COMPONENTS OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

WATER SUPPLY COMPONENTS

SOURCE FACILITIES
Springs, deep wells, surface water (intake, infiltration

gallery/infiltration well)

TREATMENT FACILITIES
Chlorinator, sand filter, complete water treatment plant

TRANSMISSION LINE
Pipeline from source to storage facilities

STORAGE FACILITIES
Raw water tank, clean water tank

DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES
Distribution mains, control valves, individual connections,

fire hydrants, booster pumps

Water supply
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LEVELS OF SERVICE
LEVEL 1

point water source which normally serves 15 to 20 households;

LEVEL 2

water source, treatment, transmission, storage, distribution and communal/neighborhood faucets serving 4 to 8 households
LEVEL 3

a system with a source, treatment, transmission, storage, distribution, public faucets and individual/household service connections.
Water supply
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Typical Level II System Layout (with Ground Reservoir)

Spring Box Transmission Main Ground Reservoir

Valve

Tap Stand

Distribution Lines

Typical Level II System Layout

(with Elevated Storage Tank) Well Pump Elevated Storage Tank

Transmission Main

Valve Tap Stand

Distribution Pipes

Typical Level 3 Water Supply System (Well)

Water Reservoir

Well source

Water supply

Typical Level 3 Water Supply System (Spring)

Spring Box

Water supply

TREATMENT FACILITIES

TREATMENT FACILITIES
AERATORS FILTERS CHLORINATION EQUIPMENT pH ADJUSTMENT EQUIPMENT

Facilities Commonly Used for Treatment of Water Wells and Springs

Aerators (for oxidation of iron, and removal of

dissolved gases, tastes and odors)

Filters (for removal of oxides, lime residue,

etc.)
Chemical mixers (mainly for addition of lime

to adjust acidity)
Chlorinators (for disinfection)

Aerators
Devices most commonly used for aerating water are:
Multiple Tray Aerators Cascade Aerators Air Compressor and Diffusor Pipes Spray Nozzle Aerators

Filters
Is used when the water is aerated for removal of iron, manganese, or large amounts of dissolved gases.
Filtration Cycle
Water flows downward through layers of sand and some coarser medium. The material being filtered out accumulates at, or just below, the surface of the filter media and must occasionally be removed by backwashing then to waste, to eliminate clogging effect of removed pre-treatment.

Backwash Cycle
Essential for effective, trouble-free operation of the filter units.

Chlorination Equipment
Is the most widely used means of disinfecting public water supplies. It aims to kill any diseasecausing micro-organism that might get into the water supply system.

TERMINOLOGY

Chlorine Demand the amount of chlorine that reacts to different compounds of water that combine chemically with chlorine. Chlorine Residual The amount of chlorine available for disinfection after chlorine demand is satisfied. Contact Time the time required to kill a microorganism after chlorine first comes in contact with it.

Dosage refers to the amount of chemical applied

to the water.
Feed Rate is the rate at which chlorine solution

or gas is injected into the water.

Basic ways of introducing Chlorine into the water

Hypochlorination or the injecting of a

chlorine solution, and

Injection of pure chlorine gas

Hypochlorination

Refers to the injection of a solution of a powdered or a liquid chlorine into the water by the use of a HYPOCHLORINATOR.

pH Adjustment Equipment
pH is the scientific shorthand for the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water Value of pH in Water < 7.0 - Acidic 7.0 Neutral > 7.0 - Alkaline Slightly acidic or slightly alkaline water causes no problems in water, however, strongly acidic water must be treated in order to prevent corrosion of metallic pipe, valves, steel tanks and customer plumbing.

TRANSMISSION LINE

Transmission Line
DISTANCE = 4,500 meters

EL. 54.00

Assuming a PVC pipe, C = 140, what diameter is required to transmit 30 lps from the spring to the reservoir ?

Max OWL = 36.60 Max OWL = 33.50

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Sample Profile along Transmission Pipelines

Intake Box

Hydraulic Grade Line

Isolation Valve Air Release Valve Reservoir

Blow Off Valve

Isolation Valve

Pressure Breaker
Service Area

MILAYA POTABLE WATER SUPPLY LEVEL II (Wao, Lanao Del Sur)

Spring Box Elev. = 641.61m

63 m 00 -4 b

PIPE NETWORK SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Pressure Breaker Tank No. 1 Elev. = 583.00m

63 ,70 -1

-1 67 m

31

-9 5m

25

Existing Reservoir (School Compound) Elev.= 357.05m

0m

Pressure Breaker Tank No. 2 Elev. = 495.00m 63 -7 ,5 00 Z m Proposed Reservoir location at Balete Elev. = 415.00m

75 - 2,000m
c
63 10m - 1,1

2 5

m - 80

F17

X 63 - 112m

31 -

120m

63 - 95m

F16

10m 31 -

U
63 - 140m

F15
31

S
63 - 154m

- 10m

F14

- 10m 31 P O

63 - 68m

F13
m 25 - 82

12m 2 5 -

63 - 25m

F11

F12
25 m 55

50 - 96m K
Existing Reservoir Elev.= 360.00m 31 40m 40 H -2 30 F m F6 F4
25 -9 0m

J
m 60 -2 B

F8
25

31 -

38

180m

5m -7

G
31

F2

F9

F7

m 75 -2

F1

F3

F5

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM N T S

STORAGE FACILITIES

Purposes:
Impound Water Store Water Equalize rates of flow Equalize pressure in the distribution

system
Respond to emergencies

TYPES OF RESERVOIR
By material (reinforced concrete or steel) By location/setting (ground or elevated) By function (fill & draw or floating)

Advantages of Elevated Storage

Pumps are operated at constant head Pumps need not be operated continuously Short-time power outages do not affect

water pressure and supply

Pressures in the distribution system may

be equalized by strategic location of the tank

Advantages of Ground Reservoir

Lower first cost Lower maintenance cost Easy observation of stored-water quality Greater safety Avoidance of unsightliness and other

objectionable features of elevated storage

Sizing of Reservoirs
Operating Storage (15 % to 30 % of ADD) Emergency Storage (2 hrs of Peak Hour

Demand)
Fire Storage Typical volume based on served

population 20,000 & below pop. 20,000 to 100,000 100,000 to 500,000 Above 500,000

80 CM 320 CM 640 CM 950 CM

TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS/ RESERVOIRS

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The Water Distribution System

Other Hydraulic Considerations
Friction loss in pipe (HWC) Hydraulic grade line Measuring flows/production
Weir Box Method Orifice Plate Method Horizontal Free-Discharge Vertical Free Discharge

The Water Distribution System

Pumping Equipment

Most pumps used in waterworks, including both well pumps and booster, are of the centrifugal turbine or volute type.

Pump selection

Static water level Pumping water level

Pump size should be determined by : i) Well yield ii) No. of operating hours Base (sustained flow) Peak hour flow Scheduled delivery iii) Fill-and-draw or Float system iv) Hydraulic zones v) Delivery pressures

System Facilities

32

Pump selection
Centrifugal pumps for total dynamic head (TDH) of 6 m or less Jet pumps for 6 to 20 m TDH Submersible pumps for TDH >20 m

Power (Kw) = 9.8 x (1/eff) x Q X TDH Q = discharge (CMS) TDH = total dynamic head (m) eff = 60% to 80% Power (HP) = Kw/0.746

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Pump selection
Check valve to prevent back flow Set-up allows pump to be removed for inspection &

maintenance

Pressure gage to check discharge pressure Motor control equipment Lightning arresters Production meter Pumping station to be situated in adequately large

area

Pumping station must provide protection for above

System Facilities

ground mounted devices and their electric control 34

Pumping Facilities
Terminology of Pump Performance
Head and Pressure Head Loss Pressure that is lost due to

friction between water and the walls of the pipe or between individual drops of water.
water by the pump expressed as a percentage of the total electrical or mechanical energy supplied to the driver.

Efficiency is the total energy supplied to the

Pump Efficiency Usable work produced by the pump. Motor Efficiency actual power delivered by the motor

Pumping Facilities
Horse Power (HP) basic unit of mechanical

energy to lift a given amount through a given distance in a given time.

Total Dynamic Head (TDH) the total TDH the

pump must deliver includes lift and pipeline head losses.

Lift the total vertical distance the water is raised. Capacity is the rate of flow of water being

pumped.

Shut-Off Head the head pumped against the

which there is no discharge.

Typical Deepwell Pump to Reservoir Set up

PALMA PEREZ DEEPWELL MLANG, NORTH COTABATO

Pumping Facilities
Two Basic Types of Pumps Centrifugal Turbine Pumps
Used mainly for pumping large quantities of water at moderate pressures, exclusively in well pumping and booster pumping applications. Small centrifugal turbine pumps sometimes used at treatment plants or pump stations for pumping plant utility water. Example:

Hosing down concrete floors Washing equipment Irrigation of landscaping, etc.

Pumping Facilities
Positive Displacement Pumps
Used to pump small quantities of water including the following:

Pumping Chemical Solution, Pumping Utility Water, Providing Hydraulic Control Pressures and Hydrostatic Pressure Testing of Piping.

Centrifugal Turbine Pumps

Impeller is the heart of the turbine pump. Driver provides the rotation of the impellers which may be an electric motor or a diesel or gasoline engine. Important characteristic of centrifugal pumps is that discharge capacity and pressure depends on each other. As the pressure increases, the discharge decreases; as pressure decreases, discharge increases.

Centrifugal Turbine Pumps

Example
Given: TDH = 50 M Required: a) Q and Pump Operating Efficiency b) HP From The Pump Curve: a) Q = 60 L/s b) Pump Operating Efficiency = 76% c) HP = 50

Centrifugal Turbine Pumps

Example
Given: TDH = 50 M Required: a) Q and Pump Operating Efficiency b) HP From The Pump Curve: a) Q = 60 L/s b) Pump Operating Efficiency = 76% c) HP = 50

HP = Q x TDH/75 x Efficiency
HP = (60 x 50 )/ (75 x 76%) HP = 3000/57 HP = 52 say 50

END OF PRESENTATION