfloor(crosssection)iswithinthescopewhereinnoexternalcomponents becomedetachedandfallfromthebuilding (inprinciple,within1/200,or1/120in caseswhere h there th is i nof fearof fsignificant i ifi tdamage). d )

Floor too flexible

Falls

95

(b)StiffnessratioandEccentricityratio
Stiffness ratio Indicator of balance of hardness on each floor of building Vertical diagram Eccentricityratio Indicatorofbalanceofhorizontal hardnessoneachfloor Horizontal diagram

Damage concentrated on weaker floors

Deformation concentrated on specific pillar due to shift in position

These calculations allow confirmation that the building buildings s balance is within the scope that will not result in significant structural weakness
96

(c)Horizontalloadcarryingcapacitycalculation
Qu Qun Qun =Ds Fes Qud Qu :Horizontalloadcarryingcapacityofeachstory(unit:kiloNewtons) Qun :Requiredvalueofhorizontalloadcarryingcapacityofeachstory(unit:kilo Newtons) Ds:Structuralcharacteristicsfactor,consideringdampingcharacteristicsand ductilityofeachstory Fes:Shapefactor,representingstiffnessratioandeccentricityratio(upto3.0for irregularstructure). Qud:Horizontalforceactinguponeachstoryduetoseismicforce(C0 1.0)(unit: kiloNewtons)

hinge

Qu

(stable)

(stable)

(unstable)

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(d)Timeseriesanalysis
(1)Toclarifyforcesanddeformationcausedcontinuouslyineachpartofabuilding underloadsandexternalforces. (2)Toconfirmthatforcesanddeformationclarifiedin(1)donotexceedthe structural lstrength hand dd deformation f i limit li i of feach hpartof fthe h building. b ildi (3)Toconfirmthatroofingmaterials,exteriorfinishingmaterials,andcurtainwalls facingtheexterioraresafefromtheperspectiveofstructuralcapacitydueto windpressure,earthquake,andothervibrationandimpacts. (4)Others Accelerationoftheground
Time Ti

Ordinary analysis Time series analysis Directionof Directionof deformationisal always a s deformationisnot thesameasthatof alwaysthesameasthat externalforce. ofexternalforce.

Vibrationofthebuilding
Time
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PromotionofSeismicRetrofitting gofBuildings g

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(1)Amendmentofseismiccodes
Japaneseseismiccodesforbuildingshasbeenrevisedmanytimesrespondingto: thelessonsfromtheearthquakesthatweexperienced;and progressintechniques,suchasconstructionmethodsandstructuralcalculation. C Current Japanese J seismic i i codes d arebased b donthe h seismic i i codes d introduced i d din i 1981,inprinciple. Revisedseismiccodesdoesnotapplytoexistingbuildingsexcludingthecases,such asacertainextensionworkisdone.

(2)TheGreatHanshinAwajiEarthquakein1995
Mostvictimswerekilledbythecollapseofbuildings. Damagetobuildingswasmostlyconcentratedinbuildingsthatwereconstructedin andbefore1981anddidnotmeetthecurrentearthquakestandards.

(3)The Th Law L for f the h Promotion P i of fSeismic S i i Retrofitting R fi i of fBuildings B ildi

Thenewlawwasenforcedin25Dec.1995.

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DamagetobuildingsoftheGreatHanshinAwajiEarthquake
Lossoflifeanddamagetobuildings
Number of Causeofdeath deaths Proportion

Suffocation Being crushed Blows & wrenches Traumatic shock Head injury Visceral injury Cervical injury Burnt & burns all over Unknown & unclear Organ failure Weakening & being frozen Others Total

Damagetobuildingsfromthe viewpointoftheconstructionyear
Minor or no Mi damage 95.5% S ll or Small mid-sized damage Serious damage

1,967 452 300 82 124 55 63 444 116 15 7 26 3,651

53.9% 12.4% 8.2% 2.2% 3.4% 1.5% 1.7% 12.2% 3.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.7% 100.0%

83.3%

In and before 1981

In and after 1982

*Dataon3,651peoplepreciselyinvestigatedamong3,875people killedinKobeCity. Source:Machigaidarakenojishintaisaku (Mistakenmeasures againstearthquakes)byMeguroKimiro,Professorofthe University ofTokyo

Source:InterimreportoftheConstructionDamage InvestigationCommitteeRelatingtothe1995Great HanshinAwajiEarthquake

Mostvictimswerekilledby ythecollapse p ofbuildings g etc. Damagetobuildingswasmostlyconcentratedinbuildingsthatwereconstructedinand before1981anddidnotmeetthepresentearthquakestandards. 101

LawforthePromotionofSeismicRetrofittingofBuildings
(enforcedin25Dec.1995)
RevisedandenforcedonJanuary26,2006

CentralGovernmentspoliciesbasedontheLaw
Asforpromotingseismicevaluationofexistingbuildingsandseismicretrofitting, BasicpoliciesandnumericalTargets(Proportionofearthquakeresistantbuildings: 75%in2003 atleast90%in2015) ) Calculationmethodsforseismicevaluationofexistingbuildings Others

LocalgovernmentsplansbasedontheLaw(eachprefecture)
Asforp promoting gseismicevaluationofexisting gbuildings g andseismicretrofitting, g, Actionplanandnumericaltargets(includingnumericaltargetsforpublicbuildings) Designationofemergencyroads Others
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Guidanceandadvicebylocalgovernments
Objectivebuildings arebuildingsusedbymanypeople, people etc. etc (Ex. (Ex schools,hospitals,theaters,departmentstores,offices,rentalhousing,etc.) Buildingownersareobligedtomakeasincereefforttohavetheirbuildingevaluated fromtheviewpointofresistancetoearthquakesandtoconductretrofittingworksif necessary. Localgovernmentsmaygiveguidanceandadviceifnecessary.

Instructionandannouncement bylocalgovernments
Objectivebuildings arebuildingsusedbymanyunspecifiedpeople, people etc. etc (Ex. (Ex hospitals,theaters,departmentstores,elementaryschools,juniorhighschools) Localgovernmentsmaygiveinstructionsandmakeannouncementif necessary.

OrderbylocalgovernmentsbasedontheBuildingStandardLaw
Localgovernmentsmayorderbuildingownerstoretrofit theirbuildingsbasedontheBuildingStandardLawifthe buildinghasariskofcollapse. Penalties
103

subsidies

Certificationofseismicretrofittingplanofindividualbuildingsby localgovernments g
Exceptional p treatmentintheBuilding gStandardLaw Subsidies Labelingsystem Theplateisdeliveredbytheauthorities, authorities basedon theapplicationforthedelivery.Entitiesthat receivetheplatescandisplaythemonthe buildingsconcerned. concerned Theycancarrythedelivery oftheplateontheirwebsiteandprintedmatteras well.

104

ExamplesofConstructionMethodsfortheImprovementof EarthquakeResistantConstruction
Examplesofmethodsforseismic reinforcement e o ce e tof o wooden oode houses ouses Installationof earthquake resistingwalls andbraces
strapping

stud plywood

Damper Reinforcement hardwarefor ofjoints seismiccontrol

Examplesofseismic reinforcementofRC apartments Reinforcement ofpilotis

105

Advanceofmakingbuildingsearthquakeresistant
Earthquakeresistantrepresentsmeetingtoseismiccodesof1981. Numberinbracketisproportionofearthquakeresistantbuildings.

Houses
2003(estimation)
Totalofhouses: 47,000,000 Earthquake resistant: 35,500,000 Nonearthquake resistant: 11 500 000 11,500,000 75%

2008(estimation)
Totalofhouses: 49,500,000 Earthquake resistant: 39,000,000 Nonearthquake resistant: 10 500 000 10,500,000 79%

2015(target)
Totalofhouses: 49,500,000 Earthquake resistant: 44,500,000 Nonearthquake resistant: 5 000 000 5,000,000 90%(Target)

D i Designated db buildings, ildi such has schools, hospitals, and department stores
2003(estimation)
Totalofbuildings: 360,000 Earthquake resistant: 270,000 Nonearthquake resistant: 90,000 75%

2008(estimation)
Totalofbuildings: 410,000 Earthquake resistant: 330,000 Nonearthquake resistant: 80,000 80%

2015target
Totalofbuildings: Earthquake resistant: Nonearthquake resistant: 90%(Target) 400,000 360,000 40,000
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Supportsystemformakinghousesandbuildingsearthquakeresistant
CG: Central Government LG: local governments * The housing includes condominiums.

F Formulation l ti of fplans, l public bli relations, l ti etc. t

Carried out by private entities Carried out by local governments National government: 1/3, local governments: 1/3 National government: 1/2

Seismicevaluationof houses
Carriedoutby yprivate p entities CG:1/3,LG:1/3 Carriedoutbylocalgovernments CG:1/2

Seismicevaluationofbuildings
Carriedoutbyprivateentities Carriedoutby ylocalgovernments g CG:1/3,LG:1/3 CG:1/3 / (Emergency ( g yroads:1/2) / )

Seismicretrofittingofbuildings
Types yp ofbuildings g Grantratio Publicbuildings:1/3fromCG Privatebuildings:2/3fromCGandLG Publicbuildings:1/6fromCG:1/6 Privatebuildings:1/3fromCGandLG Publicbuildings:11.5%fromNational government Privatebuildings:23%fromNationaland localgovernments Grantratio Publicbuildings:1/3fromCG Privatebuildings:2/3fromCGandLG Alongemergencyroads Alongevacuationroads

Seismicretrofitting ofhousing
Typesof buildings Grantratio

Along emergency CGandLG:2/3 roads Along evacuation roads d Others CGandLG:1/3 CGandLG:23%

Buildingsusedbymanypeople (Ex.:Departmentstoresof threeormorestorieswitha floorareaof1,000m2 ormore) Typesofbuildings Buildingspositionedinlocal disasterdamageprevention plans

107

EmergencyRiskAssessmentofDamagedBuildings
Protectionofpeoplefromasecondarydisasterduetoaftershocksordamagefrom firststrike

Inspected: Usagepossible

LimitedEntry: Cautionneeded

Unsafe: Entryprohibited

108

The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011

109

OutlineofEarthquakeandTsunami
Earthquake q ofthemagnitude g (Mw) ( )9.0occurredunderseaoff theSanriku coastofJapan,on11th March2011Epicenterregion was450kmlongand200kmwide. Seismicvibrationsinthelargearea ExtremelydestructivetsunamiwavesattackedthePacificcoast ofTohokuofJapan. ScaleofthistsunamiwasequaltothatofJohgan tsunami(AD 869)ormore.Frequency F of fsuch htsunami t imaybe b oncein i 500 yearsor1,000years.

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44

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44

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IJMA 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

43

EpicenterandSeismic y(JMA) ( )ofthe Intensity GreatEastJapan Earthquake

http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/11 03/30d/201103301800.html

42

42

41

41

40

40

39

39

38

2011/03/11 14:46 (h=24km, M9.0)

38

Epicenter
37 37 36 36

Epicenterregion 450km k l long 200kmwide

35

km

35

Tokyo
34 134
135

100

200
34

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Casualties (asof26Sep.2011) Deathsof15,811,andMissingof4,035 Damagetobuildings(asof26Sep.2011) Totalcollapseof17,542 17 542buildings, buildings and Partialcollapseof177,192buildings

(Numberoftsunamiinduceddamageisincluded.)

DamagetoInfrastructures
Roads High g ways y wereclosedtogeneral g trafficin15routes.( (Noroutesare closedafter24March.) Nationalroads wereclosedtogeneraltraffic in69points foracertain period. period

Rail ways AsforTohokuShinkansen,all19runningtrainssafelystopped atthetime oftheearthquake.There were,however,severedamagesinpowerlines. ThewholelinewasrecoveredinlateApril. Somelocallines incoastalareasarestillclosedasofNovember2011. Rivers Coastal levees Riverleveesandfacilitiesweredamagedat2,115 2 115sites. sites Therewere300kmofcoastallevees.190kmoftheleveeswerefullyor 112 halfdestroyed.

Areas inundated by Tsunami

535km2 of land was inundated by tsunami in Tohoku and Kanto region. Approximitly 10% (119k 21) of (119km f urban b area was inundated.
Produced from by Geospatial Information Authority

Maximum area inundated

Aug 4 ,2011 press release by City Bureau Produced from 23 by National Police Agency (As of Sept 16, 2011)

113

DamagescausedbyTsunami(Rikuzentakata city)
InRikuzentakata city,13km2wasinundated1. 90%oftheurbanarea(2.9 km2)inRikuzentakatacitywasinundated2. Totalcollapseof3,159buildings,thedeathsof1,487andthemissingof2643.

B f Before tsunami t iOct. 18 and 29, 2010

23510

Aft tsunami After t iMar. 13, 2011

114

DeformationcausedbytheEarthquake
DeformationoccurredoveralargeareaduetotheGreatEastJapanEarthquake. Earthquake

VerticalDeformation

HorizontalDeformation

Subsidence of120cmin Oshika hk

Horizontal movementof 530cm inOshika

115

Subsidence
Earthquake deformation caused extensive subsidence in the Sendai plain. The extent of the area below the mean sea le level el increased by 5.3 times. Tsunami destructed coastal levees along the entire coastline. Sendai plains safety level against storm surges have h b been reduced significantly. The flood forecast warning standards have been lowered accordingly.

Before the earthquake

After the earthquake

NatoriRiver

SendaiAirport

Comparing areas before and after the earthquake

NatoriRiver

SendaiAirport

Below B l mean-sealevel 3 km2 16 km2 (5.3 times)

Abukuma River

Below high-tide-level at the Before 3.11time of spring tide 32 km2 56 km2 (1.8 times) Below B l l largestt recorded-sea-level 83 km2 111 km2 (1 3 ti (1.3 times) )

Abukuma River

Surveyed in 2005 and 2008

Surveyed in 2011

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SeismicdamagestoBuildings(1/5) <SeismicdamagetoRCstructure> Someofthebuildings,whichweredesignedbefore1981withtheold seismicdesignmethod, sufferedfrommajorseismicdamage,mainly becauseofshearfailureofcolumns.

NILIM/BRI NILIM/BRI
117

SeismicdamagestoBuildings(2/5) <Seismicdamagetosteelstructure> Besidefractureofstructuralelements,suchasbraces,damagetonon structuralelementswereobserved. Fallofsuspendedceilings

NILIM/BRI

Fallofexteriorwallpanels
NILIM/BRI
118

SeismicdamagestoBuildings(3/5) <Soil S illiquefaction li f ti > Soilliquefactioncaused: infrastructure Damagetoinfrastructure, Leaningofsmallhouses. Pipeswereexposed.

NILIM/BRI

Approx.300mm
NILIM/BRI
119

SeismicdamagestoBuildings(4/5) <Damagescausedbylongperiodseismicmotions> IncaseoftheGreatEastJapanEarthquake,somehighrisebuildings gwithlarge g lateraldisplacement. p swung Forinstance,inOsaka,around770kmfarfromtheepicenter,where JMAseismicintensitywasrecordedatlevel3(not ( sohigh), ) some highrisebuildingswereshakenforaroundtenminuetswithlateral displacementofaround1matmaximum. maximum gp periodseismicmotions. Itisconsideredtheeffectoflong Then,itcauseddamages,suchastrappingpeopleintheelevators,fall ofexteriorwallpanels,clacksatmanyplaces.
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SeismicdamagestoBuildings(5/5) <Isolation> Superstructuresoftheseismicallyisolatedbuildingssufferedalmost nodamageevenunderstrongshakingwithJMAintensity6upper.It verifiestheperformanceoftheseismicallyisolatedbuildings. Asforseismicisolationdevices,crackswerefoundinlead dampers andresidualdeformationwasobservedinsomeUshaped dampers, steeldampers.
NILIM/BRI

Officebuilding,whichwasretrofittedby usingbaseisolationtechnique (9storysuperstructureand2story basement) Whilethemaximumaccelerationvalueat thebasementwasaround400gal,no furniturewasturnedoverandno structural t t ldamage d wasobserved. b d
121

TsunamidamagestoBuildings(1/3) <Tsunamiinduceddamagetotimberstructures> Incasewherethefloodwaterdepthwasmorethan2m,tsunami induceddamagewasmuchsevererthanthecasewherethedepthwas lessthan2m.Incasewherethedepthwaslessthan2m,theratioof totalcollapsebuildingswasverylow.

NILIM/BRI

NILIM/BRI

122

TsunamidamagestoBuildings(2/3) <Tsunamiinduceddamage g toRCstructures> ManyRCstructureswithstoodtsunamiwave. Insomeareas,turnoveranddriftofanentirebuildingofRCstructure wereobserved. Buildingthatwithstoodtsunami Turnoverofanentirebuilding

NILIM/BRI

123

TsunamidamagestoBuildings(3/3) <Tsunami su a induced duceddamage da agetoStee Steelstructures st uctu es> Turnoveranddriftofentirebuilding of fsteel t lstructure t t following f ll i the th fractureofcolumncapitalwere observed. observed

NILIM/BRI NILIM/BRI

NILIM/BRI

Intheleftcase,maincolumns andbeamsinsomebuildings arealmostintactafterallthe g wereswept p externalcladdings away.Buttheyhaveresidual deformationincolumns. 124

Reviewofthebuildingregulations aftertheGreatEastJapan Earthquake Toreviewthebuilding regulations etc. regulations, etc concerningthe countermeasuresagainstfallof p ceiling, g,whichisone suspended ofthenonstructuralelements
FallofsuspendedceilinginSymphony Hall

Asforconsiderationoftheeffectoflongperiodseismicmotionsto high g risebuildings, g ,toreviewcountermeasures, ,suchasstructural calculationusingearthquakemotionincludingelementsoflong periodseismicmotions, motions inreferencetotheearthquakemotion recordsoftheGreatEastJapanEarthquake.
125

StudyoftheStructuralDesignMethodfromtheViewpointof StructuralSafetyagainstTsunami
In2005,JapaneseGovernmentreleasedthedesign guidelinefortsunamievacuationbuildings,whichprovide necessaryevacuationheight, height accommodation capacity,structuralrequirements,etc.respondingtothe particularconditions,suchasexpected floodwaterdepth dl location. i and AsofMarch2010,1,790tsunamievacuationbuildings weredesignatedinthewholecountry. p BasedonthelessonsoftheGreatEastJapan Earthquake,StructuralDesignMethodfromthe ViewpointofStructuralSafetyagainstTsunami was compiled. Thestructuraldesignmethodwillbeutilizedfor: Designationoftsunamievacuationbuilding, building and Structuralrequirementstothebuildingsinthetsunami hazardousareas.
building

Imageoftsunami evacuationbuilding

Tsunamievacuationbuilding thatwithstoodtsunami 200mfromthecoast Floodwaterdepthwas morethan13m.

126

 NILIM/BRIquickreportofthefieldsurveycanbedownloadedat
http://www.kenken.go.jp/english/contents/topics/20110311/0311summaryreport.html

127

Thankyou y
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