CHAPTER 1

Relations and
Functions
Cross Product
Let A and B be sets.
The cross product of A and B, denoted by
A x B is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y)
such that x e A and y e B.

Notation:
A x B = {(x, y), x eA and y e B}

Examples:
1.
2.
Relations
A relation from A to B is any
nonempty subset of A x B .
1. Any set of points in the rectangular
Cartesian coordinates is a relation.
Examples:
A = {(1,2),(3,5),(4,6),(8,9)}

B = {(1,0),(2,0),(1,5)}
2.
Equation and inequality are relations.
3. Tables, graphs and mappings also
represent relations.
Functions
Definition:
A function f from A to B is a relation from A to B
where to each a e A, there corresponds exactly
one b e B.
Alternative Definition:
A function is a set of ordered pairs in which no two
ordered pairs have the same first component.

1.
Examples: Identify which of the following
are functions.
A = {(1,2),(3,5),(4,5),(8,9)}

B = {(1,0),(2,0),(1,5)}

C = {(1,3),(1,5),(2,5),(3,1),(4,-1)}

D = {(-1,2),(1,3),(2,3)}
2.
Vertical Line Test
Given the graph of a relation, if
any vertical line constructed
intersects (or passes) the graph
in at most one point, then the
relation described by the graph
is that of a function.
Domain and Range
Consider the function
The set of all x such that is
the domain of f, denoted by
The set of all y such that is
the range of f, denoted by
The domain is also defined as the set of
all permissible values of x and
range as the set of all corresponding
values of y.
Domain and Range
Examples:
1. A = {(1,2),(3,5),(4,5),(8,9)}

Domain: {1, 3, 4, 8} Range:{2, 5, 9}

2.





Functions
Two main types of functions:
Algebraic functions those functions that can
be obtained by a finite combination of constants
and variables together with the four basic
operations, exponentiation, or root extractions.
Transcendental functions those that are not
algebraic.
Algebraic
Functions
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
General Form:

where n is a non-negative integer and

( )
0 1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
a x a x a x a x a x a x a x P
n
n
n
n
n
n
+ + + + + + + =

a
0
,a
1,
a
2
,..., a
n
e R
The domain of any polynomial function is the
set of all real numbers.
If , the polynomial function P is said
to be of degree n.
0 =
n
a
Standard Form:
, where b is a real number.
Constant Functions
( )
y f x b = =
Domain:
Range:
f
D =
{ }
f
R b =
Graph:
Horizontal line passing through (0,b).
Constant Functions

Examples
Find the domain, range and sketch the
Graph of the following:
( )
1. 2 y f x = =
( )
2. 3 y g x = =

Linear Functions

Standard Form:
where m and b are any real numbers.
Domain:


Range:
or
or
Graph: Straight line
Examples of Linear Function
4
5 2
3

=
x
) x ( h .
2. ( ) 3 g x x =
4 2 1 = x ) x ( f .
Non-examples
4
2. ( )
2 5
i x
x
=

1
1. ( ) n x
x
=
How do we sketch the graph of a
linear function?
Its enough to sketch a line using any 2
points.

We can use
y-intercept: the value of y when x=0
x-intercept: the value of x when y=0
Note:
y-intercept: the value of y when x=0
x-intercept: the value of x when y=0
Thus , if , then
y-intercept: -4
x-intercept: 2
( ) 2 4 y g x x = =
y-intercept: y=-4
x-intercept: x=2
Illustrations:
4 2 1 = x ) x ( f .
y-intercept: -4
x-intercept: 2
( ) 4 , 0
( ) 0 , 2
Illustrations:
y-intercept: 4
x-intercept: 4 x ) x ( g . = 4 2
( ) 4 , 0
( ) 0 , 4
Illustrations:
y-intercept: ?
x-intercept: ?
|
.
|

\
|

4
5
0,
|
.
|

\
|
0
2
5
,
4
5 2
3

=
x
) x ( h .
int :
5 5
0, int :
4 4
int :
0, 0 2 5
2 5
5 5
int :
2 2
for y
when x y y
for x
when y x
x
x x

= =

= =
=
=
Illustrations:
4. ( ) g x x =
( ) 2 , 2
( ) 1 , 1
( ) 0 , 0
TRY THIS
Find the domain, range and sketch the graph of
the following functions:

( )
( )
( )
1
1. ( )
2
2. 5
1
3. 2
3
4.
4
y f x
y g x
y h x x
x
y i x
= =
= =
= =
= =