Chapter 9 • Proof Using Different Approaches

Solutions for Selected Problems P(5, 7)

y

Exercise 9.1

5. To determine points of intersection of the circle and

the line, solve the equations.
T
Substitute y
3x  5 in x2  y2  5
0.
x2  (3x  5)2  5
0
10x2  30x  20
0 C(3, 1)
x2  3x  2
0 x
(x  1)(x  2)
0
x
1 or x
2.
When x
1, y
2.
When x
2, y
1.
The points of intersection are A(1, 2) and B(2, 1). 9. Substituting (1, 5) in the circle equation,
L.S.
1  25  4  10  20
0
The length of AB is R.S.
0


(1 
2)2 
(2  1
)2

10
 Then A is on the circle. If the opposite end of the
diameter from A is B(m, n), by symmetry,
6. The longest possible chord in a circle is the diameter. m (2)
2  1
Since the centre is (0, 0) and the diameter passes m
5
through (1, 2), the equation of the line is y
2x. and n  1
1  5
The method of question 5 can now be repeated. This n
3
is unnecessary, of course. From the circle equation the B has coordinates (5, 3).
radius is 4, so the length of the diameter is 8.
y
A(1, 5)
7. Setting y
0 we have x  6x
0
2

x
0 or x
6.
Setting x
0 we have y2  2y
0
y
0 or y
2.
There are three intercepts. They are at the points
(0, 0), (6, 0), and (0, 2). C(2, 1)
x
8. The circle equation can be rewritten
x2  6x  y2  2y
6
(x  3)2  (y  1)2
4.
B(m, n)
Then the centre of the circle is C (3, 1) and the
radius of the circle is 2.
From the diagram, 10. Let the centre be C(m, n).
Then n
2m  4.
PT
PC  CT
2 2 2
Also C is equidistant from (8, 2) and (2, 4).

[(5  3)2  (7  1)2]  4 Then (m  8)2  (n  2)2
(m  2)2  (n  4)2

36. or 5m  3n  12
0.
The length of the tangent is 6. Substituting n
2m  4, we obtain
m
0, n
4.
Now the radius is
 (0  8
)2  (4 2)2

68
.
The circle equation is x  (y  4)
68.
2 2

Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches 139

11. Let the centre be C(a, a) where a < 0. The radius is a. 13. Circle 1 is x2  y2
9 and has centre (0, 0) and
Then AT
5 and CT
a. radius 3.
Now 52  a2
(a  4)2  (a  2)2 Circle 2 is x2  y2  12x  6y  41
0
then a2  4a  5
0 or (x  6)2  (y  3)2
4.
(a  5)(a  1)
0 This circle has centre (6, 3) and radius 2.
a
5 or a
1 The shortest distance between their centres is
but a < 0, so a
5.
The circle equation is (x  5)2  (y  5)2
25.

62  (
3)2
3
5
, so the least distance between
the circles is 3
5  5.
y
A(4, 2) y

x
T C1

C(a, a) (0, 0)
x

C2

(6, 3)

12. The radius is the line segment joining C(0, 0) and

R(3, 4). Hence the tangent is the line through R with 14. To determine points of intersection, solve the
slope perpendicular to CR. equations.
4 3 x2  y2
4
The slope of CR is , so the slope of PQ is .
3 4 x  y2  6x
2
2

The equation of PQ is Subtracting, 6x
6

3 x
1
y  4
(x  3)
4 Then y2
3 and y

3.
or 3x  4y  25
0
  
Points of intersection are 1,
3 and 1, 
3
. 
25
 
Then P has coordinates , 0 and Q has coordinates
3 The length of the chord is 2
3.
 25
0,  .
4 
The length of PQ is Exercise 9.2


 3  4  1
  
25   
25 225 21 1 3. Let the quadrilateral have coordinates P(0, 0),
9 6 Q(2a, 0), R(2b, 2c), S(2d, 2e). The midpoint of PQ is
W(a, 0), the midpoint of QR is X(a  b, c) the

25
5
12 midpoint of RS is Y(b  d, c  e), and the midpoint
c
125 of SP is Z(d, e). The slope of WX is  and the slope

. b
12
cee c
of YZ is 
, so WXYZ.
bdd b
c  (c  e) e
The slope of XY is 

a  b  (b  d) ad
e
and the slope of WZ is  so XYWZ.
ad
Therefore WXYZ is a parallelogram.

140 Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches

 y y

2e) Y
S(2d, ( ) ( )

x x
(0, 0) (a, 0)

6. For the given circle the centre is C(h, k) and the radius
is r. If T is the point of contact of the tangent then
P1T2
CP12  CT2
4. Let the triangle have coordinates P(0, 0), Q(2a, 0),
l2
(x1  h)2  (y1  k)2  r2.
R(2b, 2c). The midpoint of PR is X(b, c) and the
midpoint of QR is Y(a  b, c). And l


(x1  
h)2  
(y1  
k)2  
r2.
Then the slope of XY is 0 and XYPQ.
y
1
The length of XY is a  b  b
a
 PQ.
2
The line joining midpoints of two sides is parallel to
and equal to one-half of the third side.
l
( )
y

( )
x

7. Let the circle be x2  y2
r2, let AB be the diameter

x on the y-axis, and let CD have equation x
k.
Choose point P(0, a) on diameter AB. Since C and D
are on the circle, the coordinates of C are

5. Let the parallelogram have coordinates P(b, c),

k,
r  k and of D are k, 

2 2
r  k. 2 2

Then PC  PD
k  a 
 r  k 
Q(0, 0), R(a, 0), S(a  b, c). 2 2 2 2 2
2

It is given that PR
QS.

k  a 
 r  k
2
PR


(a  b
)2  c2
2 2 2

2k2  2a2  2(r2  k2)

QS


(a  b
)2  c2.

2a2  2r2.
Then (a  b)2  c2
(a  b)2  c2
Since the expression does not contain k, PC2  PD2 is
(a  b)2
(a  b)2
independent of the position of chord CD.
Therefore ab
0 and a
0 or b
0.
If a
0 the parallelogram does not exist. Hence y
a ≠ 0. If b
0 then P is on the y-axis and
∠PQR
90°, so the parallelogram is a rectangle.
Therefore, if the diagonals of a parallelogram are
equal the parallelogram is a rectangle.
P(0, a)
x

Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches 141

8. Let quadrilateral PQRS have coordinates as shown. y
Then the midpoints of the sides are A(d, e), B(a, 0), ( )
C(a  b, c), and D(b  d, c  e).


abd ce
The midpoint of AC is X , 
2 2 

abd ce
and the midpoint of BD is ,  .
2 2 
Since the same point is the midpoint of each line, the
lines bisect each other.
y

Exercise 9.3

4. Method 1.
Since D and E are midpoints of AB and AC,
1
DE
 BC.
2
x In ∆FBC, G and H are midpoints of FB and FC,
P(0, 0) 0
1
so GH
 BC.
2
Then DE
GH.
9. Let C1 be the circle x2  y2
r2 and let C2 be the
Method 2.
circle (x  a)2  y2
k2.
Since D and E are midpoints of AB and AC,
Then C1  C2
x2  y2  r2  [(x  a)2  y2  k2)]


1 BC
DE
 (from exercise 6.4, question 1).

x2  y2  r2  x2  2ax  2
a2  y2  k2 Since G and H are midpoints of FB and FC,

2ax  r2  a2  k2

1 BC
GH
.
2
r2  a2  k2
and C1 and C2
0 gives the line x
.

GH
Then DE
 and DE


GH
.
2a
From problem 6, the tangent from P1(x1, y1) to C1
0
has length


x12  
y12  
r2
and the tangent from P1 to C2
0 has length


(x1  
a)2  
y12  
k2.
Since these are equal,
x12  y12  r2
(x1  a)2  y12  k2
or 2ax1
r2  a2  k2 5. a. Method 1.
Since ADBC, ∠EAD
∠AEB and ∠BDA

r a k
2 2 2
or x1
. ∠DBC.
2a
Therefore ∆FAD ~ ∆FBE.
But this means that P1 is on the line C1  C2
0. FA AD 2
Then 


FE BE 1
1
or FE
 AE.
3

142 Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches

 Draw FG ⊥ BC. Then ∠FGE
∠ABE and
∠FEG
∠AEB.
Therefore ∆FEG ~ ∆AEB.
FG FE 1
Then 


AB AE 3
FG 1 2
or 
 and FG
.
2 3 3

Method 2.
This same approach can be used with vectors.
Method 3.
Using Example 2 as a guide, choose points P, Q, R,
and S in the sides of quadrilateral ABCD with
coordinates as in the diagram, such that AP : PB

Method 2. CS : SB
CR : RD
AQ : QD
m : n.

 
Apply coordinates as in the diagram. The equation nd ne
Then P has coordinates , 
of BD is y
x mn mn
The equation of AE is y
2(x  1)
mb  nd mc  ne
Substituting x
y we obtain Q has coordinates , ,
mn mn
y
2y  2
mb  na
R has coordinates , 
2 mc
y

3 mn mn
2
The altitude from F is .
S has coordinates , 0
3 na
mn
y
mc  ne  ne

mn
The slope of PQ is _____________
c.
mb  nd  nd b

mn
( ) mc c
The slope of RS is 
.
mb b
x
ne e
The slope of PS is 
.
nd  na da
b. Since AD
2 and BE
1 and ∆FEB ~ ∆FAD, ne e
The slope of QR is 
.
∆FEB 12 1 nd  na da

2
.
∆FAD 2 4 Then PQRS and PSQR, and PQRS is a
parallelogram. This is a good problem to check using
6. Method 1. Geometer’s Sketch Pad.
Join BD. Choose a point in AB such that AP : PB

m : n. y
Now choose point Q in AD such that AQ : QD – m : n.
m ( )
Then PQBD and PQ
 BD.
mn ( )
Now choose R in CD such that CR : RD
m : n and
choose S in BC such that CS : SB
m : n.
m
Then RSBD and RS
 BD.
mn
Therefore PQ
RS and PQRS, so PQRS is a
x
parallelogram. ( )

Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches 143

7. Method 1. y
From P draw PX perpendicular to the plane ABCD.
Then XA2  XC2
XB2  XD2 from an earlier proof.
Now using the Pythagorean Property repeatedly,
PA2  PC2
PX2  XA2  PX2  XC2

2PX2  XA2  XC2
PB2  PD2
PX2  XB2  PX2  XD2 x

2PX  xB  xD
2 2 2

b. In ∆AMB, AB2
AM2  MB2  2AM · MB cos .

Then PA  PC
PB2  PD2.
2 2
In ∆AMC, AC2
AM2  MC2  2AM · MC
cos (180°  ).
Noting that MB
MC and
cos 
 cos (180°  ),
AB2  AC2
2AM2  2MC2.
A

Method 2.
Apply coordinates using 3 dimensions, letting A be
C
B
(0, a, 0), B be (b, a, 0), C be (b, 0, 0), D be (0, 0, 0), M
and P be (p, q, r).
Then PA2  PC2
p2  (q  a)2  r2  (p  b)2 
q2  r2 Exercise 9.4

p  q  2r  (q  a)  (p  b)
2 2 2 2 2
1. Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P. Let (a, a) be the
and PB  PD
(p  b)2  (q  a)2  p2 
2 2
coordinates of point A and (b, 2b) be the coordinates of
q2  r2 point B.

p2  q2  2r2  (p  b)2  a  2b a  4b
Then x
 and y
.
3 3
(q  a)2.
Solving these for a and b in terms of x and y,
Therefore PA2  PC2
PB2  PD2. a  2b
3x
a  4b
3y
8. a. Let ∆ABC have coordinates as in the diagram.
3y  3x
Then M has coordinates (c, 0). b

2
Now AB2  AC2
a2  b2  (a  2c)2  b2
And a
6x  3y

2a2  2b2  4c2  4ac.
Now AB
6 and AB


(a  b
)2  (a
 2b)2
Also 2AM2  2MC2
2[(a  c)2  b2]  2c2


 
15 9 2

2a2  4ac  2c2  2b2  2c2
x  y  (9x  6y)2
2 2

2a  2b  4c  4ac.
2 2 2

Therefore AB  AC
2AM2  2MC2.

2 2
225 135 81
Then  x2   xy   y2  81x2  108 xy 
4 2 4
36y2
36
or 549x2  702xy  225y2
144
or 61x2  78xy  25y2
16.

144 Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches

 y = 2x y
y B
y=x

P D(0, 1) C(1, 1)

P(x, y)
A

x
x A(0, 0) B(1, 0)

Note: The answer in the first printing of the textbook 4. Join AY and XB to intersect at T.
has an incorrect coefficient of x2. It is recommended Since XY is a diameter,
that students use Geometry Sketchpad to determine ∠XAY
∠XBY
90°.
the conic described by the equation. Then ∠PAT
∠PBT
90°,
and ∠PAT  ∠PBT
180°.
2. Join BY and AX. Therefore PATB is a cyclic quadrilateral, and since
Arc AB subtends ∠AYB and ∠AXB. A and B are fixed, P lies on a circle passing through
Then ∠AYB
∠AXB for all positions of X. A and B. Note that the intersections T of XB and AY
Since XY is a diameter, ∠XBY
∠XAY
90°. also lie on the circle.
Then ∠XPY
90°  ∠AXB.
But this is a constant value and ∠XPY is always the P
same and stands on arc AB.
Then the locus of P is part of a circular arc having
AB as a chord.
B
Y B
A
T
X Y
P
O
A

X
5. From the centre of the circle with radius r draw OA
and OB to meet the tangents from P. Then ∠PAO

3. Let the square ABCD have coordinates as shown and
∠PBO
90° and since ∠APB
90° and OA
OB,
let P(x, y) be a point such that the squares of the
perpendiculars from it to the four sides sum to k, k >1. PAOB is a square. Then PO

2 r and the locus of
Then the distance from P to AD is x and to BC is P is a circle with centre O and radius
2r.
1  x.
P B
The distance from P to AB is y and to CD is 1  y.
Then x2  (1  x)2  y2  (1  y)2
k
or 2x2  2x  2y2  2y  2
k
A
   
1 2 1 2 1
or x    y  
(k  1). O
2 2 2

 
1 1
This is a circle with centre ,  and
2 2

1
radius (k  1).
2

Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches 145

Review Exercise
y
10. The slope of PA is 2 greater than the slope of PB.
y2
Slope PA
. O
x3
y4
Slope PB
. Y
x
x
y2 y4 A
Then 
  2 or, simplifying, X
x3 x
3y
2x2  12x  12.
This is the equation of a parabola that passes through 15. Method 1.
A and B and has axis of symmetry x
6. Let the centre be C(0, k).
Then CO
CA
y
k

22  (
1  k)2
2k
5
B(0, 4)
5
k
.
2
  
5 2 5 2
The equation is x2  y  

2 2
P(x, y)
or x2  y2  5y
0.
x
y

A(3, 2)

13. Rewrite the circle equations.

A(2, 1)
x2  y2  4x  18y  60
0 becomes
x
(x  2)2  (y  9)2
25. O(0, 0)
The centre of this circle is (2, 9).
x2  y2  2x  10y  1
0 becomes
(x  1)2  (y  5)2
25.
The centre of this circle is (1, 5). Method 2.
The centre lies on the right bisector of OA, which is
Substituting (1, 5) in the first circle,
 
1
(1  2)2  (5  9)2
32  42
25, and (1, 5) is on the line with slope 2 and passing through 1,  .
2
the circle. Substituting (2, 9) in the second circle, The equation of the right bisector is
1
(3)2  (4)2
25, and (2, 9) is on the second circle. y  
2(x  1)
2
14. The circle equation can be rewritten. or 4x  2y  5
0.
x2  y2  6x  8y
24
 
5 5
The y-intercept is , so the centre is 0,  and the
or (x  3)2  (y  4)2
49. 2 2
The centre is (3, 4) and the line from the centre to 5
radius is .
(5, 1) is perpendicular to and bisects the chord. The 2
41 5
slope of OA is 
. 16. Let A(a, 0) be the end of the diameter and let B(b, c)
35 2 be any other point on the circle. Then P(X, Y) is the
5 ab c
The slope of XY is . midpoint of chord AB, where X
 and Y
.
2 2 2
5
The equation of XY is y  1
(x  5) Then b
2X  a and c
2Y.
2
or 5x  2y  27
0.

146 Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches

 But since B is on the circle, c


a2  b2 y


a2  (
2X  a
)2 D(b, c)


4aX 
4X2
Then rY – 4aX  4X
2 2

or X2  y2  aX
0 x

 
a A(a, 0) C(a, 0)
This is the equation of a circle with centre , 0 and
2
a
radius .
2
y B(b, c)

B
P(x, y) Chapter 9 Test
x 1. a. The set is all points on the line x
4.
A(a, 0)
b. The set is all points on the right bisector of the line
joining A and B. This is the line 2x  y  6
0.
c. The set is all points on the circle with centre
(3, 2) and radius 5. This is the circle (x  3)2 
(y  2)2
25.

17. Let the vertices of ∆ABC have coordinates as in

2. a. x2  y2  2x  6y  3
0 can be written
the diagram and let P(x, y) be a point such that
(x  1)2  (y  3)2
13. This is a circle with
PA2  PB2  PC2
k, a constant.
centre (1, 3) and radius
13
.
Then (x  a)2  (y  b)2  x2  y2  (x  C)2 
y2
k b. This is the equation of a sphere with centre
(1, 2, 3) and radius 3.
or 3x2  3y2  2(a  c) x  2by  a2  b2  c2
k.
This is the equation of a circle. 3. a. If P(x, y) divides AB in the ratio 1 : 4, then from
the diagram R has coordinates (x, 7) and S has
y coordinates (2, y).
AR x3 1
Now ∆PAR ~ ∆BPS, so 


A(a, b) PS 2x 4
P(x, y)
and 5x
10
x
2.
RP y7 1
x Also 


SB 17  y 4
B(0, 0) C(c, 0)
and 5y
45
y
9.
18. Position the parallelogram so that diagonal AC lies on The coordinates of P are (2, 9).
the x-axis with the origin as its midpoint. Then the
y
coordinates of the parallelogram are A(a, 0), B(2, 17)
B(b, c), C(a, 0), and D(b, c).
We are given that for a point P(x, y),
P(x, y) S
PA2  PC2
PB2
or (x  a)2  y2  (x  a)2  y2
(x  b)2  A(–3, 7) R
x
(y  c)2
or x2  y2  2bx  2cy  2a2  b2  c2
0
This is the equation of a circle with centre (b, c),
which is vertex D.

Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches 147

 b. From the diagram, if P(x, y) is the midpoint of a or 3x2  3y2  6x  2
3 y  8
11
line segment joining O(0, 0) to any point A(4, y), 2
then x
2 always. or x2  2x  y2  
3y
1
3
The locus is the straight line with equation x
2.
y x=4
2

3 2
or (x  1)  y  
.
3
7
3 

3
This is the equation of a circle with centre 1, 
3  
A(4, y) 
and radius .
7
3
y

P(x, y)
A(1, 3)
x
O(0, 0)
P(x, y)

x
B(0, 0) C(2, 0)
4. The right bisector of AB is y
6. The right bisector of
AC is x
3.
The circle has centre (3, 6).
Its radius is

(3  1
)2  (6
 4)2

8
.
The required equation is (x  3)2  (y  6)2
8. 7. Let the centre of the circle be P(x, y) and coordinatize
as in the diagram. The midpoint of the chord AB is
5. Let the rulers be the axes. Then A has coordinates M (c, t  k).
(a, 0) and B has coordinates (0, b) and AB
10.
From similar triangles, Then t  k
y and t
y  k (k a constant).
ax 1 5 Since CO
CA,

, so a
x
x 4 4 x2  y2
(x  c)2  (y  t)2
y 1
and 
, so b
5y. or 2cx
c2  t2  2ty
by 4
Now since AB
10, a2  b2
100,
c2  (y  k)2  2(y  k)y
25
then x2  25y2
100
c2  y2  2ky  k2  2y2  2ky
16
c2  y2  k2.
x2 y2
or   
1. The equation of the locus of P is
64 4
This is the equation of an ellipse. 2cx
y2  (c2  k2), the equation of a parabola.
y y
A(c, t)

B(0, b)

P(x, y) M C(x, y)

x x
A(a, 0) O(0, 0)
B(c, t, 2, k)

x=c
6. From the diagram we have A(1,
3
), B(0, 0), and
C(2, 0). In P(x, y), such that PA2  PB2  PC2  11,
we obtain (x  1)1  (y 
3
)2  x2  y2 
(x  2)2  y2
11

148 Chapter 9: Proof Using Different Approaches