Chapter 3 • Proper ties of Circles

Solutions for Selected Problems 8. Draw a line from O, the centre of the circle, to
P. A  P. Draw a line perpendicular to OP, meeting
the circle at A and B. Then OP bisects AB.
Exercise 3.1 Proof: Since OP ⊥ AB, AP
PB (perpendicular
to chord).
5. Draw XY to cut AB at P. Since B is on the right It is always possible to draw a line through P that is
bisector of XY (BX
BY) and A is on the right bisected at P.
bisector of XY, AB is the right bisector of XY and
∠XPB
90°. A
In right-angled triangle XAP let XP
4 and AP
x. P
In ∆XPB, XP
4 and PB
y.
B
Then x2  16
25, so x
3.
O
Also y2  16
64, so y
4
3 .
Then AB
3  4
3 .

X 9. Let O be the centre of the circle and AB be a chord.

5 8 OC is perpendicular to AB and is extended to meet the
circumference at D.
A B Since OC ⊥ AB, AC
CB (chord bisector).
P
In ∆OAC and ∆OBC, OA
OB (radii)
AC
BC (proven)
Y ∠OCA
∠OCB (right angles).
Then ∆OAC  ∆OBC (right-angled triangles).
Therefore ∠AOC
∠BOC.
∠AOC
6. Let the centre of the circle be O. Draw OA ⊥ PQ and Now arc AD
  (2r)
36 0°
OB ⊥ RS as in the diagram. Then PA
4
∠BOC
(perpendicular bisects chord), and similarly RB
6. and arc DB
 (2r)
360°
Let OA be h units; then OB is 10  h.
In ∆OAP, OP is the radius r, and r 2
42  h2 since ∠AOC
∠BOC, arc AD
arc DB.
similarly, in ∆ORB, r 2
6 2  (10  h)2
subtracting these equations, O
20  100  20h
h
6
then r2
16  36
52 O
r
2
31 .
.
The radius is 2
31 A C
B

P A Q D

O 10. Let O be the common centre and let OA ⊥ XY.

R S Since PQ is a chord of the inner circle, PA
AQ
B (perpendicular to chord).
Similarly, XY is a chord of the outer circle,
so XA
AY.
Then XA  PA
AY  AQ
or XP
QY.

22 Chapter 3: Properties of Circles

 13. From O draw OM ⊥ AB and ON ⊥ CD as in the
Y diagram.
Q Since AB
CD;
A then OM
ON (equal chords).
P In ∆OMX, ∆ONX,
X O OX
OX (common)
OM
ON (proven)
∠OMX
∠ONX (right angles)
then ∆OMX  ∆ONX (hypotenuse, side)
Therefore ∠OXC
∠OXB.
A
11. Draw CA and CB from the centre C to meet PQ at A D
so that CA ⊥ PQ and XY at B so that CB ⊥ XY. X
N
Join OC.
In ∆OAC, ∆OBC, AC
BC (perpendiculars to M
equal chords) C
OC
OC (common side)
∠OAC
∠OBC (right angles) O
then ∆OAC  ∆OBC (hypotenuse and side of B
right-angled triangles)
therefore OA
OB.
Now QA
YB (half of equal chords)
then OA  QA
OB  YB
or OQ
OY.
14. As in question 12, PQ is the right bisector of AB.
Let AT have length h and PT have length x.
P Then TQ has length 21  x.
A
Q in ∆PAT, x 2  h 2
132
in ∆QAT, (21  x) 2  h2
202
O C
subtracting x 2  (21  x) 2
132  202
Y x 2  441  42x  x 2
169  400
B 42x
210
X
x
5.
Then h 2
169  24
h
12444(h > 0).
12. Since XP
XQ (radii) Therefore AB
24.
X is on the right bisector of PQ.
Similarly YP
YQ (radii) A
Y is on the right bisector of PQ. Then XY is the right
bisector of PQ.

P Q
T

B
X Y

Chapter 3: Properties of Circles 23

 1
Exercise 3.2 Then ∠ACB
 ∠AOB
2

30°
4. a. P 1
and ∠ADB
 reflex ∠AOB
x 2

150°
O therefore ∠ADB
5 ∠ACB.
C
x
A
B

O
In ∆OAP, OP
OA
r
therefore ∠OPA
∠OAP
x (isosceles triangle)
∠AOB
2x (exterior angle). r
2
A m B
b. D

P 6. In  gm ABCD, ∠A
∠C (opp. angles in  gm).

y O Let ∠A
∠C
a°.
x Join OB and OD.
C
y Then on arc BAD, ∠BOD
2 ∠C
2a°.
x
Also, on arc BCD, ∠BOD
2 ∠A
2a°.
B Then 4a
360
A a
90.
Then ∠A
90° and ABCD is a rectangle.
In ∆OAP, OP
OA
so ∠OPA
∠OAP
x (isosceles triangle) A D
then ∠AOC
2x a
in ∆OPB, OP
OB
so ∠OPB
∠OBP
y (isosceles triangle) O
then ∠COB
2y a
therefore ∠AOB
2x  2y B C

2(x  y)
and ∠APB
x  y
therefore ∠AOB
2 ∠APB.
7. Since CD < AB, arc CED < arc CAD.
5. Join OA and OB. Draw AM ⊥ AB. 1
r Then ∠CED
 reflex ∠COD.
Then BM
. 2
2 But reflex ∠COD > 180°
In ∆OMB, OM2
OB2  BM2 therefore ∠CED > 90°.
r2

r2   E
4
3 C

 r2
4 D

3
OM
 r.
2
Then ∠MOB
30° and ∠OBM
60° A B
O
therefore ∠AOB
60° and reflex ∠AOB
300°.

24 Chapter 3: Properties of Circles

8. Join BD. Since ∠BOD
2 ∠A, Then DE is a diameter of the circle.
∠BOD
180°.
E
Then BD is a diameter of the circle. A
Then BD2
AB2  AD2 x

8 x x
Now ∠BED
90° (angle in semicircle)
Therefore BE2  DE2
BD2

8 C
By joining AC, in like fashion, AE2  CE2
8.
B F
Then AE2  BE2  CE2  DE2
16.
E D
A B
12. Let ∠BOC be °.
Arc BC subtends ∠BOC at the centre and ∠BAC at
O
the circumference.

°
D C Then ∠BAC
 (angle at the circumference).
2
°
9. This is a generalization of question 8. The proof In ∆ACX, ∠XAC
 and ∠AXC
90°.
2
follows the same steps.

Then ∠ACD
(90  )° (angles in a triangle).
10. Let ∠BAP be x°. Join PL. 2
Since ∠BAL
90°, BL is a diameter. Now ∠AOD
2 ∠ACD
Then ∠BPL
90° (angle in semicircle)
also ∠BLP
∠BAP
x° (subtended by chord BP)
(180  )° (subtended by arc AD).
therefore ∠PBL
(90  x)° (angles in ∆BPL).
Then ∠QBK
(90  x)° (opposite ∠PBL) Then ∠AOD  ∠BOC
(180  )°  °
therefore ∠KAQ
(90  x)°
180°.
since ∠KAQ
∠QBK (subtended by chord QK).
But ∠KAB
90° C
then ∠QAB
90°  (90  x)°

x° B
A x
therefore ∠QAB
∠BAP and AB bisects ∠QAP. 
O

A
K L
D

13. Let D be the midpoint of BC.

B Since AB is a diameter, ∠ADB
90° (angle in a
P semicircle).
Q Similarly ∠ADC
90°.
In ∆ADB, ∆ADC, AD
AD (common)
11. Join CD and CE. Let the intersection of DE and BC BD
CD (given)
be F, and let ∠BAC be 2x°, so ∠DAC is x°. ∠ADB
∠ADC (right angles)
Then ∠DEC is x° (angles subtended by chord DC). then ∆ADB  ∆ADC (two sides, contained angle).
Now ∠EFC is 90° Therefore AB
AC and the triangle is isosceles.
then ∠EFC
(90  x) ° (angles in ∆EFC).
Now ∠BAD
x° (half of ∠BAC)
so ∠BCD
x° (angles subtended by chord BD)
then ∠ECD
(90  x) °  x°

90°

Chapter 3: Properties of Circles 25

 A
A B

D C
B C
D

Exercise 3.3 9. Using the diagram given, ∠RSQ is an exterior angle

6. Extend BC to E.
∠BAD  ∠BCD
180° (cyclic quad)
∠DCE  ∠BCD
180° (straight angle).
Therefore ∠BAD
∠DCE.
An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to
the interior opposite angle.
of ∆QST.
Then ∠RSQ
∠SQT  ∠STQ (exterior angle).
Since ∠RSQ
2 ∠SQT, ∠SQT
∠STQ.
Now since PR
PT, ∠STQ
∠PRT (isosceles
triangle).
Then ∠PRS
∠SQP, angles subtended by SP.
Therefore PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.

A B 10. Join SR and QT.

In ∆PQR, PQ
PR
Then ∠PQR
∠PRQ (isosceles triangle)
Let ∠PQR
°. Then ∠PRQ
.
C Since ST QR, ∠PST
°.
D
Then ∠TSQ
(180  )°.
Therefore ∠TSQ  ∠TRQ
180° and STRQ is cyclic.
E
In cyclic quadrilateral STRQ, chord SQ subtends equal
angles at T and R. Then ∠QTS
∠SRQ.

7. Using the diagram given, P

∠ADB
∠ABD
x° (isosceles triangle).
Then ∠BAD
(180  2x)°.
In ∆BDC, ∠BCD
∠DBC
2x° (isosceles triangle). S T
Then ∠BAD  ∠BCD
(180  2x) °  2x°

180°
Therefore ABCD is cyclic (opposite angles
supplementary).
Q R
8. Consider the trapezoid ABCD in a circle.
Since AB  CD, ∠ABC
∠BCD
180°,
so ∠BCD
180°  ∠ABC. 11. Join ST and QR. Since OT
OS, PQ
PR (equal
Since ABCD is cyclic, ∠ABC  ∠ADC
180°, chords).
so ∠ADC
180°  ∠ABC. Then ∠PQR
∠PRQ (isosceles triangle).
Therefore ∠ADC
∠BCD. The base angles 1 1
are equal. Now PT
 PQ and PS
 PR, so ST RQ.
2 2
Join AC and BD. Then ∠PST
∠PRQ
∠PQR.
In ∆ADC, ∆BCD, ∠ADC
∠BCD (proven) But ∠PST  ∠TSR
180°,
∠DAC
DBC (angles subtended so ∠PQR  ∠TSR
180°.
by chord DC) Therefore STQR is a cyclic quadrilateral (opposite
Then ∠ACD
∠BDC (third angles in angles supplementary).
triangles)
Since DC is common
then ∆ADC  ∆BCD (two angles and one side).
Therefore AC
BD.
The diagonals are equal.

26 Chapter 3: Properties of Circles

 T
P T Q M

O S
S A B
P O

R
Exercise 3.4
12. Join OA and OB and let X1 be on arc AB.
1 7. Since DF is tangent to the circle, DE and FE are
Since the octagon is regular, ∠AOB
 (360°)
8 tangents.

45°. Now DE
DB (tangents from D)
Then reflex ∠AOB
315°. also FE
FC (tangents from F)
also AB
AC (tangents from A).
Chord AB gives ∠AX1B
Then AD  DE
AB
1
where ∠AX1B
 reflex ∠AOB and AF  FE
AC.
2 The perimeter of the triangle is AD  DE  FE  AF
315°
AB  AC

.
2
2AB
But this is true for all given angles.
20.

 
315 °
Hence ∠AX1B  ∠BX2C … ∠HX8A
8  B
2 D

1260°. O
A A E

B H
F
C

C G 8. Let the tangent contact points be W, X, Y, Z as in

O
the diagram.
Since tangents from an external point are equal,
AW
AZ
a, say,
D F BW
BX
b,
E CX
CY
c,
DY
DZ
d.
13. Join OS and OT. Since ST is fixed and OS
OT are Then AB  CD
a  b  c  d
radii, the triangle OST is fixed and ∠SOT is constant. and AD  BC
a  b  c  d
Therefore AB  CD
AD  BC.
1
Since M is the midpoint of ST, ∠SOM
 ∠SOT,
2 B
and ∠SOM is constant as ST moves.
W
Now ∠SMO
90° (property of midpoint of chord),
and ∠SPO
90°. A
Then SPOM is cyclic (opposite angles supplementary). X
Therefore ∠SPM
∠SOM (subtended from chord SM).
Since ∠SOM is constant, ∠SPM is constant. Z
Note: This is a surprising result. Investigation with C
Geometer’s Sketchpad is advised. Y
D

Chapter 3: Properties of Circles 27

9. Since BD is a tangent and PB is a radius, 12. PR2
PQ2  QR2
∠DBP
90°.
162  302
Join PC. Since AD is a tangent and PC a radius,
1156
∠ACP
90°. PR
34.
In ∆ACP, AC2
AP2  PC2 Let I be the centre of the incircle. From I draw

36  4 perpendiculars to the three sides of the triangle, and

32 join IP, IQ, IR.
AC
4
2  1
Now AB
8, AP
6, PC
2. Now ∆PQR
(30)(16)
2
In ∆ACP, ∆ABD, ∠CAP
∠BAD (same angle)
240.
∠ACP
∠ABD (right angles) Also ∆PQR
∆IPQ  ∆IPR  ∆IQR
Then ∆ACP ~ ∆ABD (equal angles). 1 1 1
AC PC
(16r)  (30r)  (34r)
Therefore 
. 2 2 2
AB BD
40r
4
2 2 then 40r
240
Substituting, 

8 BD r
6.
16 The radius is 6.
BD

4
2 P

2
2
.
D
C r
E 16 r
I
r
A B R
O P Q 30

Exercise 3.5
10. Using the given diagram,
MA
MX (tangents from external point) 6. ∠CBE
∠BAC (tangent-chord property).
MX
MB (same) Since AC is a diameter, ∠ABC
90° (subtended
then MA
MB by diameter)
therefore M is the midpoint of AB. then ∠ABD  ∠CBE
90°.
In ∆ADB, ∠ABD  ∠BAD
90° (∠ADB
90°)
11. Join XO, PQ, PO then ∠CBE
∠BAD
XP
XQ (tangents from external point) therefore ∠BAC
∠BAD and AB bisects ∠CAD.
OP
OQ (radii).
A
Then XO is the right bisector of PQ.
Therefore ∠XRP
90°.
In ∆XRP, ∠XPR  90°  ∠PXR
180°. O
In ∆XOP, ∠XOP  90°  ∠PXO
180°.
Therefore ∠XPQ
∠XOP.
C
P E
D B

X O
R

28 Chapter 3: Properties of Circles

7. Join PQ, AQ, and BQ. b. Let AB be a secant cutting the circle at E, and let
Using the circle with AB as chord, ∠CAP
∠AQP AC be a tangent meeting the circle at D.
(tangent-chord property). We wish to prove that AD 2
AB · AE. Join DE.
Similarly, ∠CBP
∠BQP. In ∆AED, ∆ADB, ∠EAD
∠DAB (same angle)
In ∆CAB, ∠CAB  ∠CBA  ∠ACB
180°. ∠ADE
∠ABD (tangent-
Then ∠AQB  ∠ACB
∠AQP  ∠BQP  ∠ACB chord property).

∠CAB  ∠BAC  ∠ACB Then ∆AED ~ ∆ADB (equal angles).

180°. AE AD
Therefore 

Therefore AQBC is a cyclic quadrilateral. AD AB
or AD2
AB · AE.
C
B
y B
P

x
A E
y
x
Q A C
D

8. Join PQ. 10. Join AT and BT. PT 2
PA · PB (intersecting secants

∠YXP
∠XQP (tangent-chord property) property).
∠XYP
∠YQP (same) Now PA
PO  OT (OA
OT)
∠YXP  ∠XYP  ∠XPY
180° (angle sum) and PB
PO  OT (OB
OT).
then ∠XQP  ∠YQP  ∠XPY
180° Then PT2
(PO  OT)(PO  OT)
or ∠XQY  ∠XPY
180°.
PO 2  OT 2
or PO
PT 2  OT 2.
2
Y Therefore ∠OTP
90° (Pythagorus).
X
Then PT ⊥ OT.

P A O B
Q

T
9. a. Let AB and AC be secants intersecting the circle at
D and E. Join CD and BE.
In ∆ABE, ∆ACD, ∠EAB
∠CAD (same angle)
∠ABE
∠ACD (subtended by Review Exercise
arc DE) 11. Since ABCD, ∠CAB  ∠ACD
180°.
Then ∆ABE ~ ∆ACD (equal angles) Since ABDC is cyclic, ∠CAB  ∠BDC
180°.
AB AE
Therefore 
 or Then ∠ACD
∠BCD.
AC AD Join AD and BC.
AB · AD
AC · AE. In ∆ACD, ∆BDC, CD
CD (common)
D B ∠ACD
∠BDC (proven)
A ∠CAD
∠DBC (subtended by
chord CD)
then ∆ACD  ∆BCD (two angles and side)
E
therefore AC
BD.

Chapter 3: Properties of Circles 29

 A
A B
x x

C D

C
D
12. Since ∠ABC
60° and ∠ACB
45°, B
∠BAC
75° (angle sum)
AH
AE (tangents from external point) 15. Assume that x is in degrees.
then ∠AHE
∠AEH Since TA is a tangent, ∠OAT
90°.
1 Then ∠AOT
(90  x)°.
therefore ∠AHE
(180  75)°
2 Now ∆OAB is isosceles since OA
OB, and ∠AOT is
1° an exterior angle of the triangle.

52  .
2 Then ∠AOT
∠OAB  ∠OBA
1
2∠OAB.
Similarly, ∠BHD
(180  60)°
2 1

60°. Therefore ∠OAB
(90  x)°.
2
1°
Then ∠EHD
180°  60°  52  A
2
1°

67  .
2
1 x
Similarly, ∠CED
(180  45)° B T
2 O
1°

67  .
2
1° 1°
Then ∠HED
180°  67   52 
2 2

60° 16. Using the given diagram, in ∆ADP we have
1°
and ∠HDE
180°  67   60° ∠ADP
180  4x.
2 In ∆AQB, ∠ABQ
180  5x.
1° Since DBCA is a cyclic quadrilateral,

52  .
2 ∠ADC  ∠CBA
180
A or 180  4x  180  5x
180
x
20.
E
H 17. Since ∠RPT is an angle in a semicircle,
∠RPT
∠TPX
90°.
Similarly, ∠TQX
90°.
B D
C We must now show that ∠PTQ
90°.
Draw TQ ⊥ to AB, meeting PQ at Y.
13. Let the isosceles triangle have AB as diameter of the Then TY is tangent to both circles.
circle and let BC intersect the circle at D. Therefore YP
YT
YQ (tangents from
We wish to prove that D is the midpoint of BC. external point).
Since AB is a diameter, ∠ADB
90°. Then ∆YPT is isosceles, so ∠YPT
∠YTP
Then ∠ADC
90°. Similarly ∆YQT is isosceles, so ∠YQT  ∠YTQ.
In ∆ABD, ∆ACD, AB
AC (given) Then ∠PTQ
∠PTY  ∠QTY
∠YPT  ∠YQT.
AD
AD (common) But ∠PTQ  ∠QPT  ∠PQT
180° in ∆PQT.
∠ADB
∠ADC (right angles). Therefore ∠PTQ
90°.
Then ∆ABD ∆ACD (hypotenuse, side, right triangles) Then the angles in PXQT are all 90° and PXQT is
Therefore BD
CD and D is the midpoint a rectangle.
of BC.

30 Chapter 3: Properties of Circles

 X
Q A
Y
P Q
O
C
R S
A T B
B

20. Join BR, QR, and RP.

Since BAQR is cyclic, ∠BRQ  ∠BAQ
180°.
18. Draw PR ⊥ OX and QS ⊥ OX and let QS have length r. Since ∠QAD
180°, ∠BAD  ∠BAQ
180°.
Since P is equidistant from the arms of the angle, Then ∠BAD
∠BRQ.
PO bisects ∠O and ∠POR
30°. Since RBCP is cyclic, ∠BRP  ∠BCP
180°.
Then ∆POR has angles of 30°, 60°, and 90°. Since ∠DCP
180°, ∠BCP  ∠BCD
180°.
Therefore PO
2PR
20. Then ∠BCD
∠BRP.
Since the circles are tangent, PQ
10  r and QPO But since ABCD is cyclic, ∠BAD  ∠BCD
180°
is a straight line. Therefore ∠BRQ  ∠BRP
180°.
Then in ∆OQS, OQ
30  r. Therefore QRP is a straight line.
Now ∆OPR ~ ∆OQS (angles equal)
OP OQ Q
Then 
 R
PR QS
A
B
20 30  r
or 

10 r
P
r
30.
D C
The radius is 30.

21. Bisecting ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C gives

∠BAX
∠XAC
30°, ∠ABY
∠YBC
25°,
Q and ∠BCZ
∠ZCA
35°.
P Now, using arc BX, ∠BAX
∠BYX
30° and
using arc BZ, ∠BCZ
∠BYZ
35°.
O X Then ∠XYZ
65°.
R S Similarly ∠YXZ
60° and ∠XZY
55°.
A
19. Let the tangent at A meet the second circle at C.
Join OB. Z
Since OA and OB are radii, ∠OAB
∠OBA. Y
Since OA is a chord in the circle with centre Q and CA
is tangent, ∠CAO
∠OBA (tangent-chord property). B C
Then ∠CAO
∠OAB.
Therefore OA bisects ∠CAB.
X

22. Using the given diagram, join AB. Then chord AB

subtends ∠APB in one circle and ∠AQB in the other
circle and the circles are identical. Therefore the
angles are equal. Then ∆BPQ is isosceles and
BP
BQ.

Chapter 3: Properties of Circles 31

23. Let AD and CB intersect at E. Since C and D are 3. Using the given diagram, M is the midpoint of AB
points on a semicircle, ∠ACB
∠ADB
90°. because OM ⊥ AB, so AM
MB.
Then ∠FCB
∠FDA
90°. In right-angled triangle OMB, OM
8 and OB
17.
Since ∠FCB  ∠FDA
180°, FCED is a cyclic Then MB 2
172  82
quadrilateral.
225
Join CD. Then ∠EFD
∠ECD (subtended by MB
15.
chord ED). In right-angled triangle OMC, OM
8 and OC
10.
Now since chord BD subtends equal angles in the Then MC2
10 2  82
semicircle, ∠BAD
∠BCD.
36
Therefore ∠BAD
∠EFD. MC
6.
In ∆BAD, ∆FJB, ∠BAD
∠JFB (proven) Then AC
MA  MC
∠DBA
∠FBJ (same angle)
15  6
then ∆BAD ~ ∆FJB
9.
therefore ∠ADB
∠FJB
but ∠ADB
90° (angle in semicircle) 4. Using the given diagram, and joining OD,
therefore ∠FJB
90° ∠ODC
90° (angle in a semicircle).
then FJ ⊥ AB. Then OD ⊥ CE.
F Therefore CD
DE (perpendicular to chord)

5. RP is tangent and RB is a secant in one circle.

Then RP2
RA. RB (tangent-chord property)
and RQ2
RA. RB.
Then RP2
RQ2
or RP
RQ
C D
E and BR bisects PQ.

A B Q
J

R
Chapter 3 Test A
P
1. a. x
50 (tangent-chord property).
b. a2
4.12 (secant property)
a
4
3 . B
c. 3b
2  8 (secant property)
16
b
.
3
6. a. Let AB and CD be any two of the equal chords in a
d. x
120 (exterior angle of cyclic
circle with centre O. Let X and Y be the respective
quadrilateral). midpoints. Then AX
CY.
y  100
180 (cyclic quadrilateral) In ∆AXO, ∆CYO, AX
CY (proved)
y
80. OA
OC (radius)
∠AXO
∠CYO
90°
2. Using the given diagram, join AD.
(midpoint of chords).
Then ∠CAD
90° because it is an angle in
Then ∆AXO  ∆CYO (side, hypotenuse in
a semicircle.
right triangles).
Then ∠BAD
140°.
Therefore OX
OY.
Since BADC is cyclic,
By a similar argument the lines joining every
∠BCD  ∠BAD
180° midpoint of the equal chords to the centre are
Therefore ∠BCD
40°. equal. Hence a circle with centre O and radius OX
passes through the midpoint of every one of the
equal chords.
b. Since every one of these chords meets the circle at
a point such that the line connecting this point is
perpendicular to the chord, each chord is a tangent.
32 Chapter 3: Properties of Circles
 M A N
X B
A B
x T
O
C S C R
Y
D
14. Extend BA and DC to meet at X.
By the secant property, XB · XA
XD · XC
7. Let AP extended meet tangent XTY at X. or (XA  AB)XA
(XC  CD)XC
Join TP and TB. or XA2  XA · AB
XC2  XC · CD
Then ∠XTP
∠PAT (tangent-chord property) or XA2  XC2
AB(XAXC) (since AB
CD)
and ∠YTB
∠BAT (same) or (XA XC)(XA  XC)
AB(XA XC).
but ∠PAT
∠BAT (bisected) Now either XA  XC
0 or XA  CX
AB.
therefore ∠XTP
∠YTB. It is not possible that XA  XC
AB, since
Let ∠YTB be x°, so ∠XTP
x°. XA  XC > 0.
In ∆ATB, ∠ATB
90° since it is subtended by Therefore XA  XC
0, and XA
XC.
diameter AB. Then ∠ABC
∠BDC since ∆XBC is isosceles.
Then ∠ABT
(90  x)° using the angle sum property. Since ABDC is a cyclic quadrilateral,
Now PTBA is a cyclic quadrilateral, and ∠XPT is an ∠ABD  ∠ACD
180°.
external angle, so ∠XPT
∠ABT
(90  x)°. Since ∠BDC ∠ABD, ∠BDC  ∠ACD
180°.
In ∆XPT, ∠XPT
∠XTP
(90  x)°
90°. Then AC  BD.
Therefore ∠PXT
90°, and XTY ⊥ APX.
A B
X X
P
T
C

A B Y D

15. Let AB have length 2. Then BC
1.

Let BF have length x. Then FC
1  x.
Now ∆ABC ~ ∆EFC since ∠C is in both triangles and
∠EFC
∠ABC
90°.
FC EF
Cumulative Review Chapters 1–3 Then 
,
BC AB
1x x
13. Let AC and BT intersect at X. Join AT and BC. or 

1 2
In ∆SBC, ∆NTA, SC
AN (given)
SB
NT (given) 2  2x
x
∠BSC
∠TNA (opposite angles 2
x
.
in parallelogram) 3
Then ∆SBC  ∠NTA (side-angle-side). 1
Then square DEFB : ∆ABC
x2 :  (2)(1)
Therefore BC
AT and ∠SCB
∠NAT.
4 2
Now, since MN  SR, ∠NAC
∠SCA.
 : 1
9
Then ∠NAC  ∠NAT
∠SCA  ∠SCB
4 : 9.
or ∠TAX
∠BCX.
In ∆BXC, ∆TAX, BC
AT (proved) C
∠BCX
∠TAX (proved)
E F
∠BXC
∠TXA (opposite)
then ∆BXC  ∆TAX (side-angle-angle)
therefore BX
XT
therefore AC bisects BT. A B
D

Chapter 3: Properties of Circles 33

 180°
16. In a regular pentagon each angle is 3  
108°. 19. Using the given diagram, ∠ABC
∠ACB since the
In ∆ABC, ∠B  ∠C  ∠A
180°. 5 triangle is isosceles.
1 Also ∠ABC  ∠BDE
180° since DE  AC.
Also ∠A
 ∠B and ∠C
∠B.
2 Then ∠ACB  ∠BDE
180°, and DBCE is a cyclic
5 quadrilateral.
Then  ∠B
180°
2
∠B
72°. 20. Since CD is a diameter, ∠CBA
90°  30°
120°.
Then ∠XBC
36° and ∠C
72°, Since BCDA is cyclic, ∠CBA  ∠ADC
180°.
so ∠BXA
108° (exterior angle of triangle). Therefore ∠ADC
60°.
Now we must prove that XA
XB.
Since ∠B
72°, ∠A
36°. 21. Part 1. We prove that AE
BF if AE ⊥ BF.
Also ∠XBA
36°. Since AE ⊥ BF, ∠FTE
90°.
Therefore ∆XAB is isosceles and XA
XB. Then ∠FCE  ∠FTE
180° (∠FCE is an angle in
Then XA and XB are consecutive sides of a regular a square).
pentagon. Then FCET is a cyclic quadrilateral.
A Therefore ∠TFC  ∠TEC
180°.
Now ∠TEB  ∠TEC
180° (straight angle).
Then ∠TEB
∠TFC.
In ∆ABE, ∆BCF, AB
BC (sides of square)
∠ABE
∠BCF (right angles)
∠AEB
∠BFC (proved).
X
Then ∆ABE  ∆BCF (side-angle-angle).
Therefore AE
BF.
Part 2. We prove that if AE
BF then AE  BF
B C In ∆ABE, ∆BCF, AB
BC (sides of square)
AE
BF (given)
17. Using the given diagram and the property of tangents ∠ABE
∠BCF (right angles).
from an external point, AX
AZ, BX
BY, and Therefore ∆ABE  ∆BCF (side, hypotenuse in
CY
CZ. Then AX · BY · CZ
BX · YC · ZA. right-angled triangle).
Then ∠AEB
∠BFC.
18. Let the polygon have n sides. Then the sum of all Now ∠AEB  ∠TEC
180° (straight angle).
angles is 180(n  2)°. Therefore ∠BFC  ∠TEC
180°.
There are n angles in the polygon, so the sum of the Then FTEC is a cyclic quadrilateral.
angles is 100  140  120(n  2)°
120n°. Therefore ∠FCE
90° (angle in a square).
Then 180(n  2)
120n Therefore ∠FTE
90° and AE ⊥ BF.
60n
360
n
6. D F C
There are six sides to the polygon.

T E

A B

34 Chapter 3: Properties of Circles

22. Since M and N are midpoints of AB and AC, MN  BC. 25. Note that ∠AHE is incorrectly labelled as a right
Then ∆BNC and ∆BMC have common base BC and angle. In fact ∠BHC is 90°. Using tangent TAN and
equal height. chord AC, ∠NAC
∠CBA.
Therefore ∆BNC
∆BMC. Since ∠BHC
∠BEC
90°, a circle with BC as
Since ∆BYC is common, diameter will pass through both H and E.
∆BNC  ∆BYC
∆BMC  ∆BYC Then HBCE is a cyclic quadrilateral, and ∠HEA is
or ∆BYM
∆CYN. an external angle.
Since N is the midpoint of AC, Therefore ∠HEA
∠HBC
∠NAC.
∆ABN
∆NBC. Since ∠HEA
∠NAC, then TAN  HE.
Then ∆ABN  ∆BMY
∆NBC  ∆CYN
T
Therefore quad AMYN
∆BYC.
A
A H
E
N
M N
B
C
Y
B C

23. Join QT and RT. Since RP
RS, ∆RPS is isosceles.

Then ∠RPS
∠RSP.
Then ∠PRQ
2 ∠RPS (external angle).
Since PQ
PR, ∆PQR is isosceles.
Then ∠PQR
∠PRQ
2 ∠RPS.
Now chord RT subtends ∠RPT
∠RQT.
1
Therefore ∠RQT
 ∠PQR, and QT bisects ∠PQR.
2
P

Q R S

24. Using the given diagram and recalling the Cosine

Law, x2
22  32  2(2)(3) cos  where  is ∠ABC.
Since ABCD is cyclic,
∠ADC
180°  ∠ABC
180°  .
Then x2
42  62  2(4)(6) cos (180°  )

42  62  2(4)(6) cos .
Then 13  12 cos 
52  48 cos 
60 cos 
39
13
cos 
.
20
Therefore x2
13  12 cos 
39

13  
5

20.8
x
4.6.

Chapter 3: Properties of Circles 35