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However there is one catch you have to be somewhat familiar with the sky. How do you study the sky? Simple you just spend hours and hours identifying various objects. So there is no way around, youll just have to learn the constellations Okay, so what are constellations? Just as the United States is divided into 50 states, the sky is divided in 88 irregular regions called constellations. Constellations make finding objects in the sky easier. Just as specifying that Staten Island is in the state of New York, Betelgeuse is in Orion. The stars that make up the constellations are not actually physically associated but are just patterns that resemble or honor animals, mythological characters, etc.
Many of the constellation names are Greek in origin (e.g., Orion, Hercules and Andromeda), while others are more contemporary in nature (e.g., Microscopium and Telescopium). The Stars are named using several different systems. The brighter stars all have ancient names, while fainter ones are known by number only (although you can name those stars after someone - as a Christmas present). Apart from using popular star names (like Sirius, or even weirder ones like Zubenelgenube or Zubenesschamali), amateur astronomers use the names of constellations, and designate stars in that constellation by Greek letters. To your right there is popular astronomer chart, while the amateur astronomer chart is below. The brightest star is alpha, , the second brightest one beta, , then gamma, , etc. Thus Sirius, the brightest star in Canis Major, is also known as Alpha Canis Majoris. Sometimes, youll see this abbreviated as CMa. Similarly, Betelgeuse is called Alpha Orionis (or Ori) and Rigel Beta Orionis (Ori). In the constellation charts the brightest stars correspond to big blobs, while fainter ones correspond to smaller blobs. So here is the good news you will not have to learn all the star names, (well, maybe perhaps the 20 brightest ones) standard abbreviations are fine as long as you know what it means. There is also another method of finding objects in the sky. You can use the coordinates of the star. This is comparable to specifying the coordinates of Staten Island, which has a longitude of 72 degrees and a latitude of 42o. Coordinates are used by professional astronomers, and you are going to be surprised that it is actually easier. All you need to do is type those coordinates into the telescope computer, and voila the telescope slews there. Simple, eh? But thats only because the telescope computer is intelligent. It knows where all the constellations, where on earth you are (no pun intended), what date and what time it is. But thats not all, it also knows how the stars move throughout the night. Well, guess what you will be learning in this course
Fig 1
Here is how to do it: First locate the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia. The Pole Star is between the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia. Draw an imaginary line between the two stars farthest from the handle of the Big Dipper (these are called the pointer stars) and extend this line roughly 3 times towards Cassiopeia. The pointer stars always point to the Pole star no matter how the Dipper is positioned. The Pole star is actually the tail star of the Little Dipper. Since the Little Dipper has fainter stars, you cannot always make it out, particularly if you are in a big city.
QUIZ QUESTION # 1
1) Now that you know how to find Polaris, go ahead. Here is cartoon of that part of the sky; without constellations lines drawn in after all, thats what the sky looks like! Bright stars are represented by big dots, and fainter stars by smaller ones. In the pattern below find the Big Dipper, Cassiopeia, and Polaris. Play the game of connect-the-dots, and identify the remaining constellations.
2)
Once you finished this part go outside and find Polaris in the sky. Just as a warning, we are south of New York. Thus from CSI Polaris will be due North so you will have to look at the brightest part of the sky, but you should be able to identify the very brightest stars. One more thing, before even trying to look at the night sky, find your self a dark place, i.e., not underneath a street lamp.
Fig 2
ZENITH HORIZON
The point directly above you. The line in the distance where EARTH and sky meet. It makes the EARTH look like a flat, circular disk.
MERIDIAN The imaginary line in the sky connecting NORTH with SOUTH and passing through the ZENITH. ALTITUDE The height of a star above your HORIZON. It is an angle. AZIMUTH The angle along the HORIZON from NORTH to the star. This is also an angle.
Fig 3
Now translate this motion onto your dome as shown below. The line from the POLE STAR to you corresponds to the handle of the umbrella - it is the AXIS of the CELESTIAL SPHERE as well as the axis of the EARTH. Consider the motion of the star from the previous drawing of the dome (Fig. 2 of the upper half of the CELESTIAL SPHERE). Lets figure out how that star will appear to move throughout the sky. Like the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia it will rotate counter clockwise around the POLE STAR in a circular manner (indicated by the arrows). The star rises in the EAST and sets in the WEST, as all objects (sun, moon, planets, stars) do. It reaches its highest point in the sky when it crosses the MERIDIAN (the imaginary line connecting NORTH and SOUTH). This is when the star TRANSITS.
Fig 4
Fig 6
LATITUDE LONGITUDE RIGHT ASCENSION DECLINATION CELESTIAL EQUATOR CELESTIAL NORTH POLE
The angle from the EARTHs equator to a place on EARTH. The angle along the EARTHs equator from the PRIME MERIDIAN to the MERIDIAN (NORTH-SOUTH line) of the city. The angle along the CELESTIAL EQUATOR from the zero point to the MERIDIAN (NORTH-SOUTH line) of the star. The angle from the CELESTIAL EQUATOR to the star. An imaginary circle, similar to the EARTHs equator, but drawn onto the CELESTIAL SPHERE. It is perpendicular (i.e., 90o) to the axis. The point of the CELESTIAL SPHERE which corresponds to the EARTHs NORTH POLE. This point almost coincides with the position of Polaris (it is 1o off). The imagined sphere surrounding the EARTH on which all celestial objects seem to be drawn.
CELESTIAL SPHERE
QUIZ QUESTION #2
1) Answer the following questions: a) What do you call the angle between your HORIZON and the POLE STAR? c) How big is this angle (in degrees)? d) How big is the angle between your HORIZON and your ZENITH? 2) Explain the difference between Horizon and Celestial Equator ___________ ___________ ___________ b) What do you call the angle between the CELESTIAL EQUATOR and the POLE STAR? ___________
3) Explain the difference between Zenith and Polaris. Under which conditions are they the same?
8) Why do we bother with two coordinate systems? In what sense do they differ from each other, and in what sense are they similar?
QUIZ QUESTION #3
Below is a drawing of the CELESTIAL SPHERE. 1) Label the following quantities: (a) N, S, E, W; (b) the NORTH and SOUTH CELESTIAL POLES; (c) your HORIZON; (d) your ZENITH; (e) the MERIDIAN; and (f) the CELESTIAL EQUATOR. 2) There a five stars in the diagram below. Draw the motion of the stars, including an arrow indicating the direction. The path of Star #2 is shown in Figure 4. 3) Indicate which stars (in the diagram below) are always visible throughout the whole year, during every night. Indicate also which stars are never visible to you.
4) Take a red pen and draw the altitude of Polaris (an angle). Then draw the latitude of the observer in the picture below (also an angle). 5) Take another pen of a different color and draw the 90o-angle between the horizon and the zenith. Then draw the other 90o-angle between Polaris and the Celestial Equator. 6) Based on the four angles you just drew in part (4) and part (5) explain why the altitude of Polaris does always have the same value as your latitude.
QUIZ QUESTION # 4
Have you noticed that the night sky appears to be different if you travel much further north, or south? You still see the same constellations, but they will appear to be at a different location on the night sky. Also, the stars will follow different paths. Check the celestial sphere, follow the star paths and draw them below. Also label: a) b) c) d) HORIZON and ZENITH; N, S, E, W on the HORIZON POLARIS, the N-S AXIS, the CELESTIAL EQUATOR Your LATITUDE; the ALTITUDE of POLARIS Finally, draw the paths of the two stars
North Pole 90
Oslo 60
Athens 30
Equator 0
QUIZ QUESTION #5
1. Where (at what latitude) was this picture taken? Explain how you arrived at that answer.
2. The shutter of the camera was left open for several hours for how long? Explain.
PART III:
THE SKY DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS EASONS
Have you noticed that different stars are visible during different seasons? Lets figure out why this is. Look at the diagram below. Lets ignore the rotation of the EARTH around its own axis (only for now) and consider the motion of the EARTH around the Sun. Imagine that there are some aliens out there on a planet that is still unknown, but that is orbiting around Arcturus. Arcturus is in the constellation Botes and is visible in the summer. In fact, in the evenings in June it is the brightest star within about 20 degrees of your ZENITH. So if you wanted, you could wave to the aliens. Half a year later, sometime in December, you want to wave at the aliens again but Arcturus is not up. Look at the diagram below, and convince yourself that the sun would blind you when trying to locate Arcturus. You can do this game with any other star too, and the sky appears to change with the seasons. Clearly, the stars do not move but the sky appears to move because of the EARTHs motion around the sun.
Lets only consider stars that are in constellations along the ecliptic. The diagram below is the same as the previous diagram. In June, at midnight, when you look towards the ecliptic, you see that Sagittarius is transiting, but if you want to look at Sagittarius in December, you would have to look through the sun, and youd be blinded.
QUIZ QUESTION #6
The table below summarizes which constellation in the zodiac you would see at midnight.
Month / Date June 21 July August September 21 October November December 22 January February March April May
constellation transiting at midnight Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo
RIGHT ASCENSION
Answer the following questions: In March, which constellation would you be able to see best at midnight? What is the RA of that constellation? In May, which constellation would transit at midnight? What is the RA of that constellation? Today, which constellation is transiting at midnight? What is the RA of that constellation? In which constellation would you find the sun today? What is the RA of that constellation? Do you get the idea? Explain below how RA correlates with the season. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ How many hours in RIGHT ASCENSION does each month correspond to? And one week corresponds to hour many minutes in RIGHT ASCENSION? ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
In particular check out SC-1. The x-axis corresponds to right ascension (RA), and the y-axis to declination (DEC). We said previously, that stars with a RA of 0 hours will be transiting on September 21 at midnight. But lets assume we want to observe at 8 p.m. at night, i.e., 4 hours before midnight. Thus stars with a RA of -4 hours, or with an RA of 20 hours (i.e., 24-4 = 20 hours) will be transiting. Now check the SC-1 chart. On the x-axis you see RA. Find all stars that have an RA of 20 hours. Below 20h on the x-axis you find a date (in a smaller script) - it says September 20. So at 8 p.m. in the evening of September 20, stars with an RA of 20 hours are transiting.
QUIZ QUESTION #7
Using the SC-1 chart answer the following questions:
Write down todays date. Which stars are transiting at 8 p.m. today? Which stars are transiting at 8 p.m. on August 21? Give the name of a star that will transit today at 10 p.m.: Capella is a very bright star. On which date will it transit at 8 p.m.? When (which date) will Capella transit at midnight? At what time, today, will Betelgeuse transit? At what time, today, will the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) transit? Which constellation is transiting at 2AM in June? Which constellation is rising at 2AM? Which constellation is setting at 2AM?
Write down todays date. Which stars are transiting at 8 p.m. today? Which stars are transiting at 8 p.m. on August 21? Give the name of a star that will transit today at 10 p.m.: Which constellation is transiting at 2AM in June? Which constellation is rising at 2AM? Which constellation is setting at 2AM?
A CHALLENGE QUESTION
Paste the next 3 maps together. All of them are part of SC001.