FORMATO CLASE A CLASE PROGRAMACIN CLASE A CLASE 2 SEMESTRE 2012 Nombre del curso: Cultura de los Pueblos de Habla

Inglesa II Cdigo: ENGL123 Carrera: Pedagoga en Ingls Desarrollo de las Sesiones Sesin N1 Descripcin de la Sesin: Se espera que los alumnos confirmen conceptos previos adquiridos a nivel de enseanza media sobre la geografa americana y la importancia que tienen los accidentes geogrficos en el desarrollo de la vida humana. La existencia de montaas, ros, lagos en un pas permitir el desenvolvimiento tanto econmico como social del grupo humano. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Qu accidentes geogrficos de Estados Unidos conoces?

Lectura Previa Encyclopedia Britnnica. USA. 1.969.578p. Volumen 22.

Geography of USA. The foremost nation of the Western Hemisphere in population and resources, is composed of 50 states joined in a federal republic. The first use of the name United States of America was in the Declaration of Independence. The block of 48 states forms a broad belt across the North American continent. On the north irt ius bordered by C anada,the boundary in the west being an arbitrary line at the parallel 49 and in the east largely a natural one formed by the Great Lakes.. The eastern half of the southern boundary is naturallty ndefined by the Gulf of Mexico,butr inb the west the nation is separ4ated from Mexico by ab oblique line following first the Rio Grande River and continuing afterwards generally west-northwest across the hiughlands to the Pacific Ocean. The west coast states of Washington,Oregon, abd California are separated from the nations of the Far East by 5,000 to 6,000 mi.(8,000 to 9,700 km),but Hawaii which became the 50th state in 1959 ,is situated approximately midway Alaska ,which became the 49th state the same year, occupies the northwestern end of the North American

continent and the adjacent isalands,extending northyward into the Arctic Circle. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Geology and Structure.The surface of North America,like that of all continents,stands two or three miles miles above adjacent ocean floors.Varaiations from time to time in ocean-basin capacity, in oceanic volume,and in relief of continents surface have,however produced great variations in the amount of continental surface emerging ass aland above ocean levels.Shallow seas comparable to Hudson Bay(average depth 128m)have repeatedly spread over klarge fractions of the North American continental platform,leaving their record in limestone,shale,and sandstone sediments which entombed remains of the marine life.

Bibliografa Mnima Encyclopedia Britnnica. USA. 1.969.578p. Volumen 22. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

Sesin N2 Descripcin de la Sesin: Se espera que los alumnos confirmen conceptos previos adquiridos a nivel de enseanza media sobre la geografa americana y la importancia que tienen los ros en el desarrollo de la vida humana. La existencia de montaas, ros, lagos en un pas permitir el desenvolvimiento tanto econmico como social del grupo humano. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Qu ros de Estados Unidos conoces?, Has escuchado hablar del ro Mississippi?

Lectura Previa WWW.WORLDATLAS.COM Rivers in USA

Brazos: This Texas river begins in the northern part of the state in Stonewall County, and flows southeast into Brazoria County and the Gulf of Mexico. It's (840 miles) (1,351 km) in length. Churchill: This river of central Canada rises in northwestern Saskatchewan, then flows east into Manitoba, and on into Hudson Bay. It passes through numerous lakes and is known for the rapids along its path. It's (1,000 miles) (1,609 km) in length. Colorado: Beginning in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado, it moves southwest, ending in the Gulf of 3

California. It's (1,450 miles) (2,333 km) in length and over the centuries formed numerous canyons along its winding path. The most famous of these is the Grand Canyon in northern Arizona. The river has more than 30 electric power plants along its run, as well as dozens of dams and reservoirs. Columbia: This wide, fast-flowing river begins in the Canadian Rockies of southeast British Columbia, Canada, flowing south through the State of Washington, then forming the natural border between Washington and Oregon. It ends in the Pacific Ocean and is (1,152 miles) (1,857 km) in length. Hydroelectric power development in the river basin brought inexpensive electricity to the Pacific Northwest, but it severely affected salmon spawning and local fish migration. Fraser: This river of British Columbia, Canada, begins in the Canadian Rockies near Yellowhead Pass, then flows in a variety of directions (generally south), finally turning west to empty into the Strait of Georgia, just south of Vancouver. It's (850 miles) (1,368 km) in length. Mackenzie: It's the longest river in Canada and dissects the Northwest Territories. It flows generally northwest into Mackenzie Bay and the Beaufort Sea. This historic river was discovered by Sir Alexander MacKenzie, and along its path are thick, green forests and dozens of major lakes. It's (1,200 miles) (1,800 km) in length. If then combined with its tributaries - the Slave, Peace and Finlay rivers - it extends to (2,635 miles) (4,240 km), and becomes the second longest river in North America, second only to the Mississippi/Missouri river system combination at (3,877 miles) (6,236 km) in length. Mississippi: It is the major river of North America and the United States at (2,339 miles) (3,765 km) in length. It flows from northwestern Minnesota south to the Gulf of Mexico, just below the city of New Orleans. It is a significant transportation artery and when combined with its major tributaries (the Missouri and Ohio rivers) it becomes the third largest river system in the world at (3,877 miles) (6,236 km) in length. Missouri: It begins in southern Montana in the Rocky Mountains, first flowing north then generally southeast across the heart of the United States, ending at the Mississippi River, just to the north of St. Louis, Missouri. It is the longest river in the United States (2,500 miles) (4,023 km). Ohio: Formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Ohio flows generally southwest. It forms the natural borders of Ohio and West Virginia, Ohio and Kentucky, as well as parts of the borders of Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky. It empties into the Mississippi River at the Illinois border and is (975 miles) (1,569 km) long. Rio Grande: It is one of the longest rivers in North America at (1,885 miles) (3,034 km). It begins in the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado, then flows south through New Mexico. It forms the natural border between Texas and the country of Mexico as it flows southeast to the Gulf of Mexico. In Mexico it is known 4

as Rio Bravo del Norte. Used for drinking water by both countries, the river is becoming more polluted as population centers that dot the river grow in size, and then dump sewage and pesticides into the water. St. Lawrence: This river flows northeast out of Lake Ontario and on into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It's (760 miles) (1,225 km) in length and permits the passage of deep-water ships between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. It includes a series of man-made canals, locks and dams, and is considered one of the most vital shipping routes on the planet. Additional details on the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. Yukon: It begins in the southwestern edge of the Yukon Territory of Canada, and then flows northwest across the border into Alaska. This massive river continues southwest across central Alaska, ending at the Bering Sea. Even at a length of (1,265 miles) (2.035 km), most of it is navigable, however, it remains frozen from October through mid-June. Bibliografa Mnima WWW.WORLDATLAS.COM Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

Sesin N3 Descripcin de la Sesin: Se espera que los alumnos confirmen conceptos previos adquiridos a nivel de enseanza media sobre la geografa americana y la importancia que tienen las montaas en el desarrollo de la vida humana. La existencia de montaas, ros, lagos en un pas permitir el desenvolvimiento tanto econmico como social del grupo humano. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Qu montaas de Estados Unidos conoces?. Has escuchado hablar de las Montaas Rocallosas?

Lectura Previa WWW.WORLDATLAS.COM Mountains

Alaska Range: Mountains of south-central Alaska that extend from the Alaska Peninsula to the border of the Yukon Territory, Canada. The highest point in North America, Mt. McKinley, 20,320 ft. (6,194 m) is located here. Appalachian Mountains: The Appalachians, about 1,500 miles in length, extend from central Alabama in the U.S. up through the New England states and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Quebec.

The highest point is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 ft (2,037 m)

Brooks Range: Mountains of northern Alaska. Highest point: Mt. Isto, 9,060 ft. (2,760 m) Canadian Shield: This plateau region of eastern and northern Canada and the Great Lakes area of North America mainly includes rough and rocky surfaces, and large areas of coniferous (evergreen) forests. In addition, the northern regions along the Arctic Circle are comprised of rocky frozen tundra. The highest elevation is estimated at 1,640 ft (500 meters). Cascades: A mountain range stretching from northeastern California across Oregon and Washington. Major peaks included Mt. Hood, Mt. Ranier, and Mt. St. Helens. Coast Range: Mountains running along the Pacific Ocean coastlines of California, Oregon, Washington. They also extend along the western border of British Columbia, Canada, and the southern edge of Alaska, all the way to Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island. Coastal Plain: This area of the southern and southeastern U.S extends to the continental shelf and is generally characterized by level (flat) land with assorted mixed forests. The coastal areas include bayous, deltas, marshes, mud flats and swamps. Continental Divide: In North America the Western Continental Divide is an imaginary line that sits atop a continuous ridge of mountain summits that divide the continent into two main drainage areas. Great Plains: The Great Plains of North America slope east from the Rockies and extend to the edge of the Canadian Shield and the western edges of the Appalachians. The land is generally smooth with large treeless areas and shallow river valleys. Minor hills and mountains are found in the Ozark Plateau of Missouri, and in the Boston Mountains and Ouachita Mountains of northwestern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. Sandhills and buttes cover parts of the north central U.S. in Nebraska. Rocky Mountains: The Rocky Mountains, about 3,000 miles in length, extend from the U.S State of New Mexico up through the western United States and on into the northernmost reaches of Canada's British Columbia. Sierra Madres: Sierra Madres include two major ranges, and one smaller one. The Sierra Madre Occidental runs parallel to Mexico's Pacific Ocean coastline, with several peaks exceeding 10,000 ft. (3,034 meters) The Sierra Madre Oriental runs parallel to its Gulf of Mexico coastline, with a few mountains reaching 10,000 ft. (3,034 meters)The Sierra Madre del Sur range is located in the southern Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. Sierra Madres, and mountains of the Caribbean and Central America: 7

The Sierra Madres also extend southeast into many of the Central America countries, with most being rainforest-covered volcanos. Sierra Nevada: This mountain range of eastern California is about 400 miles in length. The highest point is Mt. Whitney at 14,494 ft. (4,418 meters)

Bibliografa Mnima WWW.WORLDATLAS.COM Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

Sesin N4 Descripcin de la Sesin: Esta sesin introducir al alumno en la historia de Estados Unidos como una forma de proporcionar datos importantes sobre este tema, adems de identificar acontecimientos relevantes que han influido en la cultura de este pueblo. Se realizar un ejercicio de conversacin, con la participacin de todos los alumnos para producir retroalimentacin. Preguntas de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Cules fueron los inicios de la historia de Estados Unidos? Cul fue el origen de la llegada de nuevos habitantes a lo que hoy conocemos como Estados Unidos de Norteamrica.

Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert THE FIRST NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES The first Europeans to establish colonies in North America were the Spanish. In 1526 a Spaniard called Lucas Vasquez de Allyon attempted to found a colony in Carolina. (He also brought the first black slaves to North America). However the attempt failed. Many Spaniards died of disease and the survivors abandoned the colony. In 1565 Pedro Menendez de Aviles founded a settlement at St Augustine, Florida, the first permanent European settlement in what is now the USA. The first English attempt to colonize North America was made by a man named Sir Humphrey Gilbert. In 1578 Queen Elizabeth granted him permission to establish a colony there. In 1583 Gilbert sailed with a small fleet of ships to Newfoundland. However Gilbert soon abandoned the venture. Gilbert was lost on the voyage home. However his half-brother, Walter Raleigh made another attempt to found a colony. In 1584 he sent two ships to explore the coast. They found what they thought was a suitable place for a colony. In January 1585 Queen Elizabeth the 'Virgin Queen' allowed him to call the place Virginia, after her. In April 1585 an expedition was sent led by Richard Grenville. They arrived in July 1585. Grenville left men on Roanoke Island then left for England to obtain more men and supplies. However while he was gone the colonists ran very short of supplies. In 1586 the colonists abandoned Virginia and returned to England. In 1587 another attempt to found a colony was made by a man named John White. He led an expedition of men, women and children to Virginia. However White returned to England to seek more support for the colony. Because of a war between England and Spain he was unable to return to Virginia until 1590. When he did he found the colony deserted. The fate of the colonists is unknown. JAMESTOWN AND VIRGINIA The first attempts to found a colony in North America were made by gentlemen adventurers. Success came only when a group of men joined together and pooled their resources to found a colony. The Virginia Company was founded in 1606. They sent two expeditions to North America. Raleigh Gilbert (Sir Humphrey 9

Gilbert's son) led one of them. They landed in Maine but soon gave up. They returned to England in 1609. The second expedition founded Jamestown on 14 May 1607. More settlers arrived in 1609. However shortage of food, disease and conflict with the natives caused many deaths among the colonists. In 1610 the survivors were on the verge of leaving. They were dissuaded from doing so only when more ships from England arrived. In 1611 Sir Thomas Dale became the Governor of the colony. He introduced strict discipline with a code of laws called 'Laws, Divine, Moral and Martial'. Penalties for disobedience were severe. In 1612 a man named John Rolfe began growing tobacco. In 1614 the first Virginian tobacco was sold in England. Exports of tobacco soon became the mainstay of the Virginian economy. Gradually the colony expanded. In 1618 the Company offered 50 acres of land to anyone who could pay for the cost of their voyage across the Atlantic. If they could not pay they could become indentured servants. When they arrived they were not free. They had to work for the company for several years to pay back the cost of their passage. In 1619 twenty black indentured servants arrived in Virginia. Also in 1619 the first representative government in North America was created when the House of Burgesses met. (Burgess is an old English word. A burgage was a plot of land in a town on which a house was built. A burgess was the owner of a burgage). In 1624 the Virginia Company was dissolved and the Crown took over the colony. By 1660 the population of Virginia was 27,000. By 1710 it had risen to 78,000. However in 1699 the seat of government of Virginia was moved from Jamestown to Middle Plantation (Williamsburg). Afterwards Jamestown went into decline.

Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N5 Descripcin de la Sesin Se espera que los alumnos conozcan la importancia que tuvieron los primeros colonos llegados desde Inglaterra a Estados Unidos. Como su llegada influy en la cultura americana. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Por qu los peregrinos decidieron salir de Inglaterra? Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert THE PILGRIM FATHERS AND NEW ENGLAND Another English colony was founded 1620 by a group of people fleeing religious persecution. They disagreed with the teachings of the Church of England and wished to separate themselves from it not to reform it. However they did not actually call themselves 'pilgrims'. The colonists set out in a ship called the Mayflower and they arrived on 11 December 1620. Half of the colonists did not survive the first year in North America. The Natives who taught them how to grow crops saved the survivors. Another colony was founded at Salem in 1628. The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed in 1629. From 1630 large numbers of settlers were transported to New England and its population swelled. Furthermore English colonists spread over the coast of North America. In 1634 people from Massachusetts founded the town of Wethersfield in Connecticut. In 1636 a group of people left the Massachusetts Bay colony and settled on Rhode Island. The first settlement was at Providence. Meanwhile a fishing settlement was founded in New Hampshire in 1623. In 1629 the area between the Merrimack River and the Piscataqua River was granted to a man named Mason. It was named New Hampshire. Portsmouth, New Hampshire was founded in 1630. Officially New Hampshire was part of Massachusetts until 1679. Unlike the southern states, which were overwhelmingly agricultural New England developed a partly mercantile economy. Fishing was an important industry. Exports of timber and barrels were also important. There was also a ship building industry in New England. The Europeans introduced many diseases to which the natives had little or no resistance. As a result many natives died and their number declined sharply. As the British colonies grew they inevitably came into conflict with the natives. The Pequot War was fought in 1637-1638 and it ended in the destruction of the Pequot tribe. Another desperate struggle took place in 1675-1676. the colonists heavy-handed treatment of the natives led to King Philip's War. King Philip was actually a native called Metacom and the war ended with his death. Although great damage was done on both sides the defeat of the natives effectively meant that the colonists now had mastery of New England. In 1692 twenty people died as a result of the Salem Witch Trials NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY 11

In 1624 the Dutch West India Company founded a colony called New Netherland. The first settlement was at Fort Orange (Albany). In 1638 Swedes formed a colony at Fort Christina (Wilmington). The Dutch captured this colony in 1655 and made it part of New Netherland. The British captured New Netherland in 1664 and renamed it New York in honor of the king's brother the Duke of York. King Charles II granted the colony to his brother. He in turn granted the land between the Delaware and the Hudson to two men, Lord John Berkeley (1607-1678) and Sir George Carteret (1615-1680). Carteret came from the island of Jersey in the English Channel and he named the area New Jersey after his home. In 1676 the colony was divided into East and West Jersey. Carteret took East Jersey. In 1681 his widow sold it to William Penn and 11 other Quakers. Penn hoped to turn this new colony into a haven of religious tolerance for Quakers and others. In 1682 the area now called Delaware was ceded to William Penn. In 1704 it was allowed its own assembly. However until the revolution Delaware and Pennsylvania shared a governor. Meanwhile East and West Jersey were reunited in 1702. MARYLAND Maryland was founded as a haven for Catholics (though by no means all the early colonists were Catholic, some were Protestant). A man named Cecil Calvert was granted territory north of the Potomac River. His brother Leonard led 200 settlers there to found a colony in 1634. It was named Maryland after the king's wife, Henrietta Maria. By 1640 there were about 500 people in Maryland. It soon became another tobacco growing colony. CAROLINA AND GEORGIA The Carolinas were settled after 1663 when Charles II granted them to 8 proprietors. Settlers came from islands in the Caribbean as well as from Virginia and New England. Charleston was founded in 1670. Carolina soon became a slave state. From the end of the 17th century many African slaves were transported to work on the plantations. In the early 18th century the African slave population in North America increased rapidly. In 1701 Carolina was divided into North and South Carolina. Georgia was founded in 1732 when George II gave it a charter. It was named after him. The first settlement in Georgia was Savannah, which was founded in 1733. THE GREAT AWAKENING In the early 18th century there was a great religious revival in the North American colonies. (Later it was given the name 'The Great Awakening'). Leading figures in the revival were William Tennent 1673-1745, a Scottish-Presbyterian preacher, Jonathan Edwards 1703-1758, a Congregationalist and John Davenport 1716-1757. The English preacher George Whitefield 1714-1770 also visited the colonies and won many converts. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N6 Descripcin de la Sesin: Esta sesin considera aspectos generales que dieron origen a los intentos de los colonos por liberarse de la tutela y condicin econmica impuesta por Gran Bretaa. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Cules fueron estos primeros intentos para lograr independencia y lograr mayor bienestar?

Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert CONFLICT WITH BRITAIN As the North American colonies grew tension with Britain was inevitable. The British felt that the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country and this attitude was bound to cause resentment. As early as 1651 the British Parliament passed a navigation act. It stated that any goods grown or made outside Europe must be transported to England in English ships. Other Navigation Acts followed it. The 1660 Navigation Act stated that certain goods (cotton, indigo, sugar and tobacco) could only be exported from the colonies to England or to other colonies. It was followed by acts in 1670 and 1673. However the British made little attempt to enforce these acts and they were widely ignored by the colonists. (After 1763 the British tried to enforce them more rigorously, causing great resentment among the colonists). In the early 18th century the population of the North American colonies grew rapidly. It was probably about 300,000 at the end of the 17th century but by 1760 it was over 1 million. By 1780 it had doubled. In the early 18th century the population was boosted by immigrants from Northern Ireland (most of them descended from Scottish Presbyterians). There were also many immigrants from Scotland itself. Also in the early 18th century there were many German immigrants. Land was cheap in North America and it attracted many people hoping for a better life. NO TAXATION WITHOUT RESPRESENTATION Furthermore in 1763 Americans paid few taxes, certainly less than the British. The British felt that the Americans should pay a greater contribution towards the cost of their defense. In 1764 the British Prime Minister, George Grenville, passed the Sugar Act. (So called because it affected imports of molasses from the West Indies. Its proper name was the American Revenue Act.) The act actually reduced duty on molasses but steps were taken to make sure it was collected! (Smuggling was widespread). The Sugar Act infuriated the Americans and they were alienated further by the Currency Act of 1764. The colonies were printing their own money because of a shortage of currency but the act banned the issue of paper money in the American colonies (and so hindered trade). However most offence was caused by the Stamp Act of 1765, which imposed duty on legal documents, newspapers and playing cards. It was not just that the Americans hated paying the tax but that they felt a constitutional issue was involved. They believed that since they were not represented in the British parliament it had no right to impose taxes on them. In the immortal phrase 'no taxation without representation'. The Stamp Act soon proved to be unenforceable. Colonial assemblies denounced it and in October 1765 a number of colonies sent delegates to a 'Stamp act Congress' to organize resistance. Imports of British goods were boycotted and debts to British 13

merchants were suspended. Rioters attacked tax collectors and their property. Eventually in March 1766 the British were forced to repeal the Stamp Act. However at the same time they passed the Declaratory Act, which said that parliament was sovereign over all American colonies. This stupid act simply annoyed the colonists. Moreover the British had learned nothing. In 1767 the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles Townshend, imposed duties on lead, glass, paint, oil and tea. Once again the colonists boycotted imports of British goods and once again the British government was forced to back down. By March 1770 all duties except those on tea were removed. THE BOSTON MASSACRE AND THE BOSTON TEA PARTY However American public opinion was galvanized by the 'Boston massacre' of March 1770. A group of people in Boston threw snowballs at British soldiers. The soldiers opened fire, killing 5 people and wounding 6. Worse all 6 of the 8 soldiers put on trial for the deaths were acquitted. Two were found guilty of manslaughter and branded on the thumbs. The British failure to execute anybody for the massacre outraged American opinion. Then in 1773 the British East India Company sent tea to the American colonies to sell. Three ships were sent to Boston with 298 chests of tea. However Boston was a center of resistance to the British. On 16 December 1773 men dressed as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea into the sea. The British Prime Minister, Lord North, behaved very unwisely. In 1774 a series of laws were passed called the Coercive or Intolerable Acts. The port of Boston was closed and the seat of government was moved to Salem. The charter of Massachusetts was changed to give the royal governor more power. The Americans were also annoyed by the Quebec Act of 1774. This was an attempt by the British parliament to make the French Catholics loyal to the British Crown. The Act extended the boundaries of Quebec southward and westward. The Americans feared the king intended to settle loyal French speaking Catholics in the West to increase his own power in the region. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N7 Descripcin de la Sesin Los alumnos conocern los distintos hechos que constituyeron las primeras luchas por la Independencia y la fundacin de Estados Unidos como nacin. Pregunta de motivacin en introduccin al dilogo: Cun necesarias son las guerras para lograr propsitos expansivos o en este caso, la liberacin de su pas? Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR At first sight the British had many advantages. They greatly outnumbered the Americans and had much greater resources. However they were handicapped by long lines of communication. (In those days it took a sailing ship 6 to 8 weeks to cross the Atlantic). The British won the battle of Long Island in August 1776 and in September 1776 they captured New York. Washington was forced to retreat. However Washington won victories at Trenton in December 1776 and at Princeton in January 1777. The Americans were defeated at Brandywine in September 1777 but they won a decisive victory at Saratoga in October. A British force led by Burgoyne marched south from Canada but was surrounded and forced to surrender. Saratoga convinced the French that the Americans might win the war. As a result they declared war on Britain, their traditional enemy in 1778. French naval activity in the Atlantic made it even harder for the British to supply their forces in America. Spain declared war on Britain in 1779 and the Dutch declared war in 1780. The Spanish and Dutch tied down British forces in Europe. Furthermore the Americans won victories at Kings Mountain in October 1780 and at Cowpens in January 1781. Cornwallis, the British Commander, unwisely concentrated his forces on the coast at Yorktown, Virginia. However the French navy blockaded him while the Americans besieged him from the land. The British were forced to surrender. Yorktown was a catastrophic defeat for the British and ended any hope of them ending the war. Nevertheless it continued for 2 more years before the Treaty of Paris ended it in September 1783. To read about life in Colonial America click here. THE FOUNDATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In 1777 Articles of Confederation were drawn up which joined the states into a loose federation. However the arrangement proved unsatisfactory. In 1787 each state sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia to remedy this. Between May and September 1787 they wrote a new constitution. The first Congress met in 1789 and George Washington became the first President. In 1791 ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights were ratified. In the late 18th century and the early 19th century the population of the USA grew rapidly. Immigrants from Europe poured into the country including many from Germany. Meanwhile the USA expanded westward. In 1791 Vermont was admitted to the union as the 14th state. Kentucky became the 15th state in 1792 and Tennessee the 16th in 1796. In 1803 Ohio became the 17th state. 15

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE Also in 1803 American territory was greatly increased by the Louisiana purchase. France claimed a vast amount of land in central North America around the Missouri River and the Arkansas River. In 1803 Napoleon agreed to sell the lot for $15 million. Buying the French land meant there was now no bar to the USA spreading across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. Louisiana became the 18th state of the union in 1812. THE WAR OF 1812 Meanwhile the Americans and British fought another war. This war came about partly because, after 1807, the British navy blockaded European ports during the war with Napoleon and they prevented American ships from delivering their cargoes. They also boarded American ships looking for deserters. Some of the men they arrested were not deserters at all. Finally some Americans wished to invade Canadian territory. War was declared on 18 June 1812. The senators voted 19 to 13 for war. However not all Americans actively supported the war. Some were, at best, lukewarm in their support. This dissension weakened the US war effort. On the other hand American sailors were all volunteers while many sailors in the British navy were forced to join by press gangs. Volunteers were, generally, better than pressed men, one reason why America did well in naval battles. However an American attempt to invade Canada failed. However the American navy had more success. They won a victory on Lake Erie in September 1813. However Napoleon abdicated in April 1814 allowing the British to send more forces to North America. In August 1814 a British expedition landed and captured Washington. They withdrew after a few weeks. A peace treaty was signed at the end of 1814. However a major battle was fought after it was signed. The British were severely defeated at the Battle of New Orleans on 8 January 1815. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N8 Descripcin de la Sesin: Este texto est relacionado con el crecimiento de Estados Unidos, el anexamiento de Texas, la guerra con Mjico, con los indios del territorio americano .Pregunta de estudio y motivacin al dilogo: Es necesario que el dominio de un pas sobre otro se establezca mediante un conflicto blico?

Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert THE GROWTH OF THE USA In 1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out to explore what is now the northwest United States. In 1805 they followed the Missouri River to its headwaters then crossed the Rocky Mountains and reached the Pacific. They returned in 1806. By 1810 the population of the USA was over 7.2 million and it continued to grow rapidly. By 1820 it was over 9.6 million and by 1840 over 17 million. More and more states were added to union. Indiana was admitted in 1816. Mississippi followed in 1817. Illinois became a state in 1818 and Alabama in 1819. Missouri became a state in 1821. It was followed by Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837. The American economy also grew rapidly. In the south cotton expanded rapidly after Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. It also grew because Britain was industrializing. There was a huge cotton industry in Britain in the early 19th century, which devoured cotton from America. In the North trade and commerce grew rapidly. By 1860 more than 60% of the world's cotton was grown in the USA. In the decades after the war of 1812 the Northern States began to industrialize. Coal mining and manufacturing industries boomed. In 1817 the New York legislature authorized a canal from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The canal was completed in 1825 and it cut the cost of transporting freight. Furthermore the first railroad was built in the USA was built in 1828. After 1814 there was fighting between Seminole Indians from Florida and settlers from Georgia. The Seminoles also allowed runaway slaves to live among them, which annoyed the Americans. Eventually, in 1818 Andrew Jackson led a force into Florida (although it was Spanish territory). This was the first Seminole War. Spain ceded Florida to the USA in 1821. Florida became a US state in 1845. TEXAS JOINS THE USA In the 1820s the Mexican government welcomed Americans who wished to settle in its thinly populated territory of Texas. However in the American settlers soon quarreled with their Mexican masters and in 1835 they began a rebellion. On 1 March 1836 a convention met and on 2 March 1836 they signed a Texas Declaration of Independence. Meanwhile a force of Mexicans under Santa 17

Anna besieged about 189 men in the fortress at Alamo. All the defenders were eventually killed and the Alamo passed into legend. Apart from Americans Scots fought at the Alamo, so did Irishmen and Englishmen. There was also a Welshman and a Dane. However on 21 April 1836 Texan troops under Sam Houston routed the Mexican army under Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto. Texas became independent and Sam Houston became its first president. In 1845 the USA annexed Texas and it became the 28th US state. However the Mexicans never accepted the independence of Texas and they were infuriated when the Americans annexed the territory. The US annexation of Texas led directly to war with Mexico. THE MEXICAN WAR In 1845, fearing the Mexicans would invade Texas, President Polk sent troops under Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande. The Mexicans ambushed an American patrol north of the river. However the Americans defeated the Mexicans at the battles of Palo Alto on 8 May 1846 and Reseca de la Palma on 9 May 1846. On 13 May 1846 Congress declared war on Mexico. On 21 September Taylor attacked Monterrey. An armistice was agreed and the Mexican troops withdrew. Santa Anna counterattacked on 22 February 1847 but he was defeated. Then General Scott captured Veracruz on 28 March 1847. He then marched on Mexico City and captured it in mid-September 1847. The Mexican War was ended by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848. Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the USA. THE INDIAN WARS As the USA expanded westward there were many wars with the Indians. In 1790 Chief Little Turtle of the Miami defeated an American force under Josiah Harmar. The next year the Americans were defeated again. However in 1794 American troops decisively defeated the natives at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. By the treaty of Greenville, 1795, the natives were forced to cede most of Ohio to the Americans. During the war of 1812 some natives sided with the British. The Creeks won a battle against the Americans at Fort Sims in 1812. However troops led by Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814. The Treaty of Fort Jackson forced the Creeks to cede more than half their land to the Americans. (It later became the state of Alabama). Andrew Jackson later became President and in 1830 he signed the Indian Removal Bill which forced Indians east of the Mississippi River to move to Oklahoma. The Choctaws were forced to move in 1832. They were followed by the Creeks in 1835 and the Chickasaw in 1837. The Cherokee's were forced to move in 1838-39. (So many of them died on the trail it was called the 'Trail of Tears'. However one tribe, the Seminoles of Florida, resisted deportation. In the years 1835-1842 they fought a guerrilla war against the Americans. This was the Second Seminole War. However in 1837 their leader, Osceola, was captured. Most of the Seminoles eventually surrendered and were forced to move to Oklahoma but several hundred escaped and fought another war in 1855-1858. This was the Third Seminole War. In the 1850s the USA also fought wars with the natives of the Northwest. The natives were defeated in the Rogue River War of 1855-56 and the Yakima War of 1855-58. Afterwards they were forced 18

onto reservations. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N9 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin los alumnos conocern como esta nacin fue creciendo en nmero de habitantes y de cmo se fueron agregando nuevos estados, adems del surgimiento del problema de la esclavitud, separando al pas en dos lados opuestos. Pregunta de motivacin al dilogo.Qu piensan Uds. de la esclavitud Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. THE USA IN THE MID-19TH CENTURY The USA continued to grow rapidly and by 1860 its population was 31 million. New states were added. Iowa was added to the union in 1846. Wisconsin followed in 1848 and Kansas was admitted in 1861. However the rapidly growing nation was torn apart by the issue of slavery. When the constitution was written in 1787 many people hoped that slavery would die out of its own accord. However Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 gave slavery a new importance in the southern states. In the northern states slavery was gradually abolished and the USA became divided into 'free states' and 'slave states'. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE In 1803 the USA bought land from France. This was known as the Mississippi purchase. In 1819 part of the territory asked to be admitted to the union as a state in which slavery was allowed. However at that time the USA was evenly divided between free states and slave states. Another slave state would upset the balance. Furthermore northerners feared that more slave states would be created in future. Representative James Tallmade of New York proposed an amendment, which would have ended slavery in Missouri. However it did not become law. A row occurred between northerners who believed that Congress had the power to ban slavery in new states and southerners who believed that new states had the right to allow slavery if they wished. Eventually an agreement was reached. Missouri was admitted as a slave state but at the same time part of Massachusetts became the state of Maine so the balance of slave and free was preserved. Furthermore a line was drawn across the continent. States north of it were to be free, south of it they were to be slave. However the Missouri compromise was only a temporary solution. Gaining new territory from Mexico created new tensions. In 1846 a man named David Wilmot introduced the Wilmot proviso, which stated that slavery should not be allowed in any territory taken from Mexico. It was added as an amendment to bills but was never passed by Congress. Nevertheless the Wilmot Proviso alienated the south. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 Eventually a compromise was reached. The Compromise of 1850 stated that the territories of New Mexico and Utah could decide for themselves whether they wished to allow slavery or not when they applied to become states. A fugitive slave law was also passed which said that slaves who ran away 20

to the north should be returned to their masters. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 organized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It also ended the Missouri Compromise. The compromise drew a line across the continent and banned slavery north of it. Although Kansas and Nebraska were north of the line the Act allowed them to choose whether to permit slavery or not when they applied to become states. In Kansas supporters and opponents of slavery came to blows in a series of violent incidents called 'Bleeding Kansas'. Feeling against slavery in the north was strengthened by Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852. In the Dred-Scott case of 1857 the southern-dominated Supreme Court decided that slaves were not and never could be US citizens. It also declared the 1820 Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. The case enraged public opinion in the north. The civil war was not caused just by the question of slavery. North and south were also divided over tariffs. The northern states began to industrialize in the early 19th century. By the middle of the century the north was becoming an industrial, urban society. Northerners wanted tariffs to protect their industries. However the south remained an agricultural society. Its economy was based on plantations worked by slaves. Southerners objected to tariffs because they bought goods from the north or from Europe and tariffs made them more expensive. North and south were quite different economically and culturally. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N10 Descripcin de la Sesin: Se espera que los alumnos conozcan datos importantes de este proceso histrico en el desarrollo de Estados Unidos y el comienzo de la formacin de los Estados Confederados. Pregunta de motivacin al dilogo:Cmo podra evitarse una guerra civil , hecho que de por s es un acontecimiento cruento que dejar grandes daos, tanto fsicos como sicolgicos entre los combatientes?

Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert THE OUTBREAK OF CIVIL WAR The civil war was finally provoked by the election of Abraham Lincoln 1809-1865 as president. Lincoln did not believe he had the power to abolish slavery in states where it already existed. However he firmly opposed the expansion of slavery into territories of the USA, which were likely to become states in future. His policy meant that in future free states would outnumber slave ones. As a result of his election South Carolina ceded from the union on 20 December 1860. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas followed it early in 1861. Together they formed the Confederate States of America on 4 February 1861. Jefferson Davis(1808-1889) became the President. Fighting began on 12 April 1861. Fort Sumter was a unionist stronghold under Major Robert Anderson. On 12 April the Confederate General Beauregard ordered the unionists to evacuate the fort. The unionists rejected his terms and that day southern artillery bombarded the fort. Fort Sumter was forced to surrender the next day but the unionist soldiers were allowed to retreat to the north. Afterwards both sides began arming for war. Following Fort Sumter Arkansas ceded from the union on 6 May 1861. It was followed by Tennessee and North Carolina. However the south was easily outmatched by the north. In the south there were only 5 1/2 million whites and over 3 1/2 million slaves. The north outnumbered the south 4 to 1 in men of military age. Furthermore while the north had begun to industrialize the south remained an agricultural society. About 90% of manufacturing industry was in the north of 2/3 of US railroads. Furthermore the south suffered from disunity. Since they were firm believers in states rights the confederate states could not form a firmly united federation. Despite these disadvantages the south won some early victories. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR In July 1861 General Beauregard was in charge of 22,000 confederate troops an Manassas Junction by the Bull Run River. General McDowell marched south with over 30,000 unionist soldiers. They attacked the confederates on 21 July 1861. However they were held in check by troops led by

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Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson. Eventually the unionists retreated. However in the west the unionists won a significant victory at Shiloh on 6-7 April 1862. On the first day the confederates had some success but they were unable to drive the unionists off the field completely. Unionist reinforcements arrived that night and on 7 April the confederates were forced to retreat with heavy losses. In Louisiana unionists captured New Orleans on 25 April and Baton Rouge on 12 May. In April 1862 the Army of the Potomac, led by General McClellan began the Peninsular Campaign. They captured Yorktown on 4 May 1862. By late May McClellan reached the outskirts of Richmond. However in late June 1862 General Robert E. Lee attacked and fought a series of battles called 'The Seven Days'. McClellan was forced to retreat. In August 1862 the two armies clashed at a battle known as Second Bull Run or Second Manassas. It was a decisive southern victory and the northern army retreated. Lee invaded the north and the two armies fought at Antietam. Lee was forced to retreat into Virginia. However the unionists were severely defeated at Fredericksburg on 13 December 1862. Robert E. Lee won another brilliant victory at Chancellorsville in May 1863. Lee invaded the north again in June 1863. The turning point of the war was at Gettysburg in July 1863. The two armies clashed on 1-3 July. At first the confederates had some success. Eventually, however, they were forced to retreat with heavy losses. The south also suffered defeat at Vicksburg on the Mississippi. General Grant laid siege to the town and captured it on 4 July 1863. From the middle of 1863 the south's fortunes gradually waned. In November the south suffered another defeat at Chattanooga. In May 1864 both sides suffered heavy losses at the Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia. The unionists were unable to capture Petersburg or Richmond for many months. Meanwhile, after Chattanooga, General Sherman began to advance through Georgia towards the sea. His army entered Atlanta on 3 September 1864. On 21 December 1861 Sherman's troops captured Savannah on the coast. The confederacy was cut in half. Then, in February 1865, Sherman headed north into South Carolina. He captured Columbia on 19 February 1865. Then he pressed on into North Carolina. Further north Robert E. Lee faced increasing pressure from Grant's forces in Virginia. On 2 April 1864 the confederates abandoned Petersburg and Richmond. Finally on 9 April 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant at Appotomax Court House. That was effectively the end of the civil war. The rest of the confederate forces surrendered soon afterwards. Johnston surrendered to Sherman on 18 April and the last confederate army surrendered on 26 May 1865. However Lincoln did not live to see the end of the war. John Wilkes Booth assassinated him on 15 April 1865. Lincoln was watching a play in Ford's Theater when Booth shot him in the head. Andrew Johnson took his place. THE END OF SLAVERY At first Lincoln was reluctant to abolish slavery in the south. However he eventually changed his 23

mind. On 23 September 1862 he made the Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves would be made free in any states still in rebellion on 1 January 1863. However this only applied to areas occupied by the unionist army after that date it did not apply to areas already under unionist control. However the proclamation was followed by the 13th amendment, which banned slavery. It was ratified by December 1865. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N11 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin los alumnos conoceran cmo la industria, la poblacin y la asignacin de tierras fue aumentando en Estados Unidos, de la misma forma como creci el aspecto agrcola ayudado por nuevas tecnologas. Pregunta de motivacin al dilogo: Qu aspectos de nuestra vida pueden ser mejorados mediante nuevas tecnologas? Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. THE RISE OF THE USA In the late 19th century the population of the USA grew very rapidly. In 1860 the population was 31 million. By 1900 it was almost 76 million. Immigrants from Europe poured into the USA hoping for a better life. Many people were lured by the Homesteader Act of 1862. Settlers were offered 160 acres of land free provided they agreed to till it for 5 years. (However Chinese immigration into the USA was ended by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882). American industry also boomed. In the late 19th century the USA was the fastest growing industrial nation in the world. By the end of the century it had surpassed Britain in production of iron and steel. The American railroad network also grew rapidly. In 1850 there were 9,000 miles of railways. By 1900 there were 190,000 miles. The first transcontinental railroad was built in 1869. Meanwhile, in 1859, Edwin Drake (1819-1899) struck oil in Pennsylvania. Soon there was a flourishing oil industry in Pennsylvania. The first oil pipeline was built in 1865. In 1874 Levi Strauss began making riveted jeans. An increasing number of Americans lived in cities. By 1900 almost 1/3 of them did. by then there were more than 40 cities with a population of over 100,000. (It wasn't until 1920 that the majority of Americans lived in cities). Conditions in the industrial cities were often appalling. Many people lived in overcrowded slums. Meanwhile American agriculture continued to boom. It was helped by new technology. Cyrus McCormick invented a mechanical reaper in 1834. John Deere (1804-1886) invented the steel plough in 1838. In 1854 the first successful self-governing windmill (that changed direction automatically to face the wind) was made. In 1874 barbed wire was patented. THE PLAINS INDIANS Westward expansion inevitably meant wars with the plains Indians. From the 1860s to the 1880s a series of wars were fought. Eventually all the Indian Wars were won by the whites because of their superior technology. They also hunted the buffalo, the main food supply, almost to extinction. The plains tribes such as the 25

Cheyenne, Arapaho and Sioux were all forced to move onto reservations. Conditions on the reservations were appalling. Rations were inadequate and in some cases there was near starvation. Then in 1888 a Pauite Indian called Wovok claimed he was the messiah. He claimed that soon North America would be restored to the Natives and the plains would run black with buffalo again. His followers did the ghost dance. This new religious movement alarmed the white men. It ended with a massacre at Wounded Knee on 29 December 1890. Soldiers were sent to disarm a group of Indians but one man refused to surrender his gun. Somebody started shooting and the rest of the soldiers followed killing many Indians (possibly as many as 350). The massacre at Wounded Knee marked the end of the Indian Wars and the final triumph of the white man. Meanwhile in 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson published A Century of Dishonor which showed how unjustly the native people had been treated. However in 1887 the Dawes Act was passed. It stated that tribal lands should be divided up into individual holdings. The intention was to undermine the tribal way of life and force the natives to adopt the white way of life. Furthermore after the land was divided a great deal was left over. It was declared 'surplus' and sold. As a result the amount of land held by Indians declined drastically. The year 1890 was significant for another reason. By then the frontier had disappeared as settlers moved across the continent. In the late 19th century several new states were added to the union. West Virginia was admitted in 1863. Nevada followed in 1864. Nebraska was admitted in 1867. It was followed by Colorado in 1876. In 1889 four new states were admitted to the union, North and South Dakota, Montana and Washington. In 1890 Idaho and Wyoming were admitted. Utah followed in 1896. THE SPANISH WAR In 1898 the USA fought a war with Spain. In the 1890s Cuba rebelled against Spanish rule and the Spanish dealt with the rebels very harshly. That enraged American public opinion. On 15 February 1898 an American battleship, Maine, blew up in Havana Harbor, killing 260 men. It is not certain what caused the explosion but many people blamed the Spanish. On 25 April 1898 the USA went to war. On 1 May Spanish ships were destroyed in Manila Harbor. US soldiers landed in the Philippines and they captured Manila on 13 August. Meanwhile a Spanish fleet was destroyed outside Santiago on 3 July. US soldiers landed in Cuba and captured Santiago on 17 July. The last Spanish troops in Cuba surrendered on 26 July. An armistice was signed on 14 August. By a peace treaty, which was signed in Paris on 10 December 1898, Cuba became independent while the USA took the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam. The Spanish War proved the USA was now a great power. By 1910 the USA had overtaken Britain as the richest and most powerful nation in the world. By then the population of the USA had reached 92 million. 20TH CENTURY USA In the early 20th century three new states were admitted to the union, Oklahoma in 1907 and Arizona and New Mexico in 1912. Also in the early 20th century the USA built the Panama Canal. President Theodore Roosevelt 26

decided to build a canal across Panama in 1902. In 1903 the USA leased a 6-mile wide canal zone for 99 years. The canal was built in the years 1904-1914. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N12 Descripcin de la Sesin: La Primera Guerra Mundial o Gran Guerra fue un conflicto armado que tuvo lugar entre 1914 y 1918, y que produjo ms de 10 millones de bajas. Ms de 60 millones de soldados europeos fueron movilizados desde 1914 hasta 1918. Originado en Europa por la rivalidad entre las potencias imperialistas, se transform en el primero en cubrir ms de la mitad del planeta. Fue en su momento el conflicto ms sangriento de la historia. Antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, esta guerra sola llamarse la Gran Guerra o la Guerra de Guerras. Fue la segunda guerra ms daina de la historia tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Pregunta de introduccin al dilogo: Qu pases participaron en este conflicto Blico?

Lectura Previa www. BBC.co.uk Summary of World War One. The war in brief 1914

Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany. Japan joins the Allied forces: Ottoman Empire soon joins the Central Powers. War spreads to the seas. 1915

Women take up men's jobs. Stalemate continues on the Western Front. The Lusitania passenger liner is sunk, with 1,200 lives lost. London attacked from the air by German Zeppelins. 1916

Conscription for men aged between 18 and 41. A million casualties in ten months: Germany aims to 'bleed France white'. At sea the Battle of Jutland takes place. 28

Armed uprisings in Dublin: the Irish Republic is proclaimed. 1917

German Army retreats to the Hindenburg Line. United States joins the war and assists the Allies. Tank, submarine and gas warfare intensifies. Royal family change their surname to Windsor to appear more British. 1918

Germany launches major offensive on the Western Front. Allies launch successful counter-offensives at the Marne and Amiens. Armistice signed on November 11, ending the war at 11am. In Britain, a coalition government is elected and women over 30 succeed in gaining the vote.

Bibliografa Mnima www.BBC.co.uk Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N13 Descripcin de la Sesin La Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) fue el conflicto armado entre el Eje (Alemania, Italia y Japn) y los Aliados (Inglaterra, Francia y Unin Sovitica). Este segundo bloque fue reforzado por Estados Unidos desde 1941. Lectura Previa www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. World War Two: Summary Outline of Key Events By Bruce Robinson Timeline 1939

Hitler invades Poland on 1 September. Britain and France declare war on Germany two days later. 1940

Rationing starts in the UK. German 'Blitzkrieg' overwhelms Belgium, Holland and France. Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Britain. British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk. British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone invasion plans. 1941

Hitler begins Operation Barbarossa - the invasion of Russia. The Blitz continues against Britain's major cities. Allies take Tobruk in North Africa, and resist German attacks. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the US enters the war. 1942

Germany suffers setbacks at Stalingrad and El Alamein. Singapore falls to the Japanese in February - around 25,000 prisoners taken. American naval victory at Battle of Midway, in June, marks turning point in Pacific War. Mass murder of Jewish people at Auschwitz begins. 1943

Surrender at Stalingrad marks Germany's first major defeat. 30

Allied victory in North Africa enables invasion of Italy to be launched. Italy surrenders, but Germany takes over the battle. British and Indian forces fight Japanese in Burma. 1944

Allies land at Anzio and bomb monastery at Monte Cassino. Soviet offensive gathers pace in Eastern Europe. D Day: The Allied invasion of France. Paris is liberated in August. Guam liberated by the US Okinawa, and Iwo Jima bombed. 1945

Auschwitz liberated by Soviet troops. Russians reach Berlin: Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders on 7 May. Truman becomes President of the US on Roosevelt's death, and Attlee replaces Churchill. After atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders on 14 August. Bibliografa Mnima www.LocalHistories.org/americaHTML.Tim Lambert. Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N14 Descripcin de la Sesin: Los alumnos conocern los nombres y ciudades capitales de cada Estado, con sus caractersticas principales, puntos de inters, productos ms importantes, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Cuntos estados tiene Estados Unidos en su parte continental?, Hay algunos estados que sean islas?

Lectura Previa www.usacitiesonline.com

This is a list of United States state capital cities. Each city is the center of government for a state in the United States, usually in the capitol building. The state capital city with the fewest people is Montpelier, Vermont while the capital city with the most people is Phoenix, Arizona. State Capital Alabama Montgomery Alaska Juneau Arizona Phoenix Arkansas Little Rock California Sacramento Colorado Denver Connecticut Hartford Delaware Dover Florida Tallahassee Georgia Atlanta Hawaii Honolulu Idaho Boise Illinois Springfield Indiana Indianapolis Iowa Des Moines Kansas Topeka Kentucky Frankfort State Capital Louisiana Baton Rouge Maine Augusta Maryland Annapolis Massachusetts Boston Michigan Lansing Minnesota Saint Paul Mississippi Jackson Missouri Jefferson City Montana Helena Nebraska Lincoln Nevada Carson City New Hampshire Concord New Jersey Trenton New Mexico Santa Fe New York Albany North Carolina Raleigh North Dakota Bismarck

State Capital Ohio Columbus Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oregon Salem Pennsylvania Harrisburg Rhode Island Providence South Carolina Columbia South Dakota Pierre Tennessee Nashville Texas Austin Utah Salt Lake City Vermont Montpelier Virginia Richmond Washington Olympia West Virginia Charleston Wisconsin Madison Wyoming Cheyenne

Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press. 32

Sesin N15 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Alabama, Alaska y Arizona, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estado te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.usacitiesonline.com Alabama. Spanish explorers are believed to have arrived at Mobile Bay in 1519, and the territory was visited in 1540 by the explorer Hernando de Soto. The first permanent European settlement in Alabama was founded by the French at Fort Louis de la Mobile in 1702. The British gained control of the area in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris but had to cede almost all the Alabama region to the U.S. and Spain after the American Revolution. The Confederacy was founded at Montgomery in Feb. 1861, and, for a time, the city was the Confederate capital. During the later 19th century, the economy of the state slowly improved with industrialization. At Tuskegee Institute, founded in 1881 by Booker T. Washington, Dr. George Washington Carver carried out his famous agricultural research. In the 1950s and '60s, Alabama was the site of such landmark civil-rights actions as the bus boycott in Montgomery (195556) and the Freedom March from Selma to Montgomery (1965). Today paper, chemicals, rubber and plastics, apparel and textiles, primary metals, and automobile manufacturing constitute the leading industries of Alabama. Continuing as a major manufacturer of coal, iron, and steel, Birmingham is also noted for its world-renowned medical center. The state ranks high in the production of poultry, soybeans, milk, vegetables, livestock, wheat, cattle, cotton, peanuts, fruits, hogs, and corn. Points of interest include the Helen Keller birthplace at Tuscumbia, the Space and Rocket Center at Huntsville, the White House of the Confederacy, the restored state Capitol, the Civil Rights Memorial, the Rosa Parks Museum & Library, and the Shakespeare Festival Theater Complex in Montgomery; the Civil Rights Institute and the McWane Center in Birmingham; the Russell Cave near Bridgeport; the Bellingrath Gardens at Theodore; the USS Alabama at Mobile; Mound State Monument near Tuscaloosa; and the Gulf Coast area. State symbols: flower bird camellia (1959) yellowhammer (1927)

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song tree salt water fish fresh water fish

Alabama (1931) Southern longleaf pine (1949, 1997) fighting tarpon (1955)

horse mineral rock game bird dance nut fossil

racking horse (1975) hematite (1967) marble (1969) wild turkey (1980) square dance (1981) pecan (1982) species Basilosaurus Cetoides (1984)

official mascot and butterfly eastern tiger swallowtail (1989) insect reptile gemstone shell monarch butterfly (1989) Alabama red-bellied turtle (1990) star blue quartz (1990) scaphella junonia johnstoneae (1990)

Nickname: Yellowhammer State Origin of name:From Alabama River by early European explorers and named "Alibamu" after the local Indian tribe 10 largest cities (2010):Birmingham, 212,237; Montgomery, 205,764; Mobile, 195,111; Huntsville, 180,105; Tuscaloosa, 90,468; Hoover, 81,619; Dothan, 65,496; Decatur, 55,683; Auburn, 53,380; Madison, 42,938 Land area: 50,744 sq mi. (131,427 sq km) 34

Residents: Alabamian, Alabaman 2010 resident census population: 4,779,736

Alaska. Vitus Bering, a Dane working for the Russians, and Alexei Chirikov discovered the Alaskan mainland and the Aleutian Islands in 1741. The tremendous land mass of Alaskaequal to one-fifth of the continental U.S.was unexplored in 1867 when Secretary of State William Seward arranged for its purchase from the Russians for $7,200,000. The transfer of the territory took place on Oct. 18, 1867. Despite a price of about two cents an acre, the purchase was widely ridiculed as Seward's Folly. The first official census (1880) reported a total of 33,426 Alaskans, all but 430 being of aboriginal stock. The Gold Rush of 1898 resulted in a mass influx of more than 30,000 people. Since then, Alaska has contributed billions of dollars' worth of products to the U.S. economy. In 1968, a large oil and gas reservoir near Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Coast was found. The Prudhoe Bay reservoir, with an estimated recoverable 10 billion barrels of oil and 27 trillion cubic feet of gas, is twice as large as any other oil field in North America. The Trans-Alaska pipeline was completed in 1977 at a cost of $7.7 billion. Oil flows through the 800-mile-long pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez. Other important industries are fisheries, wood and wood products, furs, and tourism. Denali National Park and Mendenhall Glacier in North Tongass National Forest are of interest, as is the large totem pole collection at Sitka National Historical Park. The Katmai National Park includes the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, an area of active volcanoes. The Alaska Native population includes Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts. About half of all Alaska Natives are Eskimos. (Eskimo is used for Alaska Natives; Inuit is used for Eskimos living in Canada.) The two main Eskimo groups, Inupiat and Yupik, are distinguished by their language and geography. The former live in the north and northwest parts of Alaska and speak Inupiaq, while the latter live in the south and southwest and speak Yupik. About a third of Alaska Natives are American Indians. The major tribes are the Alaskan Athabaskan in the central part of the state, and the Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Haida in the southeast. The Aleuts, native to the Aleutian Islands, Kodiak Island, the lower Alaska and Kenai Peninsulas, and Prince William Sound, are physically and culturally related to the Eskimos. About 15% of Alaska Natives are Aleuts. State symbols: flower forget-me-not (1949)

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tree bird

sitka spruce (1962) willow ptarmigan (1955) king salmon (1962) Alaska's Flag (1955) jade (1968) bowhead whale (1983) woolly mammoth (1986) gold (1968) Arizona. Marcos de Niza, a Spanish Franciscan friar, was the first European to explore Arizona. He entered the area in 1539 in search of the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. Although he was followed a year later by another gold seeker, Francisco Vsquez de Coronado, most of the early settlement was for missionary purposes. In 1775 the Spanish established Fort Tucson. In 1848, after the Mexican War, most of the Arizona territory became part of the U.S., and the southern portion of the territory was added by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Arizona history is rich in legends of America's Old West. It was here that the great Indian chiefs Geronimo and Cochise led their people against the frontiersmen. Tombstone, Ariz., was the site of the West's most famous shoot-outthe gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Today, Arizona has one of the largest U.S. Indian populations; more than 14 tribes are represented on 20 reservations.

fish song

gem marine mammal fossil

mineral

Nickname: The state is commonly called The Last Frontier or Land of the Midnight Sun Origin of name: Corruption of Aleut word meaning great land or that which the sea breaks against 10 largest cities (2010): Anchorage, 291,826; Fairbanks, 31,535; Juneau, 31,275 Sitka, 8,881; Wasilla, 7,831; Kenai, 7,100; Ketchikan, 8,050; Palmer, 5,937; Kodiak, 6,130; Bethel, 6,080; Land area: 570,665 sq mi. (1,4 81,353 sq km)

Manufacturing has become Arizona's most important industry. Principal products include electrical, communications, and aeronautical items. The state produces over half of the country's copper. Agriculture is also important to the state's economy. Top commodities are cattle and calves, dairy products, and cotton. In 1973 one of the world's most massive dams, the New Cornelia Tailings, was completed near Ajo. 36

State attractions include the Grand Canyon, the Petrified Forest, the Painted Desert, Hoover Dam, Lake Mead, Fort Apache, and the reconstructed London Bridge at Lake Havasu City.

State symbols: flower bird colors song tree flower of saguaro cactus (1931) cactus wren (1931) blue and old gold (1915) Arizona (1919) palo verde (1954)

neckwear bola tie (1971) fossil petrified wood (1988)

gemstone turquoise (1974) mammal reptile fish ringtail (1986) Arizona ridgenose rattlesnake (1986) Arizona trout (1986)

amphibian Arizona tree frog (1986) butterfly two-tailed swallowtail (2001)

Nickname: Grand Canyon State Origin of name: Uncertain. Perhaps from the O'odham Indian word for little spring 10 largest cities (2010): Phoenix, 1,445,632; Tucson, 520,116; Mesa, 439,041; Chandler, 236,123; Glendale, 226,721;Scottsdale, 217,385; Gilbert, 208,453; Tempe, 161,719; Peoria, 154,065; Yuma, 90,041 Land area: 113,595 sq mi. (294,315 sq km) Geographic center: In Yavapai Co., 55 mi. ESE of Prescott 37

Number of counties: 15 Largest county by population and area: Maricopa, 3,635,528 (2005); Coconino, 18,562 sq mi. State parks: 28 Residents: Arizonan, Arizonian 2010 resident population: 6,392,017

Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N16 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Arkansas, California y Colorado, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Arkansas. Spaniard Hernando de Soto was among the early European explorers to visit the territory in the mid16th century, but it was a Frenchman, Henri de Tonti, who in 1686 founded the first permanent white settlementthe Arkansas Post. In 1803 the area was acquired by the U.S. as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Part of the Territory of Missouri from 1812, the area became a separate entity in 1819 after the first large wave of settlers arrived. The next several decades were marked by the development of the cotton industry and the spread of the Southern plantation system west into Arkansas. Arkansas joined the Confederacy in 1861, but from 1863 the northern part of the state was occupied by Union troops. Food products are the state's largest employing sector, with lumber and wood products a close second. Arkansas is also a leader in the production of cotton, rice, and soybeans. It also has the country's only active diamond mine; located near Murfreesboro, it is operated as a tourist attraction. Hot Springs National Park and Buffalo National River in the Ozarks are major state attractions. Blanchard Springs Caverns, the Historic Arkansas Museum at Little Rock, the William J. Clinton Birthplace in Hope, and the Arkansas Folk Center in Mountain View are also of interest. State symbols: flower apple blossom (1901) tree bird pine (1939) mockingbird (1929)

insect honeybee (1973) song Arkansas (1963)

Nickname: The Natural State Origin of name: From the Quapaw Indians 10 largest cities (2010): Little Rock, 193,524; Fort Smith, 86,209; Fayetteville, 73,580; Springdale, 39

69,797; Jonesboro, 67,263; North Little Rock, 62304; Conway, 58,908; Rogers, 55,964; Pine Bluff, 49,083; Bentonville, 35,301 Land area: 52,068 sq mi. (134,856 sq km) Geographic center: In Pulaski Co., 12 mi. SW of Little Rock Number of counties: 75 Largest county by population and area: Pulaski, 366,463 (2005); Union, 1,039 sq mi. State parks: 51 Residents: Arkansan 2010 resident population: 2,915,918 California. Although California was sighted by Spanish navigator Juan Rodrguez Cabrillo in 1542, its first Spanish mission (at San Diego) was not established until 1769. California became a U.S. territory in 1847 when Mexico surrendered it to John C. Frmont. On Jan. 24, 1848, James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill, starting the California Gold Rush and bringing settlers to the state in large numbers. By 1964, California had surpassed New York to become the most populous state. One reason for this may be that more immigrants settle in California than any other statemore than one-third of the nation's total in 1994. Asians and Pacific Islanders led the influx. Leading industries include agriculture, manufacturing (transportation equipment, machinery, and electronic equipment), biotechnology, aerospace-defense, and tourism. Principal natural resources include timber, petroleum, cement, and natural gas. Death Valley, in the southeast, is 282 ft below sea level, the lowest point in the nation. Mt. Whitney (14,491 ft) is the highest point in the contiguous 48 states. Lassen Peak is one of two active U.S. volcanoes outside of Alaska and Hawaii; its last eruptions were recorded in 1917. Other points of interest include Yosemite National Park, Disneyland, Hollywood, the Golden Gate Bridge, Sequoia National Park, San Simeon State Park, and Point Reyes National Seashore. In the Nov. 2005 election, California voters soundly rejected Gov. Schwarzenegger's heavilysupported reform agenda ballot measures.

State symbols: flower golden poppy (1903) tree California redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens & Sequoiadendron giganteum) (1937, 1953) 40

bird

California valley quail (1931)

animal California grizzly bear (1953) fish California golden trout (1947)

colors blue and gold (1951) song I Love You, California (1951)

Nickname: Golden State Origin of name: From a book, Las Sergas de Esplandin, by Garcia Ordez de Montalvo, c. 1500 10 largest cities (2010): Los Angeles, 3,792,621; San Diego, 1,307,402; San Jose, 945,942; San Francisco, 805,235; Fresno, 510,365; Sacramento, 489,488; Long Beach, 462,257; Oakland, 409,300; Bakersfield, 347,483; Anaheim, 336,265 Land area: 155,959 sq mi. (403,934 sq km) Geographic center: In Madera Co., 38 mi. E of Madera Number of counties: 58 Largest county by population and area: Los Angeles, 9,818,605 (2010); San Bernardino, 20,164 sq mi. National forests: 18 State parks and beaches: 278 (1.5 million ac.) Residents: Californian 2010 resident population: 37,253,956 Colorado. First visited by Spanish explorers in the 1500s, the territory was claimed for Spain by Juan de Ulibarri in 1706. The U.S. obtained eastern Colorado as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the central portion in 1845 with the admission of Texas as a state, and the western part in 1848 as a result of the Mexican War. Colorado has the highest mean elevation of any state, with more than 1,000 Rocky Mountain peaks over 10,000 ft high and 54 towering above 14,000 ft. Pikes Peak, the most famous of these mountains, was discovered by U.S. Army lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike in 1806. Once primarily a mining and agricultural state, Colorado's economy is now driven by the service 41

industries, including medical providers and other business and professional services. Colorado's economy also has a strong manufacturing base. The primary manufactures are food products, printing and publishing, machinery, and electrical instruments. The state is also a communications and transportation hub for the Rocky Mountain region. The farm industry, which is primarily concentrated in livestock, is also an important element of the state's economy. The primary crops in Colorado are corn, hay, and wheat. Breathtaking scenery and world-class skiing make Colorado a prime tourist destination. The main tourist attractions in the state include Rocky Mountain National Park, Curecanti National Recreation Area, Mesa Verde National Park, the Great Sand Dunes and Dinosaur National Monuments, Colorado National Monument, and the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument. State symbols: flower tree bird animal Rocky Mountain columbine (1899) Colorado blue spruce (1939) lark bunting (1931) Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (1961)

gemstone aquamarine (1971) colors song fossil blue and white (1911) Where the Columbines Grow (1915) stegosaurus (1991)

Nickname: Centennial State Origin of name: From the Spanish, ruddy or red 10 largest cities (2010): Denver, 600,158; Colorado Springs, 416,427; Aurora, 325,078; Fort Collins, 143,986; Lakewood, 142,980; Thornton, 118,772; Westminster, 106,114; Arvada, 106,433 Pueblo, 106,595; Centennial, 100,377 Land area: 103,717 sq mi. (268,627 sq km) Geographic center: In Park Co., 30 mi. NW of Pikes Peak Number of counties: 64 42

Largest county by population and area: El Paso 622,263 (2010); Las Animas, 4,773 sq mi. State forests: 1 (71,000 ac.) State parks: 44 (160,000 ac.) Residents: Coloradan, Coloradoan 2010 resident population: 5,029,196 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N17 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Connectitut, Delaware y Florida, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Connecticut. The Dutch navigator, Adriaen Block, was the first European of record to explore the area, sailing up the Connecticut River in 1614. In 1633, Dutch colonists built a fort and trading post near present-day Hartford but soon lost control to English Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. English settlements established in the 1630s at Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford united in 1639 to form the Connecticut Colony under the Fundamental Orders, the first modern constitution. Connecticut played a prominent role in the Revolutionary War, serving as the Continental Army's major supplier. Sometimes called the Arsenal of the Nation, the state became one of the most industrialized in the nation. Today, Connecticut factories produce weapons, sewing machines, jet engines, helicopters, motors, hardware and tools, cutlery, clocks, locks, silverware, and submarines. Hartford has the oldest U.S. newspaper still being publishedthe Hartford Courant, established 1764and is the insurance capital of the nation. Connecticut leads New England in the production of eggs, pears, peaches, and mushrooms, and its oyster crop is the nation's second largest. Poultry and dairy products also account for a large portion of farm income. Connecticut is a popular resort area with its 250-mile Long Island Sound shoreline and many inland lakes. Among the major points of interest are Yale University's Gallery of Fine Arts and Peabody Museum. Other famous museums include the P. T. Barnum, Winchester Gun, and American Clock and Watch. The town of Mystic features a re-created 19th-century New England seaport and the Mystic Marinelife Aquarium. State symbols: flower tree animal mountain laurel (1907) white oak (1947) sperm whale (1975)

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bird hero heroine insect mineral song ship shellfish fossil

American robin (1943) Nathan Hale (1985) Prudence Crandall (1995) praying mantis (1977) garnet (1977) Yankee Doodle (1978) USS Nautilus (1983) eastern oyster (1989) Eubrontes Giganteus (1991)

composer Charles Edward Ives (1991)

Nickname: Constitution State (official, 1959); Nutmeg State Origin of name: From an Indian word (Quinnehtukqut) meaning beside the long tidal river 10 largest cities (2010): Bridgeport, 144,229; New Haven, 129,779; Hartford, 124,775; Stamford, 122,643; Waterbury, 110,366; Norwalk, 85,603; Danbury, 80,893; New Britain, 73,206; Meriden, 60,868; Bristol, 60,477 Land area: 4,844 sq mi. (12,545 sq km) Geographic center: In Hartford Co., at East Berlin Number of counties: 8 Largest county by population and area: Fairfield, 916,829 (2010); Litchfield, 920 sq mi. State forests: 94 (170,000 ac.) State parks: 94 (32,960 ac.) Residents: Connecticuter; Nutmegger 2010 resident population: 3,574,097

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Delaware. Henry Hudson, sailing under the Dutch flag, is credited with Delaware's discovery in 1609. The following year, Capt. Samuel Argall of Virginia named Delaware for his colony's governor, Thomas West, Baron De La Warr. An attempted Dutch settlement failed in 1631. Swedish colonization began at Fort Christina (now Wilmington) in 1638, but New Sweden fell to Dutch forces led by New Netherlands' governor Peter Stuyvesant in 1655. England took over the area in 1664, and it was transferred to William Penn as the lower Three Counties in 1682. Semiautonomous after 1704, Delaware fought as a separate state in the American Revolution and became the first state to ratify the Constitution in 1787. During the Civil War, although a slave state, Delaware did not secede from the Union. In 1802, leuthre Irne du Pont established a gunpowder mill near Wilmington that laid the foundation for Delaware's huge chemical industry. Delaware's manufactured products now also include vulcanized fiber, textiles, paper, medical supplies, metal products, machinery, machine tools, and automobiles. Delaware also grows a great variety of fruits and vegetables and is a U.S. pioneer in the food-canning industry. Corn, soybeans, potatoes, and hay are important crops. Delaware's broiler-chicken farms supply the big Eastern markets, and fishing and dairy products are other important industries. Points of interest include the Fort Christina Monument, Hagley Museum, Holy Trinity Church (erected in 1698, the oldest Protestant church in the United States still in use), and Winterthur Museum, in and near Wilmington; central New Castle, an almost unchanged late 18th-century capital; and the Delaware Museum of Natural History. Popular recreation areas include Cape Henlopen, Delaware Seashore, Trap Pond State Park, and Rehoboth Beach. State symbols: colors flower tree bird insect colonial blue and buff peach blossom (1895) American holly (1939) blue hen chicken (1939) ladybug (1974)

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butterfly tiger swallowtail (1999) fish song weakfish, cynoscion regalis (1981) Our Delaware

beverage milk fossil belemnite

Nicknames: Diamond State; First State; Small Wonder Origin of name: From Delaware River and Bay; named in turn for Sir Thomas West, Baron De La Warr 10 largest cities (2010): Wilmington, 70,851; Dover, 36,047; Newark, 31,454; Middletown, 18,871; Smyrna, 10,023; Milford, 9,559; Seaford, 6,928; Georgetown, 6,422; Elsmere, 6,131; New Castle, 5,285 Land area: 1,954 sq mi. (5,161 sq km) Geographic center: In Kent Co., 11 mi. S of Dover Number of counties: 3 Largest county by population and area: New Castle, 538,479 (2010); Sussex, 938 sq mi. State forests: 3 (over 15,000 ac.) State parks: 14 (over 20,000 ac.) Residents: Delawarean 2010 resident population: 897,934 Florida. In 1513, Ponce de Len, seeking the mythical Fountain of Youth, discovered and named Florida, claiming it for Spain. Later, Florida would be held at different times by Spain and England until Spain finally sold it to the United States in 1819. (Incidentally, France established a colony named Fort Caroline in 1564 in the state that was to become Florida.) Florida's history in the early 19th century was marked by wars with the Seminole Indians, which did not end until 1842. Florida's economy rests on a solid base of tourism, manufacturing, and agriculture. Leading the manufacturing sector are electrical equipment and electronics, printing and publishing, 47

transportation equipment, food processing, and machinery. Oranges, grapefruit, and other citrus fruits lead Florida's agricultural products list, followed by potatoes, melons, strawberries, sugar cane, peanuts, dairy products, and cattle. Major tourist attractions are Miami Beach, Palm Beach, St. Augustine (founded in 1565, thus the oldest permanent city in the U.S.), Daytona Beach, and Fort Lauderdale on the East Coast; Sarasota, Tampa, and St. Petersburg on the West Coast; and Key West off the southern tip of Florida. The Orlando area, where Disney World is located on a 27,000-acre site, is Florida's most popular tourist destination. Also drawing many visitors are the NASA Kennedy Space Center's Spaceport USA, Everglades National Park, and the Epcot Center.

State symbols: flower orange blossom (1909) bird song mockingbird (1927) Suwannee River (1935)

Nickname: Sunshine State (1970) Origin of name: From the Spanish Pascua Florida, meaning feast of flowers (Easter) 10 largest cities (2010): Jacksonville, 821,784; Miami, 399,457; Tampa, 335,709; St. Petersburg, 244,769; Orlando, 238,300; Hialeah, 224,669; Tallahassee, 181,376; Fort Lauderdale, 165,521; Port Saint Lucie, 164,603; Pembroke Pines, 154,750 Land area: 53,927 sq mi. (139,671 sq km) Geographic center: In Hernando Co., 12 mi. NNW of Brooksville Number of counties: 67 Largest county by population and area: Miami-Dade, 2,496,435 (2010); Palm Beach, 2,034 sq mi. State forests: 31 (more than 890,000 ac.) State parks: 159 (over 723,000+ ac.) Residents: Floridian, Floridan 2010 resident population: 18,801,310

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Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N18 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Georgia, Hawaii y Idaho, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Georgia. Hernando de Soto, the Spanish explorer, first traveled parts of Georgia in 1540. British claims later conflicted with those of Spain. After obtaining a royal charter, Gen. James Oglethorpe established the first permanent settlement in Georgia in 1733 as a refuge for English debtors. In 1742, Oglethorpe defeated Spanish invaders in the Battle of Bloody Marsh. A Confederate stronghold, Georgia was the scene of extensive military action during the Civil War. Union general William T. Sherman burned Atlanta and destroyed a 60-mile-wide path to the coast, where he captured Savannah in 1864. The largest state in the southeast, Georgia is typical of the changing South with an ever-increasing industrial development. Atlanta, largest city in the state, is the communications and transportation center for the Southeast and the area's chief distributor of goods. Georgia leads the nation in the production of paper and board, tufted textile products, and processed chicken. Other major manufactured products are transportation equipment, food products, apparel, and chemicals. Important agricultural products are corn, cotton, tobacco, soybeans, eggs, and peaches. Georgia produces twice as many peanuts as the next leading state. From its vast stands of pine come more than half of the world's resins and turpentine and 74.4 percent of the U.S. supply. Georgia is a leader in the production of marble, kaolin, barite, and bauxite. Principal tourist attractions in Georgia include the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Andersonville Prison Park and National Cemetery, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, the Little White House at Warm Springs where Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt died in 1945, Sea Island, the enormous Confederate Memorial at Stone Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Cumberland Island National Seashore. State symbols:

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flower Cherokee rose (1916) tree bird song live oak (1937) brown thrasher (1935) Georgia on My Mind (1922)

Nicknames: Peach State, Empire State of the South Origin of name: In honor of George II of England 10 largest cities (2010): Atlanta, 420,003; Augusta-Richmond County,1 195,844; Columbus,1 189,885; Savannah, 136,286 Athens-Clarke County,1 115,452; Sandy Springs, 93,853; Macon, 91,351; Roswell, 88,346; Albany, 77,434; Johns Creek, 76,728 Land area: 57,906 sq mi. (149,977 sq km) Geographic center: In Twiggs Co., 18 mi. SE of Macon Number of counties: 159 Largest county by population and area: Fulton, 920,581 (2010); Ware, 903 sq mi. State forests: 6 (63,294 ac.) State parks: 64 (65,066 ac.) Residents: Georgian 2010 resident population: 9,687,653 Hawaii. First settled by Polynesians sailing from other Pacific islands between A.D. 300 and 600, Hawaii was visited in 1778 by British captain James Cook, who called the group the Sandwich Islands. Hawaii was a native kingdom throughout most of the 19th century, when the expansion of the sugar industry (pineapple came after 1898) meant increasing U.S. business and political involvement. In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was deposed, and a year later the Republic of Hawaii was established with Sanford B. Dole as president. Following annexation (1898), Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900. The Japanese attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, was directly responsible for U.S. entry into World War II. Hawaii, 2,397 mi west-southwest of San Francisco, is a 1,523-mile chain of islets and eight main 51

islandsHawaii, Kahoolawe, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, other than Midway, are administratively part of Hawaii. The temperature is mild, and cane sugar, pineapple, and flowers and nursery products are the chief products. Hawaii also grows coffee beans, bananas, and macadamia nuts. The tourist business is Hawaii's largest source of outside income. Hawaii's highest peak is Mauna Kea (13,796 ft). Mauna Loa (13,679 ft) is the largest volcanic mountain in the world by volume. Among the major points of interest are Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Hawaii), Haleakala National Park (Maui), Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park (Hawaii), Polynesian Cultural Center (Oahu), the USS Arizona and USS Missouri Memorial at Pearl Harbor, The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (Oahu), and Iolani Palace (the only royal palace in the U.S.), Bishop Museum, and Waikiki Beach (all in Honolulu). State symbols: flower hibiscus (yellow) (1988) song bird tree Hawaii Ponoi (1967) nene (Hawaiian goose) (1957) kukui (candlenut) (1959)

Nickname: Aloha State (1959) Origin of name: Uncertain. The islands may have been named by Hawaii Loa, their traditional discoverer. Or they may have been named after Hawaii or Hawaiki, the traditional home of the Polynesians. 10 largest cities1 (2010): Honolulu, 387,170; Pearl City, 47,698; Hilo, 43,263; Kailua, 38,635; Waipahu, 38,216; Kaneohe, 34,597; Mililani Town, 27,629; Kahului, 26,337; Kihei, 20,881; Wahiawa, 17,821. Land area: 6,423 sq mi. (16,637 sq km) Geographic center: Between islands of Hawaii and Maui Number of counties: 5 (Kalawao non-functioning) Largest county by population and area: Honolulu, 953,207 (2010); Hawaii, 4,028 sq mi. State forests: 19 natural area reserves (over 109,000 ac.) State park: 52 (25,000 ac.) 52

Residents: Hawaiian, also kamaaina (native-born nonethnic Hawaiian), malihini (newcomer) 2010 resident population: 1,360,301 Idaho. The region was explored by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 18051806. It was then a part of the Oregon country, held jointly by the United States and Great Britain. Boundary disputes with Great Britain were settled by the Oregon Treaty in 1846, and the first permanent U.S. settlement in Idaho was established by the Mormons at Franklin in 1860. After gold was discovered at Orofino Creek in 1860, prospectors swarmed into the territory, but they left little more than a number of ghost towns. In the 1870s, growing white occupation of Indian lands led to a series of battles between U.S. forces and the Nez Perc, Bannock, and Sheepeater tribes. Mining and lumbering have been important for years. Idaho ranks high among the states in silver, antimony, lead, cobalt, garnet, phosphate rock, vanadium, zinc, and mercury. Agriculture is a major industry: The state produces about one fourth of the nation's potato crop, as well as wheat, apples, corn, barley, sugar beets, and hops. The 1990s saw a remarkable growth in the high technology industries, concentrated in the metropolitan Boise area. With the growth of winter sports, tourism now outranks other industries in revenue. Idaho's many streams and lakes provide fishing, camping, and boating sites. The nation's largest elk herds draw hunters from all over the world, and the famed Sun Valley resort attracts thousands of visitors to its swimming, golfing, and skiing facilities. Points of interest are the Craters of the Moon National Monument; Nez Perc National Historic Park, which includes many sites visited by Lewis and Clark; and the State Historical Museum in Boise. Other attractions are the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area south of Boise, Hells Canyon on the Idaho-Oregon border, and the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in south-central Idaho. State symbols: flower tree bird horse syringa (1931) white pine (1935) mountain bluebird (1931) Appaloosa (1975)

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gem song

star garnet (1967) Here We Have Idaho

folk dance square dance fish fossil cutthroat trout (1990) Hagerman horse fossil (1988)

Nickname: Gem State Origin of name: An invented name whose meaning is unknown. 10 largest cities (2010): Boise, 205,671; Nampa, 81,557; Meridian, 75,092; Idaho Falls, 56,813; Pocatello, 54,255; Caldwell, 46,237; Coeur d'Alene, 44,137; Twin Falls, 44,125; Lewiston, 31,894; Post Falls, 27,574 Land area: 82,747 sq mi. (214,315 sq km) Geographic center: In Custer Co., at Custer, SW of Challis Number of counties: 44, plus small part of Yellowstone National Park Largest county by population and area: Ada, 392,365 (2010); Idaho, 8,485 sq mi. State forests: 881,000 ac. State parks: 30 (43,000+ ac.) Residents: Idahoan 2010 resident population: 1,567,582 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N19 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Illionois, Indiana y Iowa, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Illinois. French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, in 1673, were the first Europeans of record to visit the region. In 1699 French settlers established the first permanent settlement at Cahokia, near present-day East St. Louis. Great Britain obtained the region at the end of the French and Indian Wars in 1763. The area figured prominently in frontier struggles during the Revolutionary War and in Indian wars during the early 19th century. Significant episodes in the state's early history include the influx of settlers following the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825; the Black Hawk War, which virtually ended the Indian troubles in the area; and the rise of Abraham Lincoln from farm laborer to president. Today, Illinois stands high in manufacturing, coal mining, agriculture, and oil production. The state's manufactures include food and agricultural products, transportation equipment, chemicals, industrial machinery, and computer equipment. The sprawling Chicago district (including a slice of Indiana) is a great iron and steel producer, meat packer, grain exchange, and railroad center. Chicago is also famous as a Great Lakes port. Illinois is a leading producer of soybeans, corn, and hogs. Other agricultural commodities include cattle, wheat, oats, sorghum, and hay. Central Illinois is noted for shrines and memorials associated with the life of Abraham Lincoln. In Springfield are the Lincoln Home, the Lincoln Tomb, and the restored Old State Capitol. Other points of interest are the home of Mormon leader Joseph Smith in Nauvoo and, in Chicago: the Art Institute, Field Museum, Museum of Science and Industry, Shedd Aquarium, Adler Planetarium, Merchandise Mart, and Chicago Portage National Historic Site. State symbols: flower tree bird violet (1908) white oak (1973) cardinal (1929)

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animal white-tailed deer (1982) fish insect song bluegill (1987) monarch butterfly (1975) Illinois (1925)

mineral fluorite (1965)

Nickname: Prairie State Origin of name: Algonquin for tribe of superior men 10 largest cities (2010): Chicago, 2,695,598; Aurora, 197,899; Rockford, 152,871; Joliet, 147,433; Naperville, 141,853; Springfield, 116,250; Peoria, 115,007; Elgin, 108,188; Waukegan, 89,078; Cicero, 83,891 Land area: 55,584 sq mi. (143,963 sq km) Geographic center: In Logan Co., 28 mi. NE of Springfield Number of counties: 102 Largest county by population and area: Cook, 5,194,675 (2010); McLean, 1,184 sq mi. Public use areas: 186 (275,000 ac.), incl. state parks, memorials, forests and conservation areas Residents: Illinoisan 2010 resident population: 12,830,632 Indiana. First explored for France by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, in 16791680, the region figured importantly in the Franco-British struggle for North America that culminated with British victory in 1763. George Rogers Clark led American forces against the British in the area during the Revolutionary War and, prior to becoming a state, Indiana was the scene of frequent Indian uprisings until the victories of Gen. Anthony Wayne at Fallen Timbers in 1794 and Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe in 1811. During the 19th century, Indiana was the site of several experimental communities, including those established by George Rapp and Robert Owen at New Harmony. Indiana's 41-mile Lake Michigan waterfrontone of the world's great industrial centersturns out iron, steel, and oil products. Products include automobile parts and accessories, mobile homes and 56

recreational vehicles, truck and bus bodies, aircraft engines, farm machinery, and fabricated structural steel. Wood office furniture and pharmaceuticals are also manufactured. The state is a leader in agriculture with corn the principal crop. Hogs, soybeans, wheat, oats, rye, tomatoes, onions, and poultry also contribute heavily to Indiana's agricultural output. Much of the building limestone used in the U.S. is quarried in Indiana, which is also a large producer of coal. Other mineral commodities include crushed stone, cement, and sand and gravel. Wyandotte Cave, one of the largest in the U.S., is located in Crawford County in southern Indiana, and West Baden and French Lick are well known for their mineral springs. Other attractions include Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial, and the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park. State symbols: flower peony (1957) tree bird song river tulip tree (1931) cardinal (1933) On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away (1913) Wabash

stone limestone

Nickname: Hoosier State Origin of name: Meaning land of Indians Official language: English 10 largest cities (2010): Indianapolis, 820,445; Fort Wayne, 253,691; Evansville, 117,429; South Bend, 101,168; Hammond, 80,830; Bloomington, 80,405; Gary, 80,294; Carmel, 79,191; Fishers, 76,794; Muncie, 70,085 Land area: 35,867 sq mi. (92,896 sq km) Geographic center: In Boone Co., 14 mi. NNW of Indianapolis Number of counties: 92 Largest county by population and area: Marion, 903,393 (2010); Allen, 657 sq mi. 57

State parks: 23 (56,409 ac.) State historic sites: 17 (2,007 ac.) Residents: Indianan, Indianian, Hoosier 2010 resident population: 6,483,802 Iowa. The first Europeans to visit the area were the French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet in 1673. The U.S. obtained control of the area in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase, and during the first half of the 19th century, there was heavy fighting between white settlers and Indians. Lands were taken from the Indians after the Black Hawk War in 1832 and again in 1836 and 1837. When Iowa became a state in 1846, its capital was Iowa City; the more centrally located Des Moines became the new capital in 1857. At that time, the state's present boundaries were also drawn. Although Iowa produces a tenth of the nation's food supply, the value of Iowa's manufactured products is twice that of its agriculture. Major industries are food and associated products, nonelectrical machinery, electrical equipment, printing and publishing, and fabricated products. Iowa stands in a class by itself as an agricultural state. Its farms sell over $10 billion worth of crops and livestock annually. Iowa leads the nation in all corn, soybean, and hog marketings, and comes in third in total livestock sales. Iowa's forests produce hardwood lumber, particularly walnut, and its mineral products include cement, limestone, sand, gravel, gypsum, and coal. Tourist attractions include the Herbert Hoover birthplace and library near West Branch; the Amana Colonies; Fort Dodge Historical Museum, Fort, and Stockade; the Iowa State Fair at Des Moines in August; and the Effigy Mounds National Monument, a prehistoric Indian burial site at Marquette. State symbols: flower wild rose (1897) bird eastern goldfinch (1933)

colors red, white, and blue (in state flag) song Song of Iowa

Nickname: Hawkeye State Origin of name:From the Iowa River which was named after the Ioway Indian tribe 10 largest cities (2010):Des Moines, 203,433; Cedar Rapids, 126,326; Davenport, 99,685; Sioux City, 58

82,684; Waterloo, 68,406; Iowa City, 67,862; Council Bluffs, 62,230; Ames, 58,965; Dubuque, 57,637; West Des Moines, 56,609. Land area: 55,869 sq mi. (144,701 sq km) Geographic center: In Story Co., 5 mi. NE of Ames Number of counties: 99 Largest county by population and area: Polk, 430,640 (2010); Kossuth, 973 sq mi. State forests: 10 (43,917 ac.) State parks/recreation areas: 84 (53,000 ac.) Residents: Iowan 2010 resident population: 3,046,355 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N20 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Kansas, Kentucky y Louisiana, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Kansas. Spanish explorer Francisco de Coronado, in 1541, is considered the first European to have traveled this region. Sieur de la Salle's extensive land claims for France (1682) included present-day Kansas. Ceded to Spain by France in 1763, the territory reverted to France in 1800 and was sold to the U.S. as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, and Stephen H. Long explored the region between 1803 and 1819. The first permanent white settlements in Kansas were outpostsFort Leavenworth (1827), Fort Scott (1842), and Fort Riley (1853)established to protect travelers along the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails. Just before the Civil War, the conflict between the pro- and anti-slavery forces earned the region the grim title of Bleeding Kansas. Today, wheat fields, oil-well derricks, herds of cattle, and grain-storage elevators are chief features of the Kansas landscape. A leading wheat-growing state, Kansas also raises corn, sorghum, oats, barley, soybeans, and potatoes. Kansas stands high in petroleum production and mines zinc, coal, salt, and lead. It is also the nation's leading producer of helium. Wichita is one of the nation's leading aircraft-manufacturing centers, ranking first in production of private aircraft. Kansas City is an important transportation, milling, and meat-packing center. Points of interest include the Kansas History Center at Topeka, the Eisenhower boyhood home and the Eisenhower Memorial Museum and Presidential Library at Abilene, John Brown's cabin at Osawatomie, re-created Front Street in Dodge City, Fort Larned (an important military post on the Santa Fe Trail), Fort Leavenworth, and Fort Riley. State symbols: flower sunflower (1903) tree bird cottonwood (1937) western meadowlark (1937)

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animal buffalo (1955) song Home on the Range (1947)

Nicknames: Sunflower State; Jayhawk State Origin of name: From a Sioux word meaning people of the south wind 10 largest cities (2010): Wichita, 382,368; Overland Park, 173,372; Kansas City, 145,786; Topeka, 127,473; Olathe, 125,872; Lawrence, 87,643; Shawnee, 62,209; Manhattan, 52,281; Lenexa, 48,190; Salina, 47,707 Land area: 81,815 sq mi. (211,901 sq km) Geographic center: In Barton Co., 15 mi. NE of Great Bend Number of counties: 105 Largest county by population and area: Johnson, 544,179 (2010); Butler, 1,428 sq mi. State parks: 24 Residents: Kansan 2010 resident population: 2,853,118 Kentucky. Kentucky was the first region west of the Allegheny Mountains to be settled by American pioneers. James Harrod established the first permanent settlement at Harrodsburg in 1774; the following year Daniel Boone, who had explored the area in 1767, blazed the Wilderness Trail through the Cumberland Gap and founded Boonesboro. Politically, the Kentucky region was originally part of Virginia, but statehood was gained in 1792. Gen. Anthony Wayne's victory in 1794 at Fallen Timbers in Ohio marked the end of Native American resistance in the area and secured the Kentucky frontier. As a slaveholding state with a considerable abolitionist population, Kentucky was caught in the middle during the Civil War, supplying both Union and Confederate forces with thousands of troops. Kentucky prides itself on producing some of the nation's best tobacco, horses, and whiskey. Corn, soybeans, wheat, fruit, hogs, cattle, and dairy products are among the agricultural items produced. Among the manufactured items produced in the state are motor vehicles, furniture, aluminum ware, brooms, apparel, lumber products, machinery, textiles, and iron and steel products. Kentucky also produces significant amounts of petroleum, natural gas, fluorspar, clay, and stone. However, coal accounts for 85% of the total mineral income. 61

Louisville is famous for the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs, and the Bluegrass country around Lexington is the home of some of the world's finest race horses. Other attractions are Mammoth Cave, the George S. Patton, Jr., Military Museum at Fort Knox, and Old Fort Harrod State Park. State symbols: tree tulip poplar (1994)

flower goldenrod bird song Kentucky cardinal My Old Kentucky Home

Nickname: Bluegrass State Origin of name: From an Iroquoian word Ken-tah-ten meaning land of tomorrow 10 largest cities (2010):Louisville/Jefferson County,1 566,503; Lexington-Fayette,2 295,803; Bowling Green, 58,067; Owensboro, 57,265; Covington, 40,640; Hopkinsville, 31,577; Richmond, 31,364; Florence, 29,951; Georgetown, 29,098 Henderson, 28,757 Land area: 39,728 sq mi. (102,896 sq km) Geographic center: In Marion Co., 3 mi. NNW of Lebanon Number of counties: 120 Largest county by population and area: Jefferson, 741,096 (2010); Pike, 787 sq mi. State forests: 5 (35,809 ac.) State parks: 52 Residents: Kentuckian 2010 resident population: 4,339,367 Louisiana. Louisiana has a rich, colorful historical background. Early Spanish explorers were Alvrez Pieda, 1519; lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca, 1528; and Hernando de Soto in 1541. Sieur de la Salle reached the mouth of the Mississippi and claimed all the land drained by it and its tributaries for Louis XIV of France in 1682. Louisiana became a French crown colony in 1731 but was ceded to Spain in 1763 after the French 62

and Indian Wars. (The portion east of the Mississippi came under British control in 1764.) Louisiana reverted to France in 1800 and was sold by Napoleon to the U.S. in 1803. The southern part, known as the territory of Orleans, became the state of Louisiana in 1812. During the Civil War, Louisiana joined the Confederacy, but New Orleans was captured by Union Adm. David Farragut in April 1862. The state's economy suffered during Reconstruction; however, the situation improved at the turn of the 20th century, with the discovery of oil and natural gas and the growth of industry. Louisiana is a leader in natural gas, salt, petroleum, and sulfur production. Much of the oil and sulfur comes from offshore deposits. The state also produces large crops of sweet potatoes, rice, sugar cane, pecans, soybeans, corn, and cotton. Leading manufactured items include chemicals, processed food, petroleum and coal products, paper, lumber and wood products, transportation equipment, and apparel. The state has become a popular tourist destination. New Orleans is the major draw, known particularly for its picturesque French Quarter and the annual Mardi Gras celebration, held since 1838. Other major points of interest include the Superdome in New Orleans, historic plantation homes near Natchitoches and New Iberia, Cajun country in the Mississippi Delta Region, Chalmette National Historic Park, and the state capital at Baton Rouge. On Aug. 29, 2005, Louisiana was hit by Hurricane Katrina, devastating New Orleans, and killing hundreds elsewhere in the state, particularly in the parishes of Jefferson and St. Bernard. Federal and local officials were widely criticized for their slow and inadequate response to the initial disaster and subsequent recovery programs. State symbols: flower magnolia (1900) tree bird bald cypress (1963) eastern brown pelican (1958)

songs Give Me Louisiana and You Are My Sunshine

Nickname: Pelican State Origin of name: In honor of Louis XIV of France 10 largest cities (2010): New Orleans, 343,829; Baton Rouge, 229,493; Shreveport, 199,311; Metairie, 138,481; Lafayette, 120,632; Lake Charles, 71,993; Kenner, 66,702; Bossier City, 61,315; Monroe, 48,815; Alexandria, 47,723.

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Land area: 43,562 sq mi. (112,826 sq km) Geographic center: In Avoyelles Parish, 3 mi. SE of Marksville Number of parishes (counties): 64 Largest parish by population and area: Orleans, 343,829 (2010); Vernon, 1,328 sq mi. State forests: 1 (8,000 ac.) State parks: 35 Residents: Louisianan, Louisianian 2010 resident population: 4,533,372 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N21 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Maine, Maryland y Massachusetts con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Maine. John Cabot and his son, Sebastian, are believed to have visited the Maine coast in 1498. However, the first permanent English settlements were not established until more than a century later, in 1623. The first naval action of the Revolutionary War occurred in 1775 when colonials captured the British sloop Margaretta off Machias on the Maine coast. In that same year, the British burned Falmouth (now Portland). Long governed by Massachusetts, Maine became the 23rd state as part of the Missouri Compromise in 1820. Maine produces 98% of the nation's low-bush blueberries. Farm income is also derived from apples, potatoes, dairy products, and vegetables, with poultry and eggs the largest selling items. The state is one of the world's largest pulp-paper producers. With almost 89% of its area forested, Maine turns out wood products from boats to toothpicks. Maine also leads the world in the production of the familiar flat tins of sardines, producing more than 75 million of them annually. In 2005, Maine lobstermen landed nearly 63 million pounds of lobster. A scenic seacoast, beaches, lakes, mountains, and resorts make Maine a popular vacationland. There are more than 2,500 lakes and 5,000 streams, plus more than 30 state parks to attract hunters, fishermen, skiers, and campers. Major points of interest are Bar Harbor, Acadia National Park, Allagash National Wilderness Waterway, the Wadsworth-Longfellow House in Portland, Roosevelt Campobello International Park, and the St. Croix Island National Monument.

State symbols: flower tree white pine cone and tassel (1895) white pine tree (1945) 65

bird fish

chickadee (1927) landlocked salmon (1969)

mineral tourmaline (1971) song State of Maine Song (1937)

animal moose (1979) cat fossil insect Maine coon cat (1985) pertica quadrifaria (1985) honeybee (1975)

Nickname: Pine Tree State Origin of name: First used to distinguish the mainland from the offshore islands. It has been considered a compliment to Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I of England. She was said to have owned the province of Mayne in France. 10 largest cities (2010): Portland, 66,194; Lewiston, 36,592; Bangor, 33,039; South Portland, 25,002; Auburn, 23,055; Biddeford, 21,277; Sanford, 20,792; Brunswick, 20,278; Augusta, 19,136; Scarborough, 18,919 Land area: 30,862 sq mi. (79,933 sq km) Geographic center: In Piscataquis Co., 18 mi. N of Dover-Foxcroft Number of counties: 16 Largest county by population and area: Cumberland, 281,674 (2010); Aroostook, 6,672 sq mi. State forests: 1 (21,000 ac.) State parks: 30+ State historic sites: 18 (403 ac.) Residents: Mainer 2010 resident population: 1,328,361 Maryland. 66

In 1608, Capt. John Smith explored Chesapeake Bay. Charles I granted a royal charter for Maryland to Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632, and English settlers, many of whom were Roman Catholic, landed on St. Clement's (now Blakistone) Island in 1634. Religious freedom, granted all Christians in the Toleration Act passed by the Maryland assembly in 1649, was ended by a Puritan revolt, 1654 1658. From 1763 to 1767, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon surveyed Maryland's northern boundary line with Pennsylvania. In 1791, Maryland ceded land to form the District of Columbia. In 1814, during the British attempt to capture Baltimore, the bombardment of Fort McHenry inspired Francis Scott Key to write the words to The Star-Spangled Banner. During the Civil War, Maryland was a slave state but remained in the Union. Consequently, Marylanders fought on both sides and many families were divided. Maryland's Eastern Shore and Western Shore embrace the Chesapeake Bay, and the many estuaries and rivers create one of the longest waterfronts of any state. The Bay produces more seafood oysters, crabs, clams, fin fishthan any comparable body of water. Important agricultural products are greenhouse and nursery products, chickens, dairy products, eggs, and soybeans. Stone, coal, sand, gravel, cement, and clay are the chief mineral products. Manufacturing industries include food products, chemicals, computer and electronic products, transportation equipment, and primary metals. Baltimore, home of the Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, ranks as the nation's second port in foreign tonnage. The capital, Annapolis, is the site of the U.S. Naval Academy. Among the popular attractions in Maryland are the Fort McHenry National Monument; Harpers Ferry and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Parks; Antietam National Battlefield; National Aquarium, USS Constellation, and Maryland Science Center at Baltimore's Inner Harbor; Historic St. Mary's City; Jefferson Patterson Historical Park and Museum at St. Leonard; U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis; Goddard Space Flight Center at Greenbelt; Assateague Island National Park Seashore; Ocean City beach resort; and Catoctin Mountain, Fort Frederick, and Piscataway parks. State symbols: bird boat Baltimore oriole (1947) skipjack (1985)

crustacean Maryland blue crab (1989) dinosaur dog beverage Astrodon johnstoni (1998) Chesapeake Bay retriever (1964) milk (1998)

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flower fish

black-eyed susan (1918) rockfish (1965)

folk dance square dance (1994) fossil shell ecphora gardnerae gardnerae (Wilson) (1994) insect reptile song sport Baltimore checkerspot butterfly (1973) Diamondback terrapin (1994) Maryland! My Maryland! (1939) jousting (1962)

team sport lacrosse (2004) tree white oak (1941)

Nicknames: Free State; Old Line State Origin of name: In honor of Henrietta Maria (queen of Charles I of England) 10 largest cities (2010): Baltimore, 620,961; Frederick, 65,239; Rockville, 61,209; Gaithersburg, 59,933; Bowie, 54,727; Hagerstown, 39,662; Annapolis, 38,394; College Park, 30,413; Salisbury, 30,343; Greenbelt, 23,068 Land area: 9,774 sq mi. (25,315 sq km) Geographic center: In Prince Georges Co., 41/2 mi. NW of Davidsonville Number of counties: 23, and 1 independent city Largest county by population and area: Montgomery, 971,777 (2010); Frederick, 663 sq mi. State forests: 7 (136,907 ac.) State parks: 40 (90,239 ac.) Residents: Marylander 2010 resident population: 5,773,552

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Massachusetts. Massachusetts has played a significant role in American history since the Pilgrims, seeking religious freedom, founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. As one of the most important of the 13 colonies, Massachusetts became a leader in resisting British oppression. In 1773, the Boston Tea Party protested unjust taxation. The Minute Men started the American Revolution by battling British troops at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. During the 19th century, Massachusetts was famous for the intellectual activity of its writers and educators and for its expanding commercial fishing, shipping, and manufacturing interests. Massachusetts pioneered the manufacture of textiles and shoes. Today, these industries have been replaced in importance by the electronics and communications equipment fields. The state's cranberry crop is the nation's second-largest (after Wisconsin). Also important are dairy and poultry products, nursery and greenhouse produce, vegetables, and fruit. Tourism has become an important factor in the economy of the state because of its numerous recreational areas and historical landmarks. Cape Cod has beaches, summer theaters, and an artists' colony at Provincetown. The Berkshires, in the western part of the state, is the site of Tanglewood, the summer home of the Boston Symphony; art museums, including Mass MoCA and the Clark Institute; and Jacob's Pillow, a world renowned dance center. Among the many other points of interest are Old Sturbridge Village in Sturbridge, Minute Man National Historical Park between Lexington and Concord, and Plimoth Plantation in Plymouth. In Boston there are many places of historical interest, including Old North Church, Old State House, Faneuil Hall, the USS Constitution, and the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. State symbols: flower tree bird song mayflower (1918) American elm (1941) chickadee (1941) All Hail to Massachusetts (1966)

beverage cranberry juice (1970) insect cookie ladybug (1974) chocolate chip (1997)

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muffin dessert

corn muffin (1986) Boston cream pie (1996)

Nicknames: Bay State; Old Colony State Origin of name: From Massachusett tribe of Native Americans, meaning at or about the great hill 10 largest cities (2010): Boston, 617,594; Worcester, 181,045; Springfield, 153,060; Lowell, 106,519; Cambridge, 105,162; New Bedford, 95,072; Brockton, 93,180; Quincy, 92,271; Lynn, 90,329; Fall River, 88,857 Land area: 7,840 sq mi. (20,306 sq km) Geographic center: In the town of Rutland in Worcester Co. Number of counties: 14 Largest county by population and area: Middlesex, 1,503,085 (2010); Worcester, 1,513 sq mi. State forests and parks: 450,000 ac. Residents: Bay Stater 2010 resident population: 6,547,629 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N22 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Michigan, Minnesota y Mississippi, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Michigan. Indian tribes were living in the Michigan region when the first European, tienne Brul of France, arrived in 1618. Other French explorers, including Jacques Marquette, Louis Joliet, and Sieur de la Salle, followed, and the first permanent settlement was established in 1668 at Sault Ste. Marie. France was ousted from the territory by Great Britain in 1763, following the French and Indian Wars. After the Revolutionary War, the U.S. acquired most of the region, which remained the scene of constant conflict between the British and U.S. forces and their respective Indian allies through the War of 1812. Bordering on four of the five Great Lakes, Michigan is divided into Upper and Lower peninsulas by the Straits of Mackinac, which link lakes Michigan and Huron. The two parts of the state are connected by the Mackinac Bridge, one of the world's longest suspension bridges. To the north, connecting lakes Superior and Huron, are the busy Sault Ste. Marie Canals. While Michigan ranks first among the states in production of motor vehicles and parts, it is also a leader in many other manufacturing and processing lines, including prepared cereals, machine tools, airplane parts, refrigerators, hardware, and furniture. The state produces important amounts of iron, copper, iodine, gypsum, bromine, salt, lime, gravel, and cement. Michigan's farms grow apples, cherries, beans, pears, grapes, potatoes, and sugar beets. Michigan's forests contribute significantly to the state's economy, supporting thousands of jobs in the wood-product, tourism, and recreation industries. With 10,083 inland lakes and 3,288 mi of Great Lakes shoreline, Michigan is a prime area for both commercial and sport fishing. Points of interest are the automobile plants in Dearborn, Detroit, Flint, Lansing, and Pontiac; Mackinac Island; Pictured Rocks and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshores; Greenfield Village in Dearborn; and the many summer resorts along both the inland lakes and Great Lakes. State symbols: flower bird apple blossom (1897) robin (1931) 71

mammal fishes gem stone tree soil reptile flag

white-tailed deer (1997) trout (1965), brook trout (1988) isle royal greenstone (chlorastrolite) (1972) petoskey stone (1965) white pine (1955) kalkaska soil series (1990) painted turtle (1995) Blue charged with the arms of the state (1911)

wildflower Dwarf Lake iris (1998)

Nickname: Wolverine State Origin of name: From Indian word Michigana meaning great or large lake 10 largest cities (2010): Detroit, 713,777; Grand Rapids, 188,040; Warren, 134,056; Sterling Heights, 129,699; Lansing, 114,297; Ann Arbor, 113,934; Flint, 102,434; Dearborn, 98,153; Livonia, 96,942; Clinton Township, 96,796 Land area: 56,804 sq mi. (147,122 sq km) Geographic center: In Wexford Co., 5 mi. NNW of Cadillac Number of counties: 83 Largest county by population and area: Wayne, 1,820,584 (2010); Marquette, 1,821 sq mi. State parks and recreation areas: 97 Residents: Michigander, Michiganian, Michiganite 2010 resident population: 9,883,640 Minnesota. Following the visits of several French explorers, fur traders, and missionaries, including Jacques Marquette, Louis Joliet, and Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, the region was claimed for Louis XIV by 72

Daniel Greysolon, Sieur Duluth, in 1679. The U.S. acquired eastern Minnesota from Great Britain after the Revolutionary War and 20 years later bought the western part from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Much of the region was explored by U.S. Army lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike before the northern strip of Minnesota bordering Canada was ceded by Britain in 1818. The state is rich in natural resources. A few square miles of land in the north in the Mesabi, Cuyuna, and Vermilion ranges produce more than 75% of the nation's iron ore. The state's farms rank high in yields of corn, wheat, rye, alfalfa, and sugar beets. Other leading farm products include butter, eggs, milk, potatoes, green peas, barley, soybeans, oats, and livestock. Minnesota's factories produce nonelectrical machinery, fabricated metals, flour-mill products, plastics, electronic computers, scientific instruments, and processed foods. The state is also a leader in the printing and paper-products industries. Minneapolis is the trade center of the Midwest, and the headquarters of the world's largest supercomputer and grain distributor. St. Paul is the nation's biggest publisher of calendars and law books. These twin cities are the nation's third-largest trucking center. Duluth has the nation's largest inland harbor and now handles a significant amount of foreign trade. Rochester is home to the Mayo Clinic, a world-famous medical center. Tourism is a major revenue producer in Minnesota, with arts, fishing, hunting, water sports, and winter sports bringing in millions of visitors each year. Among the most popular attractions are the St. Paul Winter Carnival; the Tyrone Guthrie Theatre, the Institute of Arts, Walker Art Center, and Minnehaha Park, in Minneapolis; Boundary Waters Canoe Area; Voyageurs National Park; North Shore Drive; the Minnesota Zoological Gardens; and the state's more than 10,000 lakes. State symbols: flower tree bird song fish lady slipper (1902) red (or Norway) pine (1953) common loon (also called great northern diver) (1961) Hail Minnesota (1945) walleye (1965)

mushroom morel (1984)

Nicknames: North Star State; Gopher State; Land of 10,000 Lakes 73

Origin of name: From a Dakota Indian word meaning sky-tinted water 10 largest cities (2010): Minneapolis, 382,578; St. Paul, 285,068; Rochester, 106,769; Duluth, 86,265; Bloomington, 82,893 Brooklyn Park, 75,781; Plymouth, 70,576; St. Cloud, 65,842; Eagan, 64,206; Woodbury, 61,961 Land area: 79,610 sq mi. (206,190 sq km) Geographic center: In Crow Wing Co., 10 mi. SW of Brainerd Number of counties: 87 Largest county by population and area: Hennepin, 1,152,425 (2010); St. Louis, 6,226 sq mi. State forests: 58 (nearly 4 million ac.) State parks: 72 Residents: Minnesotan 2010 resident population est: 5,303,925 Mississippi. First explored for Spain by Hernando de Soto, who discovered the Mississippi River in 1540, the region was later claimed by France. In 1699, a French group under Sieur d'Iberville established the first permanent settlement near present-day Ocean Springs. Great Britain took over the area in 1763 after the French and Indian Wars, ceding it to the U.S. in 1783 after the Revolution. Spain did not relinquish its claims until 1798, and in 1810 the U.S. annexed West Florida from Spain, including what is now southern Mississippi. For a little more than one hundred years, from shortly after the state's founding through the Great Depression, cotton was the undisputed king of Mississippi's largely agrarian economy. Over the last half-century, however, Mississippi has diversified its economy by balancing agricultural output with increased industrial activity. Today, agriculture continues as a major segment of the state's economy. For almost four decades soybeans occupied the most acreage, while cotton remained the largest cash crop. In 2001, however, more acres of cotton were planted than soybeans, and Mississippi jumped to second in the nation in cotton production (exceeded only by Texas). The state's farmlands also yield important harvests of corn, peanuts, pecans, rice, sugar cane, and sweet potatoes as well as poultry, eggs, meat animals, dairy products, feed crops, and horticultural crops. Mississippi remains the world's leading producer of pond-raised catfish. The state abounds in historical landmarks and is the home of the Vicksburg National Military Park. Other National Park Service areas are Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site, Tupelo National Battlefield, and part of Natchez Trace National Parkway. PreCivil War mansions are the special pride 74

of Natchez, Oxford, Columbus, Vicksburg, and Jackson. On Aug. 29, 2005, Mississippi was hit by Hurricane Katrina, killing hundreds, mostly in Harrison County. State symbols: flower wildflower tree bird song stone fish insect shell flower or bloom of the magnolia or evergreen magnolia (1952) coreopsis (1991) magnolia (1938) mockingbird (1944) Go, Mississippi (1962) petrified wood (1976) largemouth or black bass (1974) honeybee (1980) oyster shell (1974)

water mammal bottlenosed dolphin or porpoise (1974) fossil land mammal waterfowl beverage butterfly dance prehistoric whale (1981) white-tailed deer (1974), red fox (1997) wood duck (1974) milk (1984) spicebush swallowtail (1991) square dance (1995)

Nickname: Magnolia State Origin of name: From an Indian word meaning Father of Waters 75

10 largest cities (2010): Jackson, 173,514; Gulfport, 67,793; Hattiesburg, 51,993; Southhaven, 48,982; Biloxi, 44,054; Meridian, 41,198; Tupelo, 34,546; Greenville, 34,400; Olive Branch, 33,484; Horn Lake 26,066 Land area: 46,907 sq mi. (121,489 sq km) Geographic center: In Leake Co., 9 mi. WNW of Carthage Number of counties: 82 Largest county by population and area: Hinds, 245,285 (2010); Yazoo, 920 sq mi. State parks: 24 Residents: Mississippian 2010 resident population: 2,967,29

Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N23 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Missouri, Montana y Nebraska con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Missouri. Hernando de Soto visited the Missouri area in 1541. France's claim to the entire region was based on Sieur de la Salle's travels in 1682. French fur traders established Ste. Genevieve in 1735, and St. Louis was first settled in 1764. The U.S. gained Missouri from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and the territory was admitted as a state following the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Throughout the preCivil War period and during the war, Missourians were sharply divided in their opinions about slavery and in their allegiances, supplying both Union and Confederate forces with troops. However, the state itself remained in the Union. Historically, Missouri played a leading role as a gateway to the West, St. Joseph being the eastern starting point of the Pony Express, while the much-traveled Santa Fe and Oregon trails began in Independence. Missouri's economy is highly diversified. Service industries provide more income and jobs than any other segment, and include a growing tourism and travel sector. Wholesale and retail trade, manufacturing, and agriculture also play significant roles in the state's economy. Missouri is a leading producer of transportation equipment (including automobile manufacturing and auto parts), beer and beverages, and defense and aerospace technology. Food processing is the state's fastest-growing industry. Missouri mines produce 90% of the nation's principal (non-recycled) lead supply. Other natural resources include iron ore, zinc, barite, limestone, and timber. The state's top agricultural products include grain, sorghum, hay, corn, soybeans, and rice. Missouri also ranks high among the states in cattle and calves, hogs, and turkeys and broilers. A vibrant wine industry also contributes to the economy. Tourism draws hundreds of thousands of visitors to a number of Missouri points of interest: the country-music shows of Branson; Bass Pro Shops national headquarters (Springfield); the Gateway Arch at the Jefferson National Expansion (St. Louis); Mark Twain's boyhood home (Hannibal); the Harry S. Truman home and library (Independence); the scenic beauty of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways; and the Pony Express and Jesse James museums (St. Joseph). The state's different lake regions also attract fishermen and sun-seekers from throughout the Midwest. 77

State symbols: flower bird aquatic animal fish song fossil hawthorn (1923) bluebird (1927) paddlefish (1997) channel catfish (1997) Missouri Waltz (1949) crinoid (1989)

musical instrument fiddle (1987) rock mineral insect tree tree nut animal dance Missouri Day mozarkite (1967) galena (1967) honeybee (1985) flowering dogwood (1955) eastern black walnut (1990) mule (1995) square dance (1995) third Wednesday in October (1969)

Nickname: Show-me State Origin of name: Named after the Missouri Indian tribe. Missouri means town of the large canoes. 10 largest cities (2010):Kansas City, 459,787; St. Louis, 319,294; Springfield, 159,498; Independence, 116,830; Columbia, 108,500; Lee's Summit, 91,364; O'Fallon, 79,329; St. Joseph, 76,780; St. Charles, 65,794; St. Peter's, 52,757 Land area: 68,886 sq mi. (178,415 sq km) Geographic center: In Miller Co., 20 mi. SW of Jefferson City 78

Number of counties: 114, plus 1 independent city Largest county by population and area: St. Louis, 991,830 (2008); Texas, 1,179 sq mi. Conservation areas1: leased, 315 (197, 661 ac.); owned, 775 (770,574 ac.) State parks and historic sites: 81 Residents: Missourian 2010 resident population est.: 5,988,927 Montana. First explored for France by Franois and Louis-Joseph Verendrye in the early 1740s, much of the region was acquired by the U.S. from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Before western Montana was obtained from Great Britain in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, American trading posts and forts had been established in the territory. The major Indian Wars (18671877) included the famous 1876 Battle of the Little Big Horn, better known as Custer's Last Stand, in which Cheyenne and Sioux defeated George A. Custer and more than 200 of his men in southeast Montana. Much of Montana's early history was concerned with mining, with copper, lead, zinc, silver, coal, and oil as principal products. Butte is the center of the area that once supplied half of the U.S. copper. Fields of grain cover much of Montana's plains. It ranks high among the states in wheat and barley, with rye, oats, flaxseed, sugar beets, and potatoes as other important crops. Sheep and cattle raising make significant contributions to the economy. Tourist attractions include hunting, fishing, skiing, and dude ranching. Glacier National Park, on the Continental Divide, has 26 glaciers, 200 lakes, and many streams with good trout fishing. Other major points of interest include the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Virginia City, Yellowstone National Park, Fort Union Trading Post and Grant-Kohr's Ranch National Historic Sites, and the Museum of the Plains Indians at Browning. State symbols: flower bitterroot (1895) tree ponderosa pine (1949)

stones sapphire and agate (1969) bird Western meadowlark (1981)

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song

Montana (1945)

Nickname: Treasure State Origin of name: From the Spanish word meaning mountain. 10 largest cities (2010): Billings, 104,170; Missoula, 95,802; Great Falls, 58,505; Bozeman, 37,280; Butte-Silver Bow,1 34,200; Helena, 28,190; Kalispell, 19,927; Havre, 9,310; AnacondaDeer Lodge County, 9,298; Miles City, 8,410 Land area: 145,552 sq mi. (376,980 sq km) Geographic center: In Fergus Co., 11 mi. W of Lewistown Number of counties: 56 Largest county by population and area: Yellowstone, 147,972 (2010); Beaverhead, 5,543 sq mi. State forests: 7 State parks: 50 Residents: Montanan 2010 resident population est.: 989,415 Nebraska. French fur traders first visited Nebraska in the late 1600s. Part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, eastern Nebraska was explored by Lewis and Clark in 18041806. A few years later, Robert Stuart pioneered the Oregon Trail across Nebraska in 18121813, and the first permanent white settlement was established at Bellevue in 1823. Western Nebraska was acquired by treaty following the Mexican War in 1848. The Union Pacific began its transcontinental railroad at Omaha in 1865. In 1937, Nebraska became the only state in the Union to have a unicameral (one-house) legislature. Members are elected to it without party designation. Nebraska is a leading grain-producer with bumper crops of sorghum, corn, and wheat. More varieties of grass, valuable for forage, grow in this state than in any other in the nation. The state's sizable cattle and hog industries make Dakota City and Lexington among the nation's largest meat-packing centers. Manufacturing has become diversified: Firms making electronic components, auto accessories, pharmaceuticals, and mobile homes have joined such older industries as clothing, farm machinery, chemicals, and transportation equipment. Oil was discovered in 1939 and natural gas in 1949. 80

Among the principal attractions are Agate Fossil Beds, Homestead, and Scotts Bluff National Monuments; Chimney Rock National Historic Site; a recreated pioneer village at Minden; SAC Museum near Ashland; the Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer Grand Island; Boys Town; the Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery and the Lied Center for the Performing Arts at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln; the State Capitol in Lincoln; the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha; the Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha; Museum of Nebraska Art in Kearney; Museum of Nebraska History in Lincoln; and the University of Nebraska State Museum in Lincoln. State symbols: flower fish goldenrod (1895) channel catfish (1997)

American folk dance square dance (1997) ballad tree bird insect gemstone rock fossil song soil mammal grass beverage A Place Like Nebraska (1997) cottonwood (1972) Western meadowlark (1929) honeybee (1975) blue agate (1967) prairie agate (1967) mammoth (1967) Beautiful Nebraska (1967) typic argiustolls, holdreges series (1979) whitetail deer (1981) little bluestem (1969) milk (1998)

Nicknames: Cornhusker State (1945); Beef State Origin of name: From an Oto Indian word meaning flat water 81

10 largest cities (2010 est.): Omaha, 408,958; Lincoln, 258,379; Bellevue, 50,137; Grand Island, 48,520; Kearney, 30,787; Fremont, 26,397; Hastings, 24,907; North Platte, 24,733; Norfolk, 24,210; Columbus, 22,111 Land area: 76,872 sq mi. (199,098 sq km) Geographic center: In Custer Co., 10 mi. NW of Broken Bow Number of counties: 93 Largest county by population and area: Douglas, 517,110 (2010); Cherry, 5,961 sq mi. State parks: 87 Residents: Nebraskan 2010 resident population est.: 1,826,341 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N24 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Nevada, New Hampshire y New Jersey, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Nevada. Trappers and traders, including Jedediah Smith and Peter Skene Ogden, entered the Nevada area in the 1820s. In 18431845, John C. Frmont and Kit Carson explored the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada. The U.S. obtained the region in 1848 following the Mexican War, and the first permanent settlement was a Mormon trading post near present-day Genoa. The driest state in the nation, with an average annual rainfall of only about 7 in., much of Nevada is uninhabited, sagebrush-covered desert. The wettest part of the state receives about 40 in. of precipitation per year, while the driest spot has less than 4 in. per year. Nevada was made famous by the discovery of the Comstock Lode, the richest known U.S. silver deposit, in 1859, and its mines have produced large quantities of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, barite, and tungsten. Oil was discovered in 1954. Gold now far exceeds all other minerals in value of production. In 1931, the state created two industries, divorce and gambling. For many years, Reno and Las Vegas were the divorce capitals of the nation. More liberal divorce laws in many states have ended this distinction, but Nevada is still the gambling capital of the U.S. and a leading entertainment center. In 2009, 12.5% of Nevadas general revenue came from gambling, which brought in $830 million. Nevada's lack of a lottery might account for its 12th place ranking for total gambling revenue. The state's leading agricultural industry is cattle and calves. Agricultural crops consist mainly of hay, alfalfa seed, barley, wheat, and potatoes. Nevada manufactures gaming equipment; lawn and garden irrigation devices; titanium products; seismic and machinery monitoring devices; and specialty printing. Lake Tahoe, Reno, and Las Vegas are major resorts. Recreation areas include Pyramid Lake, Lake Tahoe, and Lake Mead and Lake Mohave, both in Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Other attractions are Hoover Dam, Virginia City, and Great Basin National Park (includes Lehman Caves). State symbols: flower sagebrush (1959) 83

trees bird animal colors song rock precious gemstone

single-leaf pinon (1953) and bristlecone pine (1987) mountain bluebird (1967) desert bighorn sheep (1973) silver and blue (1983) Home Means Nevada (1933) sandstone (1987) virgin valley black fire opal (1987)

semiprecious gemstone Nevada turquoise (1987) grass metal fossil fish reptile state artifact Indian ricegrass (1977) silver (1977) ichthyosaur (1977) lahontan cutthroat trout (1981) desert tortoise (1989) tule duck decoy (1995)

Nicknames: Sagebrush State; Silver State; Battle Born State Origin of name: Spanish: snowcapped 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Las Vegas, 583,756; Henderson , 257,729; Reno, 225,221; Paradise, 225,167; North Las Vegas, 216,961; Sunrise Manor 189,372; Spring Valley, 178,395; Enterprise 108,481; Sparks, 90,264 ; Carson City , 55,274 Land area: 109,826 sq mi. (284,449 sq km) Geographic center: In Lander Co., 26 mi. SE of Austin Number of counties: 16, plus 1 independent city Largest county by population and area: Clark, 1,951,269 (2010); Nye, 18,147 sq mi. 84

State parks: 24 Residents: Nevadan, Nevadian 2010 resident population est.: 2,700,551 New Hampshire. Under an English land grant, Capt. John Smith sent settlers to establish a fishing colony at the mouth of the Piscataqua River, near present-day Rye and Dover, in 1623. Capt. John Mason, who participated in the founding of Portsmouth in 1630, gave New Hampshire its name. After a 38-year period of union with Massachusetts, New Hampshire was made a separate royal colony in 1679. As leaders in the revolutionary cause, New Hampshire delegates received the honor of being the first to vote for the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. New Hampshire gained a measure of international attention in 1905 when Portsmouth Naval Base played host to the signing of the treaty ending the Russo-Japanese War, known as the Treaty of Portsmouth. Abundant water power turned New Hampshire into an industrial state early on, and manufacturing is the principal source of income. The most important industrial products are electrical and other machinery, textiles, pulp and paper products, and stone and clay products. Dairy and poultry, and growing fruit, truck vegetables, corn, potatoes, and hay are the major agricultural pursuits. Because of New Hampshire's scenic and recreational resources, tourism now brings over $3.5 billion into the state annually. Vacation attractions include Lake Winnipesaukee, largest of 1,300 lakes and ponds; the 724,000-acre White Mountain National Forest; Daniel Webster's birthplace near Franklin; and Strawbery Banke, restored buildings of the original settlement at Portsmouth. In 2003, the famous Old Man of the Mountain granite head profile, the state's official emblem, fell from its perch in Franconia. State symbols: flower tree animal insect saltwater fish purple lilac (1919) white birch (1947) white-tailed deer (1983) ladybug (1977) striped bass (1994)

freshwater fish brook trout (1995)

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amphibian butterfly bird songs

spotted newt (1985) karner blue (1992) purple finch (1957) Old New Hampshire (1949) and New Hampshire, My New Hampshire (1963)

Nickname: Granite State Origin of name: From the English county of Hampshire 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Manchester, 109,565; Nashua, 86,494; Concord , 42,695; Derry 33,109; Dover, 29,987; Rochester , 29,752; Salem, 28,776; Merrimack, 25,494; Hudson, 24,467; Londonderry, 24,129; Keene, 23,409 Land area: 8,968 sq mi. (23,227 sq km) Geographic center: In Belknap Co., 3 mi. E of Ashland Number of counties: 10 Largest county by population and area: Hillsborough, 400,721 (2010); Coos, 1,801 sq mi. State parks: 72 Residents: New Hampshirite 2010 resident population est.: 1,316,470 New Jersey. New Jersey's early colonial history was involved with that of New York (New Netherlands), of which it was a part. One year after the Dutch surrender to England in 1664, New Jersey was organized as an English colony under Gov. Philip Carteret. In 1676 the colony was divided between Carteret and a company of English Quakers who had obtained the rights belonging to John, Lord Berkeley. New Jersey became a united crown colony in 1702, administered by the royal governor of New York. Finally, in 1738, New Jersey was separated from New York under its own royal governor, Lewis Morris. Because of its key location between New York City and Philadelphia, New Jersey saw much fighting during the American Revolution. Today, New Jersey, an area of wide industrial diversification, is known as the Crossroads of the East. Products from over 20,000 manufacturers can be delivered overnight to 100 million people. The greatest single industry is chemicals; New Jersey is one of the foremost research centers in the world. Many large oil refineries are located in northern New Jersey. Other important manufactured items 86

are pharmaceuticals, instruments, machinery, electrical goods, and apparel. Productive farmland covers about 790,000 acres, 16.7% of New Jersey's land area. The state ranks high in the production of almost all garden vegetables, as well as blueberries, cranberries, and peaches. Poultry, dairy products, and seafood are also top commodities. Tourism is the second-largest industry in New Jersey. The state has numerous resort areas on 127 mi of Atlantic coastline. In 1977, New Jersey voters approved legislation allowing legalized casino gambling in Atlantic City. Points of interest include the Delaware Water Gap, the Edison National Historic Site in West Orange, Princeton University, Liberty State Park, Jersey City, and the N.J. State Aquarium in Camden.

State symbols: flower bird insect tree animal colors purple violet (1913) eastern goldfinch (1935) honeybee (1974) red oak (1950) horse (1977) buff and blue (1965)

folk dance square dance dinosaur fish shell fruit hadrosaurus foulkii brook trout knobbed whelk blueberry (2004)

Nickname: Garden State Origin of name: From the Channel Isle of Jersey 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Newark, 277,140; Jersey City, 247,597; Paterson, 146,199; Elizabeth, 124,969; Edison, 99,967; Woodbridge, 99,585; Lakewood, 92,843; Toms River, 91,239; Hamilton, 88,464; Trenton, 84,913 87

Land area: 7,417 sq mi. (19,210 sq km) Geographic center: In Mercer Co., 5 mi. SE of Trenton Number of counties: 21 Largest county by population and area: Bergen, 905,116 (2010); Burlington, 805 sq mi. State forests: 11 State parks: 42 Residents: New Jerseyite, New Jerseyan 2010 resident population est.: 8,791,894

Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N25 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de New Mexico, New York y North Carolina con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com New Mexico. Francisco Vsquez de Coronado, a Spanish explorer searching for gold, traveled the region that became New Mexico in 15401542. In 1598 the first Spanish settlement was established on the Rio Grande River by Juan de Onate; in 1610 Santa Fe was founded and made the capital of New Mexico. The U.S. acquired most of New Mexico in 1848, as a result of the Mexican War, and the remainder in the 1853 Gadsden Purchase. Union troops captured the territory from the Confederates during the Civil War. With the surrender of Geronimo in 1886, the Apache Wars and most of the Indian conflicts in the area were ended. Since 1945, New Mexico has been a leader in energy research and development with extensive experiments conducted at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Sandia Laboratories in the nuclear, solar, and geothermal areas. Minerals are the state's richest natural resource, and New Mexico is one of the U.S. leaders in output of uranium and potassium salts. Petroleum, natural gas, copper, gold, silver, zinc, lead, and molybdenum also contribute heavily to the state's income. The principal manufacturing industries include food products, chemicals, transportation equipment, lumber, electrical machinery, and stone-clay-glass products. About two-thirds of New Mexico's farm income comes from livestock products, especially dairy and cattle. Pecans, hay, and onions are the most important field crops. Corn, peanuts, beans, onions, chilies, and lettuce are also grown. Tourist attractions include the Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Inscription Rock at El Morro National Monument, the ruins at Fort Union, Billy the Kid mementos at Lincoln, the White Sands and Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments, Bandelier National Monument, and the Chaco Culture National Historical Park. State symbols: flower tree yucca (1927) pinon (1949)

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animal bird fish vegetables gem song

black bear (1963) roadrunner (1949) cutthroat trout (1955) chili and frijol (1965) turquoise (1967) O Fair New Mexico (1917)

Spanish-language song Asi Es Nuevo Mjico (1971) poem grass fossil cookie insect ballad bilingual song question A Nuevo Mxico (1991) blue gramma (1973) coelophysis (1981) bizcochito (1989) tarantula hawk wasp (1989) Land of Enchantment (1989) New MexicoMi Lindo Nuevo Mexico, (1995) Red or Green? (1999)

Nickname: Land of Enchantment (1999) Origin of name: From Mexico, place of Mexitli, an Aztec god or leader 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Albuquerque, 545,852; Las Cruces, 97,618; Santa Fe, 70,631; Rio Rancho, 67,947; Roswell , 48,366; Farmington, 45,877; Clovis, 37,775; Hobbs, 34,122; Alamogordo, 30,403; Carlsbad, 26,138 Land area: 121,356 sq mi. (314,312 sq km) Geographic center: In Torrance Co., 12 mi. SSW of Willard Number of counties: 33 90

Largest county by population and area: Bernalillo, 662,564 (2010); Catron, 6,928 sq mi. State parks: 31 Residents: New Mexican 2010 resident population est.: 2,059,179 New York. Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian-born navigator sailing for France, discovered New York Bay in 1524. Henry Hudson, an Englishman employed by the Dutch, reached the bay and sailed up the river now bearing his name in 1609, the same year that northern New York was explored and claimed for France by Samuel de Champlain. In 1624 the first permanent Dutch settlement was established at Fort Orange (now Albany). One year later Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians for trinkets worth about 60 Dutch guilders and founded the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (now New York City), which was surrendered to the English in 1664. New York's extremely rapid commercial growth may be partly attributed to Gov. De Witt Clinton, who pushed through the construction of the Erie Canal (Buffalo to Albany), which was opened in 1825. Today, the 641-mile Gov. Thomas E. Dewey Thruway connects New York City with Buffalo and with Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania express highways. Two toll-free superhighways, the Adirondack Northway (linking Albany with the Canadian border) and the North-South Expressway (crossing central New York from the Pennsylvania border to the Thousand Islands), have been opened. The great metropolis of New York City is the nerve center of the nation. It is a leader in manufacturing, foreign trade, commerce and banking, book and magazine publishing, and theatrical production. A leading seaport, its John F. Kennedy International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the world. New York is also home to the New York Stock Exchange, the largest in the world. The printing and publishing industry is the city's largest manufacturing employer, with the apparel industry second. Nearly all the rest of the state's manufacturing is done on Long Island, along the Hudson River north to Albany, and through the Mohawk Valley, Central New York, and Southern Tier regions to Buffalo. The St. Lawrence seaway and power projects have opened the North Country to industrial expansion and have given the state a second seacoast. The state ranks seventh in the nation in manufacturing, with 586,400 employees in 2005. The principal industries are printing and publishing, industrial machinery and equipment, electronic equipment, and instruments. The convention and tourist business is also an important source of income. New York farms produce cattle and calves, corn and poultry, and vegetables and fruits. The state is a leading wine producer. Major points of interest are Castle Clinton, Fort Stanwix, and Statue of Liberty National Monuments; Niagara Falls; U.S. Military 91

Academy at West Point; National Historic Sites that include homes of Franklin D. Roosevelt at Hyde Park and Theodore Roosevelt in Oyster Bay and New York City; the Women's Rights National Historical Park in Seneca Falls; National Memorials, including Grant's Tomb and Federal Hall in New York City; Fort Ticonderoga; the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown; and the United Nations, skyscrapers, museums, theaters, and parks in New York City.

State symbols: animal beaver (1975) fish gem brook trout (1975) garnet (1969)

flower rose (1955) tree bird sugar maple (1956) bluebird (1970)

insect ladybug (1989) song I Love New York (1980)

Nickname: Empire State Origin of name: In honor of the Duke of York 10 largest cities (2005 est.):New York, 8,143,197; Buffalo, 279,745; Rochester, 211,091; Yonkers, 196,425; Syracuse, 141,683; Albany, 93,523; New Rochelle, 72,967; Mount Vernon, 67,924; Schenectady, 61,280; Utica, 59,336 Land area: 47,214 sq mi. (122,284 sq km) Geographic center: In Madison Co., 12 mi. S of Oneida and 26 mi. SW of Utica Number of counties: 62 Largest county by population and area: Kings, 2,486,235 (2005); St. Lawrence, 2,686 sq mi. State forest preserves: Adirondacks, 2,500,000 ac.; Catskills, 250,000 ac. State parks: 176 Residents: New Yorker 2005 resident population est.: 19,254,630 92

North Carolina. English colonists, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, unsuccessfully attempted to settle Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Virginia Dare, born there in 1587, was the first child of English parentage born in America. In 1653 the first permanent settlements were established by English colonists from Virginia near the Roanoke and Chowan rivers. The region was established as an English proprietary colony in 1663 1665 and in its early history was the scene of Culpepper's Rebellion (1677), the Quaker-led Cary Rebellion (1708), the Tuscarora Indian War (17111713), and many pirate raids. During the American Revolution, there was relatively little fighting within the state, but many North Carolinians saw action elsewhere. Despite considerable pro-Union, antislavery sentiment, North Carolina joined the Confederacy during the Civil War. North Carolina's economy is experiencing a shift away from tobacco, furniture and textiles to knowledge-based enterprises such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and life sciences. The state was ranked third best state for business in 2010 by Forbes magazine. The major agricultural products are tobacco, corn, cotton, hay, peanuts, and vegetable crops. The state is the country's leading producer of mica and lithium. Tourism is also important, with visitors spending more than $1 billion annually. Sports include yearround golfing, skiing at mountain resorts, both fresh- and salt-water fishing, and hunting. Among the major attractions are the Great Smoky Mountains, the Blue Ridge National Parkway, the Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores, the Wright Brothers National Memorial at Kitty Hawk, Guilford Courthouse and Moores Creek National Military Parks, Carl Sandburg's home near Hendersonville, and the Old Salem Restoration in Winston-Salem. State symbols: flower tree bird mammal insect reptile gemstone dogwood (1941) pine (1963) cardinal (1943) gray squirrel (1969) honeybee (1973) eastern box turtle (1979) emerald (1973)

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shell

scotch bonnet (1965)

historic boat shad boat (1987) beverage rock dog song colors fruit milk (1987) granite (1979) plott hound (1989) The Old North State (1927) red and blue (1945) scuppernong grape (2001)

Nickname: Tar Heel State Origin of name: In honor of Charles I of England 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Charlotte, 731,424; Raleigh, 403,892; Greensboro, 269,666; WinstonSalem , 229,617; Durham, 228,330; Fayetteville, 200,564; Cary, 135,234; Wilmington, 106,476; High Point, 104,371; Greenville, 84,554 Land area: 48,711 sq mi. (126,161 sq km) Geographic center: In Chatham Co., 10 mi. NW of Sanford Number of counties: 100 Largest county by population and area: Mecklenburg, 919,628 (2010); Robeson, 949 sq mi. State parks: 29 Residents: North Carolinian 2010 resident population est.:9,535,483 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press. 94

Sesin N26 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de North Dakota, Ohio y Oklahoma, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com North Dakota. North Dakota was explored in 17381740 by French Canadians led by Sieur de la Verendrye. In 1803, the U.S. acquired most of North Dakota from France in the Louisiana Purchase. Lewis and Clark explored the region in 18041806, and the first settlements were made at Pembina in 1812 by Scottish and Irish families while this area was still in dispute between the U.S. and Great Britain. In 1818, the U.S. obtained the northeast part of North Dakota by treaty with Great Britain and took possession of Pembina in 1823. However, the region remained largely unsettled until the construction of the railroad in the 1870s and 1880s. North Dakota is the most rural of all the states, with farms covering more than 90% of the land. North Dakota ranks first in the nation's production of spring and durum wheat; other agricultural products include barley, rye, sunflowers, dry edible beans, honey, oats, flaxseed, sugar beets, hay, beef cattle, sheep, and hogs. Recently, manufacturing industries have grown, especially food processing and farm equipment. The state's coal and oil reserves are plentiful, and it also produces natural gas, lignite, clay, sand, and gravel. The Garrison Dam on the Missouri River provides extensive irrigation and produces 400,000 kilowatts of electricity for the Missouri Basin areas. Known for its waterfowl, grouse, pheasant, and deer hunting and bass, trout, and pike fishing, North Dakota has 20 state parks and recreation areas. Points of interest include the International Peace Garden near Dunseith, Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site near Williston, Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site in Stanton, the State Capitol at Bismarck, the Badlands, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, and Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park. State symbols: tree American elm (1947)

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bird song fish grass fossil beverage

western meadowlark (1947) North Dakota Hymn (1947) northern pike (1969) western wheatgrass (1977) teredo petrified wood (1967) milk (1983)

state march Spirit of the Land (1975) flower equine dance wild prairie rose (1907) Nokota horse (1993) square dance (1995)

Nickname: Sioux State; Flickertail State; Peace Garden State; Rough Rider State Origin of name: From the Sioux tribe, meaning allies 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Fargo, 105,549; Bismarck, 61,272; Grand Forks, 52,838; Minot, 40,888; West Fargo, 25,830; Mandan, 18,331; Dickinson, 17,787; Jamestown, 15,427; Williston, 14,716; Wahpeton, 7,766 Land area: 68,976 sq mi. (178,648 sq km) Geographic center: In Sheridan Co., 5 mi. SW of McClusky Number of counties: 53 Largest county by population and area: Cass, 149,778 (2010); McKenzie, 2,742 sq mi. State parks: 17 Residents: North Dakotan 2010 resident population est.: 672,591 Ohio.

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First explored for France by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, in 1669, the Ohio region became British property after the French and Indian Wars. Ohio was acquired by the U.S. after the Revolutionary War in 1783. In 1788, the first permanent settlement was established at Marietta, capital of the Northwest Territory. The 1790s saw severe fighting with the Indians in Ohio; a major battle was won by Maj. Gen. Anthony Wayne at Fallen Timbers in 1794. In the War of 1812, Commodore Oliver H. Perry defeated the British in the Battle of Lake Erie on Sept. 10, 1813. Ohio is one of the nation's industrial leaders, ranking third in manufacturing employment nationwide. Important manufacturing centers are located in or near Ohio's major cities. Akron is known for rubber; Canton for roller bearings; Cincinnati for jet engines and machine tools; Cleveland for auto assembly, auto parts, and steel; Dayton for office machines, refrigeration, and heating and auto equipment; Youngstown and Steubenville for steel; and Toledo for glass and auto parts. The state's fertile soil produces soybeans, corn, oats, greenhouse and nursery products, wheat, hay, and fruit, including apples, peaches, strawberries, and grapes. More than half of Ohio's farm receipts come from dairy farming and sheep and hog raising. Ohio ranks fourth among the states in lime production and also ranks high in sand and gravel and crushed stone production. Tourism is a valuable revenue producer, bringing in $36 billion in 2009. Attractions include the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Indian burial grounds at Mound City Group National Monument, Perry's Victory International Peace Memorial, the Pro Football Hall of Fame at Canton, and the homes of presidents Grant, Taft, Hayes, Harding, and Garfield. State symbols: flower tree bird insect scarlet carnation (1904) buckeye (1953) cardinal (1933) ladybug (1975)

gemstone flint (1965) song beverage fossil animal Beautiful Ohio (1969) tomato juice (1965) trilobite (1985) white-tailed deer (1988)

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wildflower large white trillium (1987)

Nickname: Buckeye State Origin of name: From an Iroquoian word meaning great river 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Columbus, 787,033; Cleveland, 396,8158; Cincinnati, 296,943; Toledo, 287,208; Akron, 199,110; Dayton, 141,527; Parma, 81,601; Youngstown, 66,982; Canton, 73,007; Lorain, 64,097 Land area: 40,948 sq mi. (106,055 sq km) Geographic center: In Delaware Co., 25 mi. NNE of Columbus Number of counties: 88 Largest county by population and area: Cuyahoga, 1,280,122 (2010); Ashtabula, 703 sq mi. State forests: 20 (more than 183,000 ac.) State parks: 74 (more than 204,000 ac.) Residents: Ohioan 2010 resident population est.: 11,536,504 Oklahoma. Francisco Vsquez de Coronado first explored the region for Spain in 1541. The U.S. acquired most of Oklahoma in 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase from France; the Western Panhandle region became U.S. territory with the annexation of Texas in 1845. Set aside as Indian Territory in 1834, the region was divided into Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory on May 2, 1890. The two were combined to make a new state, Oklahoma, on Nov. 16, 1907. On April 22, 1889, the first day homesteading was permitted, 50,000 people swarmed into the area. Those who tried to beat the noon starting gun were called Sooners, hence the state's nickname. Oil made Oklahoma a rich state, but natural-gas production has now surpassed it. Oil refining, meat packing, food processing, and machinery manufacturing (especially construction and oil equipment) are important industries. Minerals produced in Oklahoma include helium, gypsum, zinc, cement, coal, copper, and silver. Oklahoma's rich plains produce bumper yields of wheat, as well as large crops of sorghum, hay, cotton, and peanuts. More than half of Oklahoma's annual farm receipts are contributed by livestock products, including cattle, dairy products, swine, and broilers. 98

Tourist attractions include the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City, the Will Rogers Memorial in Claremore, the Cherokee Cultural Center with a restored Cherokee village, the restored Fort Gibson Stockade near Muskogee, the Lake Texoma recreation area, pari-mutuel horse racing at Remington Park in Oklahoma City, and Blue Ribbon Downs in Sallisaw. State symbols: flower tree bird animal reptile stone colors song beverage butterfly fish folk dance furbearer game animal grass insect mistletoe (1893) redbud (1937) scissor-tailed flycatcher (1951) bison (1972) mountain boomer lizard (1969) rose rock (barite rose) (1968) green and white (1915) Oklahoma (1953) milk black swallowtail white or sand bass square dance raccoon white-tailed deer Indiangrass honeybee

musical instrument fiddle poem Howdy Folks, David Randolph Milsten 99

waltz wildflower

Oklahoma Wind Indian blanket

Nickname: Sooner State Origin of name: From two Choctaw Indian words meaning red people 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Oklahoma City, 579,999; Tulsa, 391,906; Norman, 110,925; Lawton, 96,867; Broken Arrow, 98,850; Edmond , 81,405; Moore, 55,081; Midwest City, 54,371; Enid, 49,379; Stillwater, 45,688 Land area: 68,667 sq mi. (177,848 sq km) Geographic center: In Oklahoma Co., 8 mi. N of Oklahoma City Number of counties: 77 Largest county by population and area: Oklahoma, 718,633 (2010); Osage, 2,251 sq mi. State parks: 50 Residents: Oklahoman 2010 resident population est.: 3,751,351

Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N27 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Oregon, Pennsylvania y Rhode Island con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Oregon. Spanish and English sailors are believed to have sighted the Oregon coast in the 1500s and 1600s. Capt. James Cook, seeking the Northwest Passage, charted some of the coastline in 1778. In 1792, Capt. Robert Gray, in the Columbia, discovered the river named after his ship and claimed the area for the U.S. In 1805 the Lewis and Clark expedition explored the area. John Jacob Astor's fur depot, Astoria, was founded in 1811. Disputes for control of Oregon between American settlers and the Hudson Bay Company were finally resolved in the 1846 Oregon Treaty, in which Great Britain gave up claims to the region. In the agricultural sector, greenhouse and nursery products such as daffodils, gladioli, irises, lilies, peonies and tulips for bulbs are Oregon's most valuable. Hay is Oregon's second ranked crop generating 7% of the state's total agricultural receipts. Ryegrass, wheat and onions are also valuable crops within the state. Oregon produces almost all of the country's seed for bentgrass, fescue, ryegrass, crimson clover, Kentucky and merion bluegrasses and orchardgrass. Oregon is a leader in the production of peppermint oil and Christmas trees. With the low-cost electric power provided by dams, Oregon has developed steadily as a manufacturing state. Leading manufactured items are lumber and plywood, metalwork, machinery, aluminum, chemicals, paper, food packing, and electronic equipment. Following the high-tech component industry is the wood processing industry where manufactured products include plywood, veneer and particleboard. Oregon leads the states in lumber production. Crater Lake National Park, Mount Hood, and Bonneville Dam on the Columbia are major tourist attractions. Other points of interest include the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Oregon Caves National Monument, Cape Perpetua in Siuslaw National Forest, Columbia River Gorge between The Dalles and Troutdale, Hells Canyon, Newberry Volcanic National Monument, and John Day Fossil Beds National Monument.

State symbols:

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flower tree animal bird fish rock colors song insect dance nut

Oregon grape (1899) douglas fir (1939) beaver (1969) western meadowlark (1927) chinook salmon (1961) thunderegg (1965) navy blue and gold (1959) Oregon, My Oregon (1927) swallowtail butterfly (1979) square dance (1977) hazelnut (1989)

gemstone sunstone (1987) seashell beverage Oregon hairy triton (1991) milk (1997)

mushroom Pacific golden chanterelle (1999)

Nickname: Beaver State Origin of name: Unknown. However, it is generally accepted that the name, first used by Jonathan Carver in 1778, was taken from the writings of Maj. Robert Rogers, an English army officer. 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Portland, 583,776; Eugene, 156,185;Salem 154,637; Gresham, 105,594; Hillsboro, 91,611;Beaverton, 89,803; Bend, 76,639; Medford, 74,907; Springfield, 59,403; Corvallis, 54,462 Land area: 95,997 sq mi. (248,632 sq km) Geographic center: In Crook Co., 25 mi. SSE of Prineville 102

Number of counties: 36 Largest county by population and area: Multnomah, 735,334 (2010); Harney, 10,135 sq mi. State forests: 780,000 ac. State parks: 231 (95,462 ac.) Residents: Oregonian 2010 resident population est.: 3,831,074 Pennsylvania. Rich in historic lore, Pennsylvania territory was disputed in the early 1600s among the Dutch, the Swedes, and the English. England acquired the region in 1664 with the capture of New York, and in 1681 Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn, a Quaker, by King Charles II. Philadelphia was the seat of the federal government almost continuously from 1776 to 1800; there the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 and the U.S. Constitution drawn up in 1787. Valley Forge, of Revolutionary War fame, and Gettysburg, site of the pivotal battle of the Civil War, are both in Pennsylvania. The Liberty Bell is located in a glass pavilion across from Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The nation's first oil well was dug at Titusville in 1859, and the mining of iron ore and coal led to the development of the state's steel industry. More recently Pennsylvania's industry has diversified, although the state still leads the country in the production of specialty steel. The service, retail trade, and manufacturing sectors provide the most jobs; Pennsylvania is a leader in the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, food products, and electronic equipment. Pennsylvania's 63,200 farms (occupying nearly 8 million acres) are the backbone of the state's economy, producing a wide variety of crops. Leading commodities are dairy products, corn, cattle and calves, mushrooms, poultry and eggs, a variety of fruits, sweet corn, potatoes, maple syrup, and Christmas trees. Pennsylvania's rich heritage draws billions of tourist dollars annually. Among the chief attractions are the Gettysburg National Military Park, Valley Forge National Historical Park, Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Dutch region, the Eisenhower farm near Gettysburg, and the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area

State symbols: flower mountain laurel (1933) tree hemlock (1931)

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bird dog

ruffed grouse (1931) Great Dane (1965)

colors blue and gold (1907) song Pennsylvania (1990)

Nickname: Keystone State Origin of name: In honor of Adm. Sir William Penn, father of William Penn. It means Penn's Woodland. 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Philadelphia, 1,526,006; Pittsburgh, 305,704; Allentown, 118,032; Erie , 101,786; Reading, 88,082; Scranton, 76,415; Bethlehem, 71,329; Lancaster, 56,348, Harrisburg, 48,950, Altoona, 49,523 Land area: 44,817 sq mi. (116,076 sq km) Geographic center: In Centre Co., 21/2 mi. SW of Bellefonte Number of counties: 67 Largest county by population and area: Philadelphia, 1,526,006 (2010); Lycoming, 1,235 sq mi. State forests: over 2 mil. ac. State parks: 116 Residents: Pennsylvanian 2010 resident population est.: 12,702,379 Rhode Island. From its beginnings, Rhode Island has been distinguished by its support for freedom of conscience and action: Clergyman Roger Williams founded the present state capital, Providence, after being exiled by the Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans in 1636. Williams was followed by other religious exiles who founded Pocasset, now Portsmouth, in 1638 and Newport in 1639. Rhode Island's rebellious, authority-defying nature was further demonstrated by the burnings of the British revenue cutters Liberty and Gaspee prior to the Revolution; by its early declaration of independence from Great Britain in May 1776; by its refusal to participate actively in the War of 1812; and by Dorr's Rebellion of 1842, which protested property requirements for voting. Rhode Island, smallest of the 50 states, is densely populated and highly industrialized. It is a major 104

center for jewelry manufacturing. Electronics, metal, plastic products, and boat and ship construction are other important industries. Non-manufacturing employment includes research in health, medicine, and the ocean environment. Providence is a wholesale distribution center for New England. Fishing ports are at Galilee and Newport. Rural areas of the state support small-scale farming, including grapes for local wineries, turf grass, and nursery stock. Tourism generates over a billion dollars a year in revenue. Newport became famous as the summer capital of high society in the mid-19th century. Touro Synagogue (1763) is the oldest in the U.S. Other points of interest include the Roger Williams National Memorial in Providence, Samuel Slater's Mill in Pawtucket, the General Nathanael Greene Homestead in Coventry, and Block Island. State symbols: flower tree bird shell violet (unofficial) (1968) red maple (official) (1964) Rhode Island red hen (official) (1954) quahog (official)

mineral bowenite (1966) stone colors song cumberlandite (1966) blue, white, and gold (in state flag) Rhode Island, It's for Me (1996)

Official name: The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Nickname: The Ocean State Origin of name: From the Greek Island of Rhodes Largest cities (2010 est.): Providence, 178,042; Warwick, 82,672; Cranston, 80,387; Pawtucket, 71,148; East Providence, 47,037; Woonsocket, 41,186; Newport, 24,672; Central Falls, 19,376 Land area: 1,045 sq mi. (2,706 sq km) Geographic center: In Kent Co., 1 mi. SSW of Crompton Number of counties: 5 Largest county by population and area: Providence, 626,667 (2010); Providence, 413 sq mi. State parks: 14 Residents: Rhode Islander 105

2011 resident population est.: 1,051,302 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N28 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de South Carolina, South Dakota y Tennessee, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com

South Carolina. Following exploration of the coast in 1521 by Francisco de Gordillo, the Spanish tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony near present-day Georgetown in 1526, and the French also failed to colonize Parris Island near Fort Royal in 1562. The first English settlement was made in 1670 at Albemarle Point on the Ashley River, but poor conditions drove the settlers to the site of Charleston (originally called Charles Town). South Carolina, officially separated from North Carolina in 1729, was the scene of extensive military action during the Revolution and again during the Civil War. The Civil War began in 1861 as South Carolina troops fired on federal Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, and the state was the first to secede from the Union. Once primarily agricultural, South Carolina today has many large textile and other mills that produce several times the output of its farms in cash value. Charleston makes asbestos, wood, pulp, steel products, chemicals, machinery, and apparel. Farms have become fewer but larger in recent years. South Carolina ranks second in peach production after California. Other top agricultural commodities include broilers (31.5% of total state farm receipts), turkeys, greenhouse products, cattle and calves, and corn. One of only two commercial tea plantations in America is 20 mi south of Charleston on Wadmalaw Island. Points of interest include Fort Sumter National Monument, Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, and aircraft carrier USS Yorktown in Charleston Harbor; the Middleton, Magnolia, and Cypress Gardens in Charleston; Cowpens National Battlefield; the Hilton Head resorts; and the Riverbanks Zoo and Botanical Garden in Columbia. State symbols: flower Carolina yellow jessamine (1924) tree palmetto tree (1939) 107

bird song

Carolina wren (1948) Carolina (1911)

Nickname: Palmetto State Origin of name: In honor of Charles I of England 10 largest cities (2010 est.):Columbia, 129,272; Charleston , 120,083; North Charleston, 97,471; Rock Hill, 66,154; ; Greenville, 58,409; Sumter, 40,524; Florence 37,056, Spartanburg, 37,013; Goose Creek, 35,938; Aiken, 29,524 Land area: 30,109 sq mi. (77,982 sq km) Geographic center: In Richland Co., 13 mi. SE of Columbia Number of counties: 46 Largest county by population and area: Greenville, 451,225 (2010); Horry, 1,134 sq mi. State forests: 4 State parks: 47 (80,000+ ac.) Residents: South Carolinian 2011 resident population est.: 4,679,230 South Dakota. Exploration of this area began in 1743 when Louis-Joseph and Franois Verendrye came from France in search of a route to the Pacific. The U.S. acquired the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and it was explored by Lewis and Clark in 18041806. Fort Pierre, the first permanent settlement, was established in 1817. Settlement of South Dakota did not begin in earnest until the arrival of the railroad in 1873 and the discovery of gold in the Black Hills in 1874. Agriculture is a cultural and economic mainstay, but it no longer leads the state in employment or share of gross state product. Durable-goods manufacturing and private services have evolved as the drivers of the economy. Tourism is also a booming industry in the state, generating over a billion dollars' worth of economic activity each year. South Dakota is the second-largest producer of sunflower seed and oil in the nation. South Dakota is also a leading producer of a variety of small grains including oats, barley, rye, flaxseed, sorghum and alfalfa.

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The Black Hills are the highest mountains east of the Rockies. Mt. Rushmore, in this group, is famous for the likenesses of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt, which were carved in granite by Gutzon Borglum. A memorial to Crazy Horse is also being carved in granite near Custer. Other tourist attractions include the Badlands; the World's Only Corn Palace, in Mitchell; and the city of Deadwood, where Wild Bill Hickok was killed in 1876 and where gambling was recently legalized. State symbols: flower grass soil tree bird insect animal mineral stone gemstone colors song fish American pasqueflower (1903) Western wheat grass (1970) houdek (1990) black hills spruce (1947) ring-necked pheasant (1943) honeybee (1978) coyote (1949) rose quartz (1966) fairburn agate (1966) blue and gold (in state flag) Hail! South Dakota (1943) walleye (1982)

musical instrument fiddle (1989) dessert kuchen (2000)

Nicknames: Mount Rushmore State; Coyote State Origin of name: From the Sioux tribe, meaning allies 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Sioux Falls, 153,888; Rapid City , 67,956; Aberdeen, 26,091; Brookings, 22,056; Watertown, 21,482; Mitchell, 15.254; Yankton, 14,454; Pierre , 13,646; Huron, 12,592; Vermillion, 10,571 Land area: 75,885 sq mi. (196,542 sq km) Geographic center: In Hughes Co., 8 mi. NE of Pierre Number of counties: 66 (64 county governments) Largest county by population and area: Minnehaha, 169,468 (2010); Meade, 3,471 sq mi. State parks: 12

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Residents: South Dakotan 2010 resident population est.: 775,933 Tennessee. First visited by the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1540, the Tennessee area would later be claimed by both France and England as a result of the 1670s and 1680s explorations of Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, Sieur de la Salle, and James Needham and Gabriel Arthur. Great Britain obtained the area after the French and Indian Wars in 1763. During 17841787, the settlers formed the state of Franklin, which was disbanded when the region was allowed to send representatives to the North Carolina legislature. In 1790 Congress organized the territory south of the Ohio River, and Tennessee joined the Union in 1796. Although Tennessee joined the Confederacy during the Civil War, there was much pro-Union sentiment in the state, which was the scene of extensive military action. The state is now predominantly industrial; the majority of its population lives in urban areas. Among the most important products are chemicals, textiles, apparel, electrical machinery, furniture, and leather goods. Other lines include food processing, lumber, primary metals, and metal products. The state ranks high in the production of marble, zinc, pyrite, and ball clay. Tennessee's largest crop is soybean, contributing about 11% to the state's total agricultural receipts. The state is also a leading tobacco producer. Other farming income is derived from livestock and dairy products, as well as greenhouse and nursery products and cotton. With six other states, Tennessee shares the extensive federal reservoir developments on the Tennessee and Cumberland River systems. The Tennessee Valley Authority operates a number of dams and reservoirs in the state. Among the major points of interest are the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site at Greeneville, the American Museum of Atomic Energy at Oak Ridge, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Hermitage (home of Andrew Jackson near Nashville), Rock City Gardens near Chattanooga, and three National Military Parks. State symbols: flower tree bird horse animal wild flower songs iris (1933) tulip poplar (1947) mockingbird (1933) Tennessee walking horse raccoon (1971) passion flower (1973) My Homeland, Tennessee (1925); When It's Iris Time in Tennessee (1935); My 110

Tennessee (1955); Tennessee Waltz (1965); Rocky Top (1982); Tennessee (1992); The Pride of Tennessee (1996) Nickname: Volunteer State Origin of name: Of Cherokee origin; the exact meaning is unknown 10 largest cities (2010est.):Memphis, 646,889; Nashville-Davidson,1 626,681; Knoxville, 178,874; Chattanooga, 167,674; Clarksville, 132,939; Murfreesboro, 108,755; Jackson, 65,211; Johnson City, 63,152; Franklin, 62,487; Bartlett, 54,613 Land area: 41,217 sq mi. (106,752 sq km) Geographic center: In Rutherford Co., 5 mi. NE of Murfreesboro Number of counties: 95 Largest county by population and area: Shelby, 927,644 (2010); Shelby, 755 sq mi. State forests: 15 (162,371 ac,) State parks: 54 Residents: Tennessean, Tennesseean 2010 resident population est.: 6,346,105

Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N29 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Texas, Utah y Vermont con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Texas. Spanish explorers, including lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vsquez de Coronado, were the first to visit the region in the 16th and 17th centuries, settling at Ysleta near El Paso in 1682. In 1685, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, established a short-lived French colony at Matagorda Bay. Americans, led by Stephen F. Austin, began to settle along the Brazos River in 1821 when Texas was controlled by Mexico, recently independent from Spain. In 1836, following a brief war between the American settlers in Texas and the Mexican government, the Independent Republic of Texas was proclaimed with Sam Houston as president. This war was famous for the battles of the Alamo and San Jacinto. After Texas became a state in 1845, border disputes led to the Mexican War of 1846 1848. Possessing enormous natural resources, Texas is a major agricultural state and an industrial giant. Second only to Alaska in land area, it leads all other states in such categories as oil, cattle, sheep, and cotton. Texas ranches and farms also produce poultry and eggs, dairy products, greenhouse and nursery products, wheat, hay, rice, sugar cane, and peanuts, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. Sulfur, salt, helium, asphalt, graphite, bromine, natural gas, cement, and clays are among the state's valuable resources. Chemicals, oil refining, food processing, machinery, and transportation equipment are among the major Texas manufacturing industries. Millions of tourists spend over $50 billion annually visiting more than 100 state parks, recreation areas, and points of interest such as the Gulf Coast resort area, the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, the Alamo in San Antonio, the state capital in Austin, and the Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains National Park. State symbols: flower tree bird song fish bluebonnet (1901) pecan (1919) mockingbird (1927) Texas, Our Texas (1929) guadalupe bass (1989) 112

seashell dish folk dance fruit gem gemstone cut grass reptile stone plant insect pepper mammal

lightning whelk (1987) chili (1977) square dance (1991) Texas red grapefruit (1993) Texas blue topaz (1969) Lone Star cut (1977) sideoats grass (1971) horned lizard (1993) petrified palmwood (1969) prickly pear cactus monarch butterfly jalapeo pepper longhorn

small mammal armadillo flying mammal Mexican free-tailed bat Nickname: Lone Star State Origin of name: From an Indian word meaning friends 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Houston, 2,099,451; San Antonio , 1,327,407; Dallas, 1,197,816; Austin, 790,390; Fort Worth , 741,206; El Paso, 649,121; Arlington, 365,438; Corpus Christi, 305,215; Plano, 259,841; Laredo, 36,091 Land area: 261,797 sq mi. (678,054 sq km) Geographic center: In McCulloch Co., 15 mi. NE of Brady Number of counties: 254 Largest county by population and area: Harris, 4,092,459 (2010); Brewster, 6,193 sq mi. State forests: 5 (7,314 ac.) State parks: 115 (600,000+ ac.) Residents: Texan 2010 resident population est.: 25,145,561 Utah. 113

The region was first explored for Spain by Franciscan friars Escalante and Dominguez in 1776. In 1824 the famous American frontiersman Jim Bridger discovered the Great Salt Lake. Fleeing religious persecution in the East and Midwest, the Mormons arrived in 1847 and began to build Salt Lake City. The U.S. acquired the Utah region in the treaty ending the Mexican War in 1848, and the first transcontinental railroad was completed with the driving of a golden spike at Promontory Summit in 1869. Mormon difficulties with the federal government about polygamy did not end until the Mormon Church renounced the practice in 1890, six years before Utah became a state. Rich in natural resources, Utah has long been a leading producer of copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc, potassium salts, and molybdenum. Oil and natural gas have also become major products. Utah is the only state that produces gilsonite, a pure form of asphalt used in dark colored printing inks and paints, oil well drilling muds and cements, asphalt modifiers, foundry sands additives, and a wide variety of chemical products. The state's top agricultural commodities include cattle and calves, dairy products, hay, greenhouse and nursery products, and hogs. Utah's traditional industries of agriculture and mining are complemented by increased tourism and growing aerospace, biomedical, and computer-related businesses. Utah is a great vacationland with 11,000 mi of fishing streams and 147,000 acres of lakes and reservoirs. Among the many tourist attractions are Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, and Zion National Parks; Cedar Breaks, Dinosaur, Hovenweep, Natural Bridges, Rainbow Bridge, Timpanogos Cave, and Grand Staircase (Escalante) National Monuments; the Mormon Tabernacle in Salt Lake City; and Monument Valley. Salt Lake City hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. State symbols: flower tree bird emblem song gem animal insect grass fossil sego lily (1911) blue spruce (1933) California gull (1955) beehive (1959) Utah, We Love Thee (1953) topaz Rocky Mountain elk (1971) honeybee (1983) Indian rice grass (1990) allosaurus (1988)

cooking pot dutch oven (1997) fish Bonneville cutthroat trout (1997) 114

fruit mineral rock

cherry (1997) copper coal (1991)

Nickname: Beehive State Origin of name: From the Ute tribe, meaning people of the mountains 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Salt Lake City,186,440; West Valley City, 129,480;Provo, 112,488; West Jordan, 103,712; Orem, 88,328; Sandy, 87,461; Ogden, 82,825; St. George, 72,897; Layton, 67,311; Taylorsville, 58,652 Land area: 82,144 sq mi. (212,753 sq km) Geographic center: In Sanpete Co., 3 mi. N. of Manti Number of counties: 29 Largest county by population and area: Salt Lake, 1,029,655 (2010); San Juan, 7,821 sq mi. National parks: 5 National monuments: 6 State parks/forests: 40 Residents: Utahan, Utahn 2010 resident population est.: 2,763,885 Vermont. The Vermont region was explored and claimed for France by Samuel de Champlain in 1609, and the first French settlement was established at Fort Ste. Anne in 1666. The first English settlers moved into the area in 1724 and built Fort Dummer on the site of present-day Brattleboro. England gained control of the area in 1763 after the French and Indian Wars. First organized to drive settlers from New York out of Vermont, the Green Mountain Boys, led by Ethan Allen, won fame by capturing Fort Ticonderoga from the British on May 10, 1775, in the early days of the Revolutionary War. In 1777 Vermont adopted its first constitution, abolishing slavery and providing for universal male suffrage without property qualifications. Vermont leads the nation in the production of monument granite, marble, and maple products. It is also a leader in the production of talc. Vermont's rugged, rocky terrain discourages extensive agricultural farming, but is well suited to raising fruit trees and to dairy farming. Principal industrial products include electrical equipment, fabricated metal products, printing and 115

publishing, and paper and allied products. Tourism is a major industry in Vermont. Vermont's many famous ski areas include Stowe, Killington, Mt. Snow, Okemo, Jay Peak, and Sugarbush. Hunting and fishing also attract many visitors to Vermont each year. Among the many points of interest are the Green Mountain National Forest, Bennington Battle Monument, the Calvin Coolidge Homestead at Plymouth, and the Marble Exhibit in Proctor. State symbols: flower red clover (1894) tree bird sugar maple (1949) hermit thrush (1941)

animal Morgan horse (1961) insect honeybee (1978) song These Green Mountains (2000)

Nickname: Green Mountain State Origin of name: From the French vert mont, meaning green mountain 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Burlington, 42,417; Essex, 19,587; South Burlington, 17,993; Colchester 17,067; Rutland, 16,495; Bennington 15,764, Brattleboro 12,046; Milton, 10,352; Hartford, 9,952; Springfield, 9,078; Barre, 9,052; Williston, 8,698; Middlebury, 8,496 Land area: 9,250 sq mi. (23,958 sq km) Geographic center: In Washington Co., 3 mi. E of Roxbury Number of counties: 14 Largest county by population and area: Chittenden, 156,545 (2010); Windsor, 971 sq mi. State forests: 300,000 ac. State parks: 52 Residents: Vermonter 2010 resident population est.: 625,741

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Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N30 Descripcin de la Sesin: En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Virginia, Washington y West Virginia, con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones.

Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Virginia. The history of America is closely tied to that of Virginia, particularly during the Colonial period. Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in North America and slavery was introduced there in 1619. The surrenders ending both the American Revolution (Yorktown) and the Civil War (Appomattox) occurred in Virginia. The state is called the Mother of Presidents because eight U.S. presidents were born there. The most valuable services industry is community, business and personal services, which produces income through private health care, hotels and motels, computer programming and engineering companies and repair shops. The greatest growth is the technology sector, with business for computer programmers, consultants, engineers and researchers generated by the federal government. Virginia is home to the world's largest internet service provider. Tobacco, once the basis of the Virginia economy, has been replaced by livestock and livestock products as the state's most valuable source of agricultural income. Broilers are the state's most valuable product followed by beef cattle. Virginia is a leading producer of turkeys. Vegetable crops include potatoes, sweet potatoes and tomatoes. With large orchards, apples are the state's leading fruit crop.Virginia is a leading crab and oyster producing state. Coal is the state's leading mined product. Points of interest include Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington; Monticello, home of Thomas Jefferson; Stratford, home of the Lees; Richmond, capital of the Confederacy and of Virginia; and Williamsburg, the restored Colonial capital. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel spans the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, connecting Cape Charles with Norfolk. Consisting of a series of low trestles, two bridges and two mile-long tunnels, the complex is 18 miles (29 km) long. It was opened in 1964. Other attractions are the Shenandoah National Park, Colonial National Historical Park, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, the Booker T. Washington birthplace near Roanoke, Arlington House (the Robert E. Lee Memorial), Luray Caverns, the Skyline Drive, and the Blue Ridge National Parkway. 118

State symbols: flower American dogwood (1918) bird dog shell tree cardinal (1950) American foxhound (1966) oyster shell (1974) dogwood (1956)

Nicknames: The Old Dominion; Mother of Presidents Origin of name: In honor of Elizabeth Virgin Queen of England 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Virginia Beach, 437,994; Norfolk, 242,803; Chesapeake, 222,209; Richmond , 204,214; Newport News , 180,719; Alexandria , 139,966; Hampton , 137,436; Roanoke , 97,032; Portsmouth, 95,535; Suffolk, 84,585 Land area: 39,594 sq mi. (102,558 sq km) Geographic center: In Buckingham Co., 5 mi. SW of Buckingham Number of counties: 95, plus 39 independent cities Largest county by population and area: Fairfax, 1,081,726 (2010); Pittsylvania 978 sq mi. State forests: 16 (50,000+ ac.) State parks/natural areas: 34 Residents: Virginian 2010 resident population est.: 8,001,024

Washington. As part of the vast Oregon Country, Washington territory was visited by Spanish, American, and British explorersBruno Heceta for Spain in 1775, the American Capt. Robert Gray in 1792, and Capt. George Vancouver for Britain in 17921794. Lewis and Clark explored the Columbia River region and coastal areas for the U.S. in 18051806. Rival American and British settlers and conflicting territorial claims threatened war in the early 1840s. However, in 1846 the Oregon Treaty set the boundary at the 49th parallel and war was averted. Washington is a leading lumber producer. Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa and white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. The state holds first place in apples, lentils, dry 119

edible peas, hops, pears, red raspberries, spearmint oil, and sweet cherries, and ranks high in apricots, asparagus, grapes, peppermint oil, and potatoes. Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue and the commercial fishing catch of salmon, halibut, and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state's economy. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other transportation equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals, and machinery. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, and water storage. Among the major points of interest: Mt. Rainier, Olympic, and North Cascades National Parks. Mount St. Helens, a peak in the Cascade Range, erupted in May 1980. Also of interest are Whitman Mission and Fort Vancouver National Historic Sites; and the Pacific Science Center and the Space Needle, in Seattle. State symbols: flower tree bird fish gem colors song coast rhododendron (1892) western hemlock (1947) willow goldfinch (1951) steelhead trout (1969) petrified wood (1975) green and gold (1925) Washington, My Home (1959)

folk song Roll On Columbia, Roll On (1987) dance grass insect fossil fruit square dance (1979) bluebunch wheatgrass (1989) blue darner dragonfly (1997) Columbian mammoth (1998) apple (1989)

Nicknames: Evergreen State Origin of name: In honor of George Washington 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Seattle, 608,660; Spokane, 208,916; Tacoma, 198,397; Vancouver , 161,791; Bellevue, 122,363; Everett, 103,019; Kent, 92,411; Yakima, 91,067; Renton, 90,927; Spokane Valley, 89,755 Land area: 66,544 sq mi. (172,349 sq km) 120

Geographic center: In Chelan Co., 10 mi. WSW of Wenatchee Number of counties: 39 Largest county by population and area: King, 1,931,249 (2010); Okanogan, 5,268 sq mi. State forest lands: 2.1 million ac. State parks: 120 Residents: Washingtonian 2010 resident population est.: 6,724,540 West Virginia. West Virginia's early history from 1609 until 1863 is largely shared with Virginia, of which it was a part until Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861. The delegates of the 40 western counties who opposed secession formed their own government, which was granted statehood in 1863. In 1731 Morgan Morgan established the first permanent white settlement on Mill Creek in presentday Berkeley County. Coal, a mineral asset that would figure significantly in West Virginia's history, was discovered in 1742. Other important natural resources are oil, natural gas, and hardwood forests, which cover about 75% of the state's area. The state's rapid industrial expansion began in the 1870s, drawing thousands of European immigrants and African Americans into the region. Miners' strikes between 1912 and 1921 required the intervention of state and federal troops to quell the violence. Today, the state ranks second in total coal production, with about 12.5% of the U.S. total. It is also a leader in steel, glass, aluminum, and chemical manufactures. Major agricultural commodities are broilers, cattle and calves, chicken eggs, dairy products, and turkeys. Tourism is increasingly popular in mountainous West Virginia. More than a million acres have been set aside in 37 state parks and recreation areas and in 9 state forests and 2 national forests. Major points of interest include Harpers Ferry and New River Gorge National River, The Greenbrier and Berkeley Springs resorts, the scenic railroad at Cass, and the historic homes in the Eastern Panhandle. State symbols: flower rhododendron (1903) tree bird sugar maple (1949) cardinal (1949)

animal black bear (1973) colors blue and gold (official) (1863) songs West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home, The West Virginia Hills, and This Is My West 121

Virginia (adopted by Legislature in 1947, 1961, and 1963 as official state songs) Nickname: Mountain State Origin of name: In honor of Elizabeth, Virgin Queen of England 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Charleston, 51,400; Huntington, 49,138; Parkersburg, 31,492; Wheeling, 28,486; Morgantown, 29,660; Weirton, 19,746; Fairmont, 18,704; Beckley, 17,614; Clarksburg, 16,578; Martinsburg, 17,227 Land area: 24,077 sq mi. (62,359 sq km) Geographic center: In Braxton Co., 4 mi. E of Sutton Number of counties: 55 Largest county by population and area: Kanawha, 193,063 (2010); Randolph, 1,040 sq mi. State forests: 9 (79,502 ac.) State parks: 37 (74,508 ac.) Residents: West Virginian 2010 resident population est.: 1,852,994

Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N31 Descripcin de la Sesin En esta sesin se presentarn los Estados de Wisconsin y Wyoming con las diferentes caractersticas que cada uno de ellos presenta, tales como industrias, poblacin, ciudades ms pobladas, etc. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: En cul de estos estados te gustara vivir de acuerdo a sus caractersticas? D razones. Lectura Previa www.infoplease.com Wisconsin. The Wisconsin region was first explored for France by Jean Nicolet, who landed at Green Bay in 1634. In 1660 a French trading post and Roman Catholic mission were established near present-day Ashland. Great Britain obtained the region in settlement of the French and Indian Wars in 1763; the U.S. acquired it in 1783 after the Revolutionary War. However, Great Britain retained actual control until after the War of 1812. The region was successively governed as part of the territories of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan between 1800 and 1836, when it became a separate territory. Wisconsin is a leading state in milk and cheese production. Other important farm products are peas, beans, beets, corn, potatoes, oats, hay, and cranberries. The chief industrial products of the state are automobiles, machinery, furniture, paper, beer, and processed foods. Wisconsin ranks first among the paper-producing states. The state's mines produce copper, iron ore, lead, and zinc. Wisconsin is a pioneer in social legislation, providing pensions for the blind (1907), aid to dependent children (1913), and old-age assistance (1925). In labor legislation, the state was the first to enact an unemployment compensation law (1932) and the first in which a workman's compensation law actually took effect. In 1984, Wisconsin became the first state to adopt the Uniform Marital Property Act. The state has over 14,000 lakes, of which Winnebago is the largest. Water sports, ice-boating, and fishing are popular, as are skiing and hunting. The 95 state parks, forests, and recreation areas take up one-seventh of the land. Among the many points of interest are the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore; Ice Age National Scientific Reserve; the Circus World Museum at Baraboo; the Wolf, St. Croix, and Lower St. Croix national scenic riverways; and the Wisconsin Dells. State symbols: flower wood violet (1949) 123

tree grain bird animal wild life animal

sugar maple (1949) corn (1990) robin (1949) badger white-tailed deer (1957)

domestic animal dairy cow (1971) insect fish song mineral rock honeybee (1977) musky (muskellunge) (1955) On Wisconsin galena (1971) red granite (1971)

symbol of peace mourning dove (1971) soil fossil dog beverage dance waltz ballad antigo silt loam (1983) trilobite (1985) American Water Spaniel (1986) milk (1988) polka (1994) The Wisconsin Waltz (2001) Oh Wisconsin, Land of My Dreams (2001)

Nickname: Badger State Origin of name: French corruption of an Indian word whose meaning is disputed 10 largest cities (2010 est.): Milwaukee, 594,833; Madison, 233,209; Green Bay, 104,057; Kenosha, 99,218; Racine, 78,860; Appleton, 72,623; Waukesha, 70,718; Oshkosh, 66,083; Eau Claire, 65,883; Janesville, 63,575 Land area: 54,310 sq mi. (140,673 sq km) Geographic center: In Wood Co., 9 mi. SE of Marshfield Number of counties: 72 Largest county by population and area: Milwaukee, 947,735 (2010); Marathon, 1,545 sq mi. State parks, forests, and recreation areas: 95 Residents: Wisconsinite

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2010 resident population est.: 5,686,986 Wyoming. The U.S. acquired the land comprising Wyoming from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. John Colter, a fur-trapper, is the first white man known to have entered the region. In 1807 he explored the Yellowstone area and brought back news of its geysers and hot springs. Robert Stuart pioneered the Oregon Trail across Wyoming in 18121813 and, in 1834, Fort Laramie, the first permanent trading post in Wyoming, was built. Western Wyoming was obtained by the U.S. in the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain and as a result of the treaty ending the Mexican War in 1848. When the Wyoming Territory was organized in 1869, Wyoming women became the first in the nation to obtain the right to vote. In 1925 Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first woman governor in the United States. Wyoming's towering mountains and vast plains provide spectacular scenery, grazing lands for sheep and cattle, and rich mineral deposits. Wyoming is the leading coal-producing state and a leader in the production of petroleum and natural gas. Wyoming has the world's largest sodium carbonate (natrona) deposits and has the nation's second largest uranium deposits. A leading producer of sheep and wool, Wyoming is also a major producer of beef cattle and hogs. Principal crops include wheat, oats, sugar beets, corn, barley, and alfalfa. Second in mean elevation to Colorado, Wyoming has many attractions for the tourist trade, notably Yellowstone National Park . Hikers, campers and skiers are attracted to Grand Teton National Park and Jackson Hole National Monument in the Teton Range of the Rockies. Cheyenne is famous for its annual Frontier Days celebration. Flaming Gorge, the Fort Laramie National Historic Site, and Devils Tower and Fossil Butte National Monuments are other points of interest. State symbols: flower tree bird dinosaur fish fossil Indian paintbrush (1917) cottonwood (1947) western meadowlark (1927) Triceratops (1994) cutthroat trout (1987) Knightia (1987)

gemstone jade (1967) insignia bucking horse (unofficial)

mammal bison (1985) 125

reptile soil song

horned toad (1993) Forkwood series (unofficial) Wyoming (1955)

Nickname: Equality State Origin of name: From the Delaware Indian word, meaning mountains and valleys alternating; the same as the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania 10 largest cities (2010): Cheyenne, 59,011;Casper, 55,316; Laramie, 30,816; Gillette, 29,087; Rock Springs, 23,036; Sheridan, 17,444; Green River, 12,515; Evanston, 12,359; Riverton, 10,615; Cody, 9,520 Land area: 97,100 sq mi. (251,501 sq km) Geographic center: In Fremont Co., 58 mi. ENE of Lander Number of counties: 23, plus Yellowstone National Park Largest county by population and area: Laramie, 91,738 (2010); Sweetwater, 10,426 sq mi. State parks and historic sites: 24 Residents: Wyomingite 2010 resident population est.: 563,626 Bibliografa Mnima www.infoplease.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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Sesin N32 Descripcin de la Sesin: Este proceso Blico entre 1.947 y 1.991 fue producto de un sostenido estado de tensin poltica y militar entre las fuerzas del mundo este, conducido por Estados Unidos y sus aliados de la NATO y el mundo comunista, conducido por la Unin Sovitica y sus estados satlites y aliados. Pregunta de motivacin e introduccin al dilogo: Por qu a este proceso se le llam Guerra Fra?

Lectura Previa www.enotes.com Introduction The world had never experienced anything like it. The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States was a half century of military build-up, political maneuvering for international support, and behind-the-scenes military assistance for allies and satellite nations that began in the late 1940s and continued into the early 1990s. Both sides of the conflict wanted to avoid direct military action because of the threat of mutual nuclear destruction. But the period was punctuated by explosive situations that threatened to bring open war, including the Berlin Airlift (1948-1949), the Korean Conflict (1950-1953), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Vietnam War (1964-1975), and the Afghan Invasion (1979-1989). In December 1989, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. President George Bush officially ended the Cold War at a summit in Malta, but tensions between the two superpowers lingered for years. Essential Facts 1. Winston Churchill issued warnings about the Soviet Union as early as 1946 when he claimed that an Iron Curtain had fallen across Eastern Europe to describe the Soviet Unions grasp for power in the region. The term was used throughout the Cold War. 2. The first major event of the Cold War involved the amazing effort of British and American pilots to keep West Berlin supplied after the Soviet government closed all outside ground traffic. Between June 1948 and September 1949, pilots made 277,000 flights into West Berlin, carrying more than two million tons of products including coal for fuel. 3. The end of the Cold War also saw the fall of the Soviet Union, which had united the countries of eastern and central Europe and much of northern Asia under communist rule. The breakup of the union changed the face of Europe and kept mapmakers busy as over twenty new countries emerged or reemerged over the next several years. 4. In the late 1980s, the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union occurred with the defeat of the Communist party in Poland by the Solidarity Movement, a labor union led by Lech Walesa. Walesa risked his life and spent time in prison to found the Union. 5. The Cold War was incredibly expensive over its four decades, costing the U.S. eight trillion dollars in military expenditures and over 100,000 lives in Korea and Vietnam. Although the exact figures for the Soviet Union are unknown, they spent a larger percentage of their gross national product on the war, maybe as much as 60 percent.

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Bibliografa Mnima www.enotes.com Bibliografa Complementaria Randee Falk Spotlight on the USA New York USA Oxford University Press.

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