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ASP.NET Application and Page Life Cycle


By Shivprasad koirala , 9 Feb 2013
4.91 (251 votes)

About Article
ASP.NET application and page life cycle Type Licence Article CPOL 17 Apr 2010 471,936 6,308 562 times

Prize winner in Competition "Best ASP.NET article of April 2010"

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Table of Contents
Introduction The Two Step Process Creation of ASP.NET Environment Process Request using MHPM Events Fired In What Event We Should Do What? A Sample Code for Demonstration Zooming ASP.NET Page Events About the Source Code References Can you explain ASP.NET application and page life cycle(Demo, in which event we should do what) Part 3?

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Introduction
In this article, we will try to understand what the different events are which take place right from the time the user sends a request, until the time the request is rendered on the browser. So we will first try to understand the two broader steps of an ASP.NET request and then we will move into different events emitted from H t t p H a n d l e r , H t t p M o d u l e and ASP.NET page object. As we move in this event journey, we will try to understand what kind of logic should go in each and every one of these events. This is a small Ebook for all my .NET friends which covers topics like WCF, WPF, WWF, Ajax, Core .NET, SQL, etc. You can download the same from here or else you can catch me on my daily free training here.

Related Articles
Understanding ASP.NET Application and Page Life Cycle - A Beginner's Tutorial

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ASP.NET Application and Page Life Cycle - CodeProject

The Two Step Process


From 30,000 feet level, ASP.NET request processing is a 2 step process as shown below. User sends a request to the IIS: ASP.NET creates an environment which can process the request. In other words, it creates the application object, request, response and context objects to process the request. Once the environment is created, the request is processed through a series of events which is processed by using modules, handlers and page objects. To keep it short, let's name this step as MHPM (Module, handler, page and Module event), we will come to details later.

ASP.NET Page Life Cycle The ASP.NET Page Lifecycle A Basic Approach Callback WebControls Introducing ASP.NET Page Modules A comparison between ASP.NET 1.x and ASP.NET 2.0 ViewState and Server.Transfer Best practices ASP.NET Web Form Model with Partial Rendering and Events Beginner's Walk - Web Development Extending ASP.NET role based Security with Custom Security Module (Permission Based, Page Level Authorization) Back to the basics: Exploration of approaches to handle ThreadAbortException with Response.Redirect() A Walkthrough to Application State Understanding ASP.NET MVC (Model View Controller) Architecture for Beginners Why(s) & How(s) of Asp.Net MVC Part 1 Six common uses of the Template Design Pattern: Design Pattern series An Absolute Beginner's Tutorial on ASP.NET MVC for Web Forms Developers Master the .NET Code Model ViewState: Various ways to reduce performance overhead How to skip calling Page_Load event ASP.NET Page Life Cycle Events

In the coming sections, we will understand both these main steps in more detail.

Creation of ASP.NET Environment


Step 1: The user sends a request to IIS. IIS first checks which ISAPI extension can serve this request. Depending on file extension the request is processed. For instance, if the page is an .ASPX page , then it will be passed to aspnet_isapi.dll for processing. Step 2: If this is the first request to the website, then a class called as A p p l i c a t i o n M a n a g e r creates an application domain where the website can run. As we all know, the application domain creates isolation between two web applications hosted on the same IIS. So in case there is an issue in one app domain, it does not affect the other app domain. Step 3: The newly created application domain creates hosting environment, i.e. the H t t p R u n t i m e object. Once the hosting environment is created, the necessary core ASP.NET objects like H t t p C o n t e x t , H t t p R e q u e s t and H t t p R e s p o n s e objects are created. Step 4: Once all the core ASP.NET objects are created, H t t p A p p l i c a t i o n object is created to serve the request. In case you have a global.asax file in your system, then the object of the global.asax file will be created. Please note global.asax file inherits from H t t p A p p l i c a t i o n class. Note : The first time an ASP.NET page is attached to an application, a new instance of H t t p A p p l i c a t i o n is created. Said and done to maximize performance, H t t p A p p l i c a t i o n instances might be reused for multiple requests. Step 5: The H t t p A p p l i c a t i o n object is then assigned to the core ASP.NET objects to process the page . Step 6: H t t p A p p l i c a t i o nthen starts processing the request by HTTP module events, handlers and page events. It fires the MHPM event for request processing. Note : For more details, read this.

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The below image explains how the internal object model looks like for an ASP.NET request. At the top level is the ASP.NET runtime which creates an A p p d o m a i n which in turn has H t t p R u n t i m e with request, response and context objects.

Process Request using MHPM Events Fired


Once H t t p A p p l i c a t i o n is created, it starts processing requests. It goes through 3 different sections H t t p M o d u l e , P a g e and H t t p H a n d l e r . As it moves through these sections, it invokes different events which the developer can extend and add customize logic to the same. Before we move ahead, let's understand what are H t t p M o d u l e and H t t p H a n d l e r s . They help us to inject custom logic before and after the ASP.NET page is processed. The main differences between both of them are: If you want to inject logic based in file extensions like .ASPX, .HTML, then you use H t t p H a n d l e r . In other words, H t t p H a n d l e r is an extension based processor.

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If you want to inject logic in the events of ASP.NET pipleline, then you use H t t p M o d u l e . ASP.NET. In other words, H t t p M o d u l e is an event based processor.

You can read more about the differences from here. Below is the logical flow of how the request is processed. There are 4 important steps MHPM as explained below: Step 1(M: HttpModule): Client request processing starts. Before the ASP.NET engine goes and creates the ASP.NET H t t p M o d u l eemits events which can be used to inject customized logic. There are 6 important events which you can utilize before your page object is created B e g i n R e q u e s t , A u t h e n t i c a t e R e q u e s t ,A u t h o r i z e R e q u e s t ,R e s o l v e R e q u e s t C a c h e ,A c q u i r e R e q u e s t S t a t e and P r e R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e . Step 2 (H: HttpHandler): Once the above 6 events are fired, ASP.NET engine will invoke P r o c e s s R e q u e s tevent if you have implemented H t t p H a n d l e rin your project. Step 3 (P: ASP.NET page): Once the H t t p H a n d l e r logic executes, the ASP.NET page object is created. While the ASP.NET page object is created, many events are fired which can help us to write our custom logic inside those page events. There are 6 important events which provides us placeholder to write logic inside ASP.NET page s I n i t ,L o a d ,v a l i d a t e ,e v e n t ,r e n d e rand u n l o a d . You can remember the word S I L V E Rto remember the events S Start (does not signify anything as such just forms the word) , I (Init) , L (Load) , V (Validate), E (Event) and R (Render). Step4 (M: HttpModule): Once the page object is executed and unloaded from memory, H t t p M o d u l e provides post page execution events which can be used to inject custom post-processing logic. There are 4 important post-processing events P o s t R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e ,R e l e a s e r e q u e s t S t a t e , U p d a t e R e q u e s t C a c h eand E n d R e q u e s t . The below figure shows the same in a pictorial format.

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In What Event Should We Do What?


The million dollar question is in which events should we do what? Below is the table which shows in which event what kind of logic or code can go. Section Event Description This event signals a new request; it is guaranteed to be raised on each request. This event signals that ASP.NET runtime is ready to authenticate the user. Any authentication code can be injected here. This event signals that ASP.NET runtime is ready to authorize the user. Any authorization code can be injected here. In ASP.NET, we normally use outputcache directive to do caching. In this event, ASP.NET runtime determines if the page can be served from the cache rather than loading the patch from scratch. Any caching specific activity can be injected here. This event signals that ASP.NET runtime is ready to acquire session variables. Any processing you would like to do on session variables.

H t t p M o d u l e B e g i n R e q u e s t

H t t p M o d u l e A u t h e n t i c a t e R e q u e s t

H t t p M o d u l e A u t h o r i z e R e q u e s t

H t t p M o d u l e R e s o l v e R e q u e s t C a c h e

H t t p M o d u l e A c q u i r e R e q u e s t S t a t e

This event is raised just prior to handling control to the H t t p H a n d l e r . Before you want the control to H t t p M o d u l e P r e R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e be handed over to the handler any pre-processing you would like to do.

H t t p h a n d l e r logic is executed. In this section, we H t t p H a n d l e rP r o c e s s R e q u e s t


will write logic which needs to be executed as per page extensions. This event happens in the ASP.NET page and can be used for: Creating controls dynamically, in case you have controls to be created on runtime.

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P a g e

I n i t

Any setting initialization. Master page s and the settings. In this section, we do not have access to viewstate, postedvalues and neither the controls are initialized. In this section, the ASP.NET controls are fully loaded and you write UI manipulation logic or any other logic over here. If you have valuators on your page , you would like to check the same here. Its now time to send the output to the browser. If you would like to make some changes to the final HTML which is going out to the browser, you can enter your HTML logic here. Page object is unloaded from the memory. Any logic you would like to inject after the handlers are executed. If you would like to save update some state variables like session variables. Before you end, if you want to update your cache. This is the last stage before your output is sent to the client browser.

P a g e

L o a d

P a g e

V a l i d a t e

R e n d e r

P a g e

U n l o a d

H t t p M o d u l e P o s t R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e H t t p M o d u l e R e l e a s e r e q u e s t S t a t e H t t p M o d u l e U p d a t e R e q u e s t C a c h e H t t p M o d u l e E n d R e q u e s t

A Sample Code for Demonstration


With this article, we have attached a sample code which shows how the events actually fire. In this code, we have created a H t t p M o d u l e and H t t p h a n d l e r in this project and we have displayed a simple response write in all events, below is how the output looks like. Below is the class for H t t p M o d u l e which tracks all events and adds it to a global collection.
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p u b l i cc l a s sc l s H t t p M o d u l e:I H t t p M o d u l e { . . . . . . v o i dO n U p d a t e R e q u e s t C a c h e ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : O n U p d a t e R e q u e s t C a c h e " ) ; } v o i dO n R e l e a s e R e q u e s t S t a t e ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : O n R e l e a s e R e q u e s t S t a t e " ) ; } v o i dO n P o s t R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : O n P o s t R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e " ) ; } v o i dO n P r e R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : O n P r e R e q u e s t H a n d l e r E x e c u t e " ) ; } v o i dO n A c q u i r e R e q u e s t S t a t e ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : O n A c q u i r e R e q u e s t S t a t e " ) ; } v o i dO n R e s o l v e R e q u e s t C a c h e ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : O n R e s o l v e R e q u e s t C a c h e " ) ; } v o i dO n A u t h o r i z a t i o n ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : O n A u t h o r i z a t i o n " ) ; } v o i dO n A u t h e n t i c a t i o n ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : A u t h e n t i c a t e R e q u e s t " ) ; } v o i dO n B e g i n r e q u e s t ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : B e g i n R e q u e s t " ) ;

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} v o i dO n E n d R e q u e s t ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g sa ) { o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " h t t p M o d u l e : E n d R e q u e s t " ) ; o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " < h r > " ) ; f o r e a c h( s t r i n gs t ri no b j A r r a y L i s t ) { h t t p A p p . C o n t e x t . R e s p o n s e . W r i t e ( s t r+" < b r > " ); } } }

Below is the code snippet for H t t p H a n d l e r which tracks P r o c e s s R e q u e s t event.


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p u b l i cc l a s sc l s H t t p H a n d l e r:I H t t p H a n d l e r { p u b l i cv o i dP r o c e s s R e q u e s t ( H t t p C o n t e x tc o n t e x t ) { c l s H t t p M o d u l e . o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " H t t p H a n d l e r : P r o c e s s R e q u e s t " ) ; c o n t e x t . R e s p o n s e . R e d i r e c t ( " D e f a u l t . a s p x " ) ; } }

We are also tracking all the events from the ASP.NET page .
Collapse | Copy Code

p u b l i cp a r t i a lc l a s s_ D e f a u l t:S y s t e m . W e b . U I . P a g e { p r o t e c t e dv o i dP a g e _ i n i t ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g se ) { c l s H t t p M o d u l e . o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " P a g e : I n i t " ) ; } p r o t e c t e dv o i dP a g e _ L o a d ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g se ) { c l s H t t p M o d u l e . o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " P a g e : L o a d " ) ; } p u b l i co v e r r i d ev o i dV a l i d a t e ( ) { c l s H t t p M o d u l e . o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " P a g e : V a l i d a t e " ) ; } p r o t e c t e dv o i dB u t t o n 1 _ C l i c k ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g se ) { c l s H t t p M o d u l e . o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " P a g e : E v e n t " ) ; } p r o t e c t e do v e r r i d ev o i dR e n d e r ( H t m l T e x t W r i t e ro u t p u t ) { c l s H t t p M o d u l e . o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " P a g e : R e n d e r " ) ; b a s e . R e n d e r ( o u t p u t ) ; } p r o t e c t e dv o i dP a g e _ U n l o a d ( o b j e c ts e n d e r ,E v e n t A r g se ) { c l s H t t p M o d u l e . o b j A r r a y L i s t . A d d ( " P a g e : U n L o a d " ) ; } }

Below is how the display looks like with all events as per the sequence discussed in the previous section.

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Zooming ASP.NET Page Events


In the above section, we have seen the overall flow of events for an ASP.NET page request. One of the most important sections is the ASP.NET page , we have not discussed the same in detail. So lets take some luxury to describe the ASP.NET page events in more detail in this section. Any ASP.NET page has 2 parts, one is the page which is displayed on the browser which has HTML tags, hidden values in form of viewstate and data on the HTML inputs. When the page is posted, these HTML tags are created in to ASP.NET controls with viewstate and form data tied up together on the server. Once you get these full server controls on the behind code, you can execute and write your own login on the same and render the page back to the browser.

Now between these HTML controls coming live on the server as ASP.NET controls, the ASP.NET page emits out lot of events which can be consumed to inject logic. Depending on what task / logic you want to perform, we need to put this logic appropriately in those events. Note : Most of the developers directly use the p a g e _ l o a d method for everything, which is not a good thought. So its either populating the controls, setting view state, applying themes, etc., everything happens on the page load. So if we can put logic in proper events as per the nature of the logic, that would really make your code clean.

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Seq Events Controls Initialized

ASP.NET Application and Page Life Cycle - CodeProject


View Form data state What Logic can be written here? Available Available Note : You can access form data etc. by using ASP.NET request objects but not by Server controls.Creating controls dynamically, in case you have controls to be created on runtime. Any setting i n i t i a l i z a t i o n . M a s t e r pages and them settings. In this section, we do not have access to viewstate , posted values and neither the controls are initialized.

Init

No

No

No

Load view state

Not Yes guaranteed

You can access view state and any synch logic where you want viewstate to be Not pushed to behind code variables can be guaranteed done here. You can access form data. Any logic where you want the form data to be pushed to behind code variables can be done here. This is the place where you will put any logic you want to operate on the controls. Like flourishing a combobox from the database, sorting data on a grid, etc. In this event, we get access to all controls, viewstate and their posted values. If your page has validators or you want to execute validation for your page , this is the right place to the same. If this is a post back by a button click or a dropdown change, then the relative events will be fired. Any kind of logic which is related to that event can be executed here. If you want to make final changes to the UI objects like changing tree structure or property values, before these controls are saved in to view state. Once all changes to server controls are done, this event can be an opportunity to save control data in to view state. If you want to add some custom HTML to the output this is the place you can. Any kind of clean up you would like to do here.

PostBackdata

Not Yes guaranteed

Yes

Load

Yes

Yes

Yes

Validate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Event

Yes

Yes

Yes

Pre-render

Yes

Yes

Yes

Save view state Render Unload

Yes

Yes

Yes

9 10

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

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About the Source Code


This source code shows how the complete ASP.NET request cycle fires. You can download it from here.

References
I am not so smart to write this article by myself ;-), lot of things I have plugged from the below articles. Read more about IIS 7.0 life cycle http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb470252.aspx Intercepting filters http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms998536.aspx Explains how to implement Httphandlers and modules http://msdn.microsoft.com/enus/library/system.web.httpapplication.aspx Httphandlers and Httpmodules :- http://www.15seconds.com/Issue/020417.htm Implementing security using modules and handlers http://joel.net/articles/asp.net2_security.aspx Difference between Httpapplication and global.asax http://codebetter.com/blogs/karlseguin/archive/2006/06/12/146356.aspx

License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)

About the Author

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Shivprasad koirala
Architect http://www.questpond.com India

I am a Microsoft MVP for ASP/ASP.NET and currently a CEO of a small E-learning company in India. We are very much active in making training videos , writing books and corporate trainings. Do visit my site for .NET, C# , design pattern , WCF , Silverlight , LINQ , ASP.NET , ADO.NET , Sharepoint , UML , SQL Server training and Interview questions and answers

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My vote of 5
Excellent
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SagarRS

28-Jun-13 7:47

What tools or software do you use to edit the pictures in your article

Dream8Lee

18-Jun-13 4:46

May I ask you what tools or software do you use to edit the pictures in your article? If you can tell me I would be very grateful.
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Re: What tools or software do you use to edit the pictures in your article
http://www.balsamiq.com/[^]

Shivprasad koirala

18-Jun-13 4:48

My book .NET interview questions with 500 mostly asked questions in .NET world .NET Interview questions and answers

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5.00/5 (1 vote)

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Re: What tools or software do you use to edit the pictures in your article

Dream8Lee

18-Jun-13 5:03

Thank you very much. I had spent a lot of time but fail to find its name because I don't know how to describe my question. I very like its style.
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Nice article my vote 5


Nice article my vote 5 Thanks and Regards Sandeep

Sandeep Akhare

12-Jun-13 12:05

If If you look at what you do not have in life, you don't have anything, If you look at what you have in life, you have everything... " Check My Blog

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My vote of 5
great article
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Naufel Basheer

6-Jun-13 2:59

Nice Job

Erik Ochoa

23-May-13 11:14

Thanks for this article it's very helpful, you open my eyes ASP.NET lifecycle.

now I have a better understanding of

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My vote of 5
excellent article,,so simple and clear ,, Thanks
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Mithileshchandan

16-May-13 1:52

My vote of 5

umeryounas

25-Apr-13 2:23

nice explanation of page life cycle...unable to find better of it anywhere


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My vote of 5
Very nice graphic illustrations and good content. 5.
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GregoryW

22-Apr-13 5:01

Detailed yet simple... Ek number ..

Shripati Nirmalaa

18-Apr-13 3:35

Hi Shiv, I found this article very useful for intermediate level developers. Always been expecting new articles. Best of luck and keep rocking.

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My vote of 5
such great great article
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harshavardhanreddy

5-Apr-13 5:42

My vote of 5
Nice article. Easy to understand.. thank you ....
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mahesh27

25-Mar-13 23:11

My vote of 5
Nice article. very clarifying.
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Vick_Web

22-Mar-13 5:42

My vote of 5
great
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Mohamed Ibrahim Omar

5-Mar-13 12:53

My vote of 4
Good Work
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Naseer A Khan

2-Mar-13 5:51

My vote of 4
Nice article and some nice diagrams!
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Reonekot

19-Feb-13 14:52

Video Part 2
That was excellent, both video and article. I'm really interested to watch your other video. Part 2

Spring77

14-Feb-13 16:44

cause the one that you've shared in this page is part3.. am wondering where the part2 is?
Reply Email View Thread Permalink Bookmark 5.00/5 (1 vote) wbbman 16-Apr-13 15:04

Re: Video Part 2

I'd also like to see Part 1 and Part 2 of the video. I also search Vimeo, where the videos are stored, but was not able to find it. Great article and video. Does anyone know how to find Part 1 and Part 2 videos?
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My vote of 5

SleepyCrat

13-Feb-13 11:05

This is an excellent article for any level of developer. Good job man.
Reply Email View Thread Permalink Bookmark 1.00/5 (1 vote) jfos 13-Feb-13 6:36

Master Page events?


www.codeproject.com/Articles/73728/ASP-NET-Application-and-Page-Life-Cycle

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7/8/13

ASP.NET Application and Page Life Cycle - CodeProject


Nice article, but have you considered adding the life cycle events when 1 or more master pages are introduced? It certainly changes things a bit.
Reply Email View Thread Permalink Bookmark 5.00/5 (1 vote)

My vote of 5
excellent
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nallapula

12-Feb-13 1:29

5.00/5 (1 vote) Kamarajub 12-Feb-13 0:48

My vote of 3
Good one
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My vote of 5
great...
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Md. Humayun Rashed

11-Feb-13 1:31

5.00/5 (1 vote) Sheikh Muhammad Haris 9-Feb-13 20:19

My vote of 5. This article is simply awesome [modified]


My vote of 5. This article is simply awesome http://developer.sheikhharis.com

modified 22-Mar-13 8:30am.

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