Raman scattering or the Raman effect ( Mandelstam in crystals.

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/rmn/) is the inelastic scattering of a photon. It was discovered by Sir

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Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman and Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan in liquids,

and by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid

When photons are scattered from an atom or molecule, most photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering), such that the scattered photons have the same kinetic energy (frequency) and wavelength as the incident photons. However, a small fraction of the scattered photons (approximately 1 in 10 million) is scattered by an excitation, with the scattered photons having a frequency different from, and usually lower than, that of the incident photons. such transitional Raman effect. The inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923
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In a gas, Raman scattering can

occur with a change in energy of a molecule due to a transition (see energy level). Chemists are concerned primarily with

(and in German-language literature it may be

referred to as theSmekal-Raman effect ). In 1922, Indian physicist C. V. Raman published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light," the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators that ultimately led to his discovery (on 28 February 1928) of the radiation effect that bears his name. The Raman effect was first reported by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg andLeonid Mandelstam, in 1928. Raman received the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light. In 1998
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the Raman effect was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical

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Landmark in recognition of its significance as a tool for analyzing the composition of liquids, gases, and solids. Applications

Raman spectroscopy employs the Raman effect for materials analysis. The spectrum of the Raman-scattered light depends on the molecular constituents present and their state, allowing the spectrum to be used for material identification and analysis. Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze a wide range of materials, including gases, liquids, and solids. Highly complex materials such as biological organisms and human tissue
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can also be analyzed by Raman spectroscopy.

For solid materials, Raman scattering is used as a tool to detect high-frequency phonon and magnon excitations. Raman lidar is used in atmospheric physics to measure the atmospheric extinction coefficient and the water vapour vertical distribution. Stimulated Raman transitions are also widely used for manipulating a trapped ion's energy levels, and thus basis qubit states. Raman amplification is used in optical amplifiers. Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of chemistry, is the study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light [1] by atoms or molecules. . Everyday examples includephotosynthesis, the degradation of plastics and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. Applications Many important processes involve photochemistry. The premier example is photosynthesis, in which most plants use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, disposing of oxygen as a side-product. Humans rely on photochemistry for the formation of vitamin D. In fireflies, an enzyme in the abdomen catalyzes a reaction that results inbioluminescence.
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Photochemistry can also be highly destructive. Medicine bottles are often made with darkened glass to prevent the drugs from photodegradation. A pervasive reaction is the generation of singlet oxygen by photosensitized reactions of triplet oxygen. Typical photosensitizers include tetraphenylporphyrin and methylene blue. The resulting singlet oxygen is an aggressive oxidant, capable of converting C-H bonds into C-OH groups.In photodynamic therapy, light is used to destroy tumors by the action of singlet oxygen. Many polymerizations are started by photoinitiatiors, which decompose upon absorbing light to produce the free radicals for Radical polymerization.

In the area of photochemistry, a photochemical reaction is a chemical reaction that is induced by light. Photochemical reactions are valuable in organic and inorganic chemistry because they proceed differently than thermal reactions. Photochemical reactions are not only very useful but also can be a serious nuisance, as in the photodegradation of many materials, e.g. polyvinyl chloride and Fp. A large-scale application of photochemistry is photoresist technology, used in the production of microelectronic components. Vision is initiated by a photochemical reaction of rhodopsin.
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