Atomic Structure

Image courtesy of www.lab-initio.com

B.C. 400 B.C. Demokritos and Leucippos use the term "atomos

Chemistry Timeline #1

2000 years of Alchemy

1500's Georg Bauer: systematic metallurgy Paracelsus: medicinal application of minerals

1600's Robert Boyle:The Skeptical Chemist. Quantitative experimentation, identification of elements

1700s' Georg Stahl: Phlogiston Theory Joseph Priestly: Discovery of oxygen Antoine Lavoisier: The role of oxygen in combustion, law of conservation of mass, first modern chemistry textbook

Chemistry Timeline #2
1800's Joseph Proust: The law of definite proportion (composition) John Dalton: The Atomic Theory, The law of multiple proportions Joseph Gay-Lussac: Combining volumes of gases, existence of diatomic molecules Amadeo Avogadro: Molar volumes of gases Jons Jakob Berzelius: Relative atomic masses, modern symbols for the elements Dmitri Mendeleyev: The periodic table J.J. Thomson: discovery of the electron Henri Becquerel: Discovery of radioactivity 1900's Robert Millikan: Charge and mass of the electron Ernest Rutherford: Existence of the nucleus, and its relative size Meitner & Fermi: Sustained nuclear fission Ernest Lawrence: The cyclotron and trans-uranium elements

Daltons Atomic Theory (1808)

All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties

John Dalton

Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged

Modern Atomic Theory

Several changes have been made to Daltons theory.

Dalton said: Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties Modern theory states: Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element.

Modern Atomic Theory #2

Dalton said: Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed Modern theory states: Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions. However, these changes CAN occur in nuclear reactions

Discovery of the Electron

In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce the presence of a negatively charged particle.

Cathode ray tubes pass electricity through a gas that is contained at a very low pressure.

Thomsons Atomic Model

J.J. Thomson

Thomson believed that the electrons were like plums embedded in a positively charged pudding, thus it was called the plum pudding model.

Mass of the Electron

1909 Robert Millikan determines the mass of the electron. Mass of the electron is 9.109 x 10-31 kg

The oil drop apparatus

Conclusions from the Study of the Electron

Cathode rays have identical properties regardless of the element used to produce them. All elements must contain identically charged electrons. Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive particles in the atom to balance the negative charge of the electrons Electrons have so little mass that atoms must contain other particles that account for most of the mass

Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment

Alpha particles are helium nuclei Particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold foil Particle hits on the detecting screen (film) are recorded

Try it Yourself!
In the following pictures, there is a target hidden by a cloud. To figure out the shape of the target, we shot some beams into the cloud and recorded where the beams came out. Can you figure out the shape of the target?

The Answers
Target #1 Target #2

Rutherfords Findings
Most of the particles passed right through A few particles were deflected VERY FEW were greatly deflected Like howitzer shells bouncing off of tissue paper!

Conclusions: The nucleus is small The nucleus is dense The nucleus is positively charged

Atomic Particles
Particle Electron Proton
Neutron

Charge Mass (kg) -1 9.109 x 10-31 +1

0

1.673 x 10-27
1.675 x 10-27

Location Electron cloud Nucleus

Nucleus

The Atomic Scale

Most of the mass of

Helium-4

the atom is in the nucleus (protons and neutrons) Electrons are found outside of the nucleus (the electron cloud) Most of the volume of the atom is empty space

Image: User Yzmo Wikimedia Commons

About Quarks
Protons and neutrons are NOT fundamental particles.

Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark.

Neutrons are made of one up quark and two down quarks. Quarks are held together by gluons
Images: Arpad Horvath, Wikimedia Commons

Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons.
Isotope Hydrogen1 (protium) Protons 1 Electrons 1 Neutrons 0 Nucleus

Hydrogen-2 (deuterium)
Hydrogen-3 (tritium)

Atomic mass is the average of all the naturally isotopes of that element.
Isotope Carbon-12 Symbol
12C

Atomic Masses
Composition of the nucleus 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 protons 7 neutrons 6 protons 8 neutrons

% in nature 98.89%

Carbon-13

13C

1.11%

Carbon-14

14C

<0.01%

Carbon = 12.011

Atomic Number
Atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.
Element Carbon Phosphorus Gold # of protons Atomic # (Z) 6 6 15 15 79 79

Mass Number
Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope. Mass # = p+ + n0
Nuclide
Oxygen - 18

p+
8
33 15

n0
10 42

e8 33

Mass #
18 75

Arsenic - 75 Phosphorus - 31

16

15

31