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INDUSTRIAL FURNACES

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Industrial Furnaces, Sixth Edition. W. Trinks, M. H. Mawhinney, R. A. Shannon, R. J. Reed and J. R. Garvey Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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CHRONOLOGY of Trinks and Mawhinney books on furnaces INDUSTRIAL FURNACES Volume I First Edition, by W. Trinks, 1923 6 chapters, 319 pages, 255 gures Volume I Second Edition, by W. Trinks, 1926 Volume I Third Edition, by W. Trinks, 1934 6 chapters, 456 pages, 359 gures, 22 tables Volume I Fourth Edition, by W. Trinks, 1951 6 chapters, 526 pages, 414 gures, 26 tables Volume I Fifth Edition, by W. Trinks and M. H. Mawhinney, 1961 8 chapters, 486 pages, 361 gures, 23 tables Volume I Sixth Edition, by W. Trinks, M. H. Mawhinney, R. A. Shannon, R. J. Reed, and J. R. V. Garvey, 2000 9 chapters, 490 pages, 199 gures,* 40 tables Volume II First Edition, by W. Trinks, 1925 Volume II Second Edition, by W. Trinks, 1942 6 chapters, 351 pages, 337 gures, 12 tables Volume II Third Edition, by W. Trinks, 1955 7 chapters, 358 pages, 303 gures, 4 tables Volume II Fourth Edition, by W. Trinks and M. H. Mawhinney, 1967** 9 chapters, 358 pages, 273 gures, 13 tables PRACTICAL INDUSTRIAL FURNACE DESIGN, by M. H. Mawhinney, 1928 9 chapters, 318 pages, 104 gures, 28 tables

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This 6th Edition also includes 3 equations, 20 examples, 54 review questions, 4 problems, and 5 suggested projects. The 199 gures consist of 43 graphs, 140 drawings and diagrams, and 16 photographs.
** No further editions of Volume II of INDUSTRIAL FURNACES are planned because similar, but up-todate, material is covered in this 6th Edition of INDUSTRIAL FURNACES and in Volumes I and II of the North American COMBUSTION HANDBOOK.

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INDUSTRIAL FURNACES,
SIXTH EDITION

W. Trinks M. H. Mawhinney R. A. Shannon R. J. Reed J. R. Garvey

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JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

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This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, email: permcoordinator@wiley.com. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of prot or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our Web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Industrial furnaces / Willibald Trinks . . . [et al.]. 6th ed. p. cm. Previous ed. cataloged under: Trinks, W. (Willibald), b. 1874. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-38706-1 (Cloth) 1. FurnacesDesign and construction. 2. FurnacesIndustrial applications. (Willibald), b. 1874. II. Trinks, W. (Willibald), b. 1874. Industrial furnaces. TH7140 .I48 2003 621.402'5dc21

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This 6th Edition is dedicated to our wives: Emily Jane Shannon and Catherine Riehl Reed whom we thank for beloved encouragement and for time away to work on this 6th Edition. ROBERT A. SHANNON Avon Lake, Ohio RICHARD J. REED Willoughby, Ohio

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Photostat copy of a hand-written note from Prof. W. Trinks to Mr. Brown, founder of North American Mfg, Co. . . . about 1942.

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CONTENTS
Excerpts from the Preface to the 5th Edition Preface Brief Biographies of the Author No-Liability Statement xv xvii xix xxi

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1 INDUSTRIAL HEATING PROCESSES 1.1 1.2 Industrial Process Heating Furnaces / 1 Classications of Furnaces / 7 1.2.1 Furnace Classication by Heat Source / 7 1.2.2 Furnace Classication by Batch or Continuous, and by Method of Handling Material into, Through, and out of the Furnace / 7 1.2.3 Furnace Classication by Fuel / 16 1.2.4 Furnace Classication by Recirculation / 18 1.2.5 Furnace Classication by Direct-Fired or Indirect-Fired / 18 1.2.6 Classication by Furnace Use / 20 1.2.7 Classication by Type of Heat Recovery / 20 1.2.8 Other Furnace Type Classications / 21 Elements of Furnace Construction / 22 Review Questions and Projects / 23 25 1

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HEAT TRANSFER IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACES 2.1 Heat Required for Load and Furnace / 25 2.1.1 Heat Required for Heating and Melting Metals / 25

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2.1.2 2.2

Heat Required for Fusion (Vitrication) and Chemical Reaction / 26

Flow of Heat Within the Charged Load / 28 2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity and Diffusion / 28 2.2.2 Lag Time / 30 Heat Transfer to the Charged Load Surface / 31 2.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer / 33 2.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer / 35 2.3.3 Radiation Between Solids / 37 2.3.4 Radiation from Clear Flames and Gases / 42 2.3.5 Radiation from Luminous Flames / 46 Determining Furnace Gas Exit Temperature / 53 2.4.1 Enhanced Heating / 55 2.4.2 Pier Design / 56 Thermal Interaction in Furnaces / 57 2.5.1 Interacting Heat Transfer Modes / 57 2.5.2 Evaluating Hydrogen Atmospheres for Better Heat Transfer / 60 Temperature Uniformity / 63 2.6.1 Effective Area for Heat Transfer / 63 2.6.2 Gas Radiation Intensity / 64 2.6.3 Solid Radiation Intensity / 64 2.6.4 Movement of Gaseous Products of Combustion / 64 2.6.5 Temperature Difference / 65 Turndown / 67 Review Questions and Project / 67 71

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HEATING CAPACITY OF BATCH FURNACES 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Denition of Heating Capacity / 71 Effect of Rate of Heat Liberation / 71 Effect of Rate of Heat Absorption by the Load / 77 3.3.1 Major Factors Affecting Furnace Capacity / 77 Effect of Load Arrangement / 79 3.4.1 Avoid Deep Layers / 83 Effect of Load Thickness / 84

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3.6 3.7 3.8

Vertical Heating / 85 Batch Indirect-Fired Furnaces / 86 Batch Furnace Heating Capacity Practice / 91 3.8.1 Batch Ovens and Low-Temperature Batch Furnaces / 92 3.8.2 Drying and Preheating Molten Metal Containers / 96 3.8.3 Low Temperature Melting Processes / 98 3.8.4 Stack Annealing Furnaces / 99 3.8.5 Midrange Heat Treat Furnaces / 101 3.8.6 Copper and Its Alloys / 102 3.8.7 High-Temperature Batch Furnaces, 1990 F to 2500 F / 103 3.8.8 Batch Furnaces with Liquid Baths / 108 Controlled Cooling in or After Batch Furnaces / 113 Review Questions and Project / 114 117

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HEATING CAPACITY OF CONTINUOUS FURNACES 4.1 4.2 Continuous Furnaces Compared to Batch Furnaces / 117 4.1.1 Prescriptions for Operating Flexibility / 118

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Continuous Dryers, Ovens, and Furnaces for <1400 F (<760 C) / 121 4.2.1 Explosion Hazards / 121 4.2.2 Mass Transfer / 122 4.2.3 Rotary Drum Dryers, Incinerators / 122 4.2.4 Tower Dryers and Spray Dryers / 124 4.2.5 Tunnel Ovens / 124 4.2.6 Air Heaters / 127 Continuous Midrange Furnaces, 1200 to 1800 F (650 to 980 C) / 127 4.3.1 Conveyorized Tunnel Furnaces or Kilns / 127 4.3.2 Roller-Hearth Ovens, Furnaces, and Kilns / 129 4.3.3 Shuttle Car-Hearth Furnaces and Kilns / 129 4.3.4 Sawtooth Walking Beams / 130 4.3.5 Catenary Furnace Size / 135 Sintering and Pelletizing Furnaces / 137 4.4.1 Pelletizing / 138 Axial Continuous Furnaces for Above 2000 F (1260 C) / 139 4.5.1 Barrel Furnaces / 139 4.5.2 Shaft Furnaces / 142 4.5.3 Lime Kilns / 142

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Fluidized Beds / 143 High-Temperature Rotary Drum Lime and Cement Kilns / 144

Continuous Furnaces for 1900 to 2500 F (1038 to 1370 C) / 144 4.6.1 Factors Limiting Heating Capacity / 144 4.6.2 Front-End-Fired Continuous Furnaces / 152 4.6.3 Front-End-Firing, Top and Bottom / 153 4.6.4 Side-Firing Reheat Furnaces / 153 4.6.5 Pusher Hearths Are Limited by Buckling/Piling / 155 4.6.6 Walking Conveying Furnaces / 158 4.6.7 Continuous Furnace Heating Capacity Practice / 160 4.6.8 Eight Ways to Raise Capacity in High-Temperature Continuous Furnaces / 162 4.6.9 Slot Heat Losses from Rotary and Walking Hearth Furnaces / 165 4.6.10 Soak Zone and Discharge (Dropout) Losses / 166 Continuous Liquid Heating Furnaces / 168 4.7.1 Continuous Liquid Bath Furnaces / 168 4.7.2 Continuous Liquid Flow Furnaces / 170 Review Questions and Projects / 172 175

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SAVING ENERGY IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACE SYSTEMS 5.1 5.2 Furnace Efciency, Methods for Saving Heat / 175 5.1.1 Flue Gas Exit Temperature / 177 Heat Distribution in a Furnace / 182 5.2.1 Concurrent Heat Release and Heat Transfer / 182 5.2.2 Poc Gas Temperature History Through a Furnace / 184 Furnace, Kiln, and Oven Heat Losses / 185 5.3.1 Losses with Exiting Furnace Gases / 185 5.3.2 Partial-Load Heating / 187 5.3.3 Losses from Water Cooling / 187 5.3.4 Losses to Containers, Conveyors, Trays, Rollers, Kiln Furniture, Piers, Supports, Spacers, Boxes, Packing for Atmosphere Protection, and Charging Equipment, Including Hand Tongs and Charging Machine Tongs / 188 5.3.5 Losses Through Open Doors, Cracks, Slots, and Dropouts, plus Gap Losses from Walking Hearth, Walking Beam, Rotary, and Car-Hearth Furnaces / 188

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5.3.6 5.3.7 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8

Wall Losses During Steady Operation / 192 Wall Losses During Intermittent Operation / 193

Heat Saving in Direct-Fired Low-Temperature Ovens / 194 Saving Fuel in Batch Furnaces / 195 Saving Fuel in Continuous Furnaces / 196 5.6.1 Factors Affecting Flue Gas Exit Temperature / 196 Effect of Load Thickness on Fuel Economy / 197 Saving Fuel in Reheat Furnaces / 198 5.8.1 Side-Fired Reheat Furnaces / 198 5.8.2 Rotary Hearth Reheat Furnaces / 198 Fuel Consumption Calculation / 201 Fuel Consumption Data for Various Furnace Types / 202 Energy Conservation by Heat Recovery from Flue Gases / 204 5.11.1 Preheating Cold Loads / 204 5.11.2 Steam Generation in Waste Heat Boilers / 209 5.11.3 Saving Fuel by Preheating Combustion Air / 212 5.11.4 Oxy-Fuel Firing Saves Fuel, Improves Heat Transfer, and Lowers NOx / 231 Energy Costs of Pollution Control / 233 Review Questions, Problems, Project / 238 243

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OPERATION AND CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL FURNACES 6.1 Burner and Flame Types, Location / 243 6.1.1 Side-Fired Box and Car-Bottom Furnaces / 243 6.1.2 Side Firing In-and-Out Furnaces / 244 6.1.3 Side Firing Reheat Furnaces / 245 6.1.4 Longitudinal Firing of Steel Reheat Furnaces / 245 6.1.5 Roof Firing / 245 Flame Fitting / 246 6.2.1 Luminous Flames Versus Nonluminous Flames / 246 6.2.2 Flame Types / 247 6.2.3 Flame Proles / 247 Unwanted NOx Formation / 247 Controls and Sensors: Care, Location, Zones / 251 6.4.1 Rotary Hearth Furnaces / 253

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6.4.2 6.4.3 6.5

Zone Temperature in Car Furnaces / 261 Melting Furnace Control / 264

Air/Fuel Ratio Control / 264 6.5.1 Air/Fuel Ratio Control Must Be Understood / 264 6.5.2 Air/Fuel Ratio Is Crucial to Safety / 265 6.5.3 Air/Fuel Ratio Affects Product Quality / 270 6.5.4 Minimizing Scale / 271 Furnace Pressure Control / 272 6.6.1 Visualizing Furnace Pressure / 272 6.6.2 Control and Compensating Pressure Tap Locations / 273 6.6.3 Dampers for Furnace Pressure Control / 276 Turndown Ratio / 278 6.7.1 Turndown Devices / 279 6.7.2 Turndown Ranges / 280 Furnace Control Data Needs / 281 Soaking Pit Heating Control / 283 6.9.1 Heat-Soaking IngotsEvolution of One-WayFired Pits / 283 6.9.2 Problems with One-Way, Top-Fired Soak Pits / 286 6.9.3 Heat-Soaking Slabs / 288 Uniformity Control in Forge Furnaces / 290 6.10.1 Temperature Control Above the Load(s) / 290 6.10.2 Temperature Control Below the Load(s) / 291 Continuous Reheat Furnace Control / 293 6.11.1 Use More Zones, Shorter Zones / 293 6.11.2 Suggested Control Arrangements / 295 6.11.3 Effects of (and Strategies for Handling) Delays / 301 Review Questions / 306 309

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GAS MOVEMENT IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACES 7.1 Laws of Gas Movement / 309 7.1.1 Buoyancy / 309 7.1.2 Fluid Friction, Velocity Head, Flow Induction / 311 Furnace Pressure; Flue Port Size and Location / 313 Flue and Stack Sizing, Location / 319 7.3.1 The Long and Short of Stacks / 319

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7.3.2 7.4

Multiple Flues / 320

Gas Circulation in Furnaces / 322 7.4.1 Mechanical Circulation / 322 7.4.2 Controlled Burner Jet Direction, Timing, and Reach / 323 7.4.3 Bafes and Bridgewalls / 324 7.4.4 Impingement Heating / 324 7.4.5 Load Positioning Relative to Burners, Walls, Hearth, Roofs, and Flues / 326 7.4.6 Oxy-Fuel Firing Reduces Circulation / 333 Circulation Can Cure Cold Bottoms / 334 7.5.1 Enhanced Heating / 334 Review Questions / 337

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CALCULATIONS/MAINTENANCE/QUALITY/SPECIFYING A FURNACE 8.1 Calculating Load Heating Curves / 341 8.1.1 Sample Problem: Shannon Method for Temperature-Versus-Time Curves / 343 8.1.2 Plotting the Furnace Temperature Prole, Zone by Zone on Figs. 8.6, 8.7, and 8.8 / 348 8.1.3 Plotting the Load Temperature Prole / 357 8.1.4 Heat Balanceto Find Needed Fuel Inputs / 366 Maintenance / 378 8.2.1 Furnace Maintenance / 378 8.2.2 Air Supply Equipment Maintenance / 380 8.2.3 Recuperators and Dilution Air Supply Maintenance / 380 8.2.4 Exhortations / 381 Product Quality Problems / 381 8.3.1 Oxidation, Scale, Slag, Dross / 381 8.3.2 Decarburiztion / 388 8.3.3 Burned Steel / 389 8.3.4 Melting Metals / 389 Specifying a Furnace / 390 8.4.1 Furnace Fuel Requirement / 390 8.4.2 Applying Burners / 391 8.4.3 Furnace Specication Procedures / 392 Review Questions and Project / 396

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MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACE CONSTRUCTION 9.1 9.2 Basic Elements of a Furnace / 397 9.1.1 Information a Furnace Designer Needs to Know / 397 Refractory Components for Walls, Roof, Hearth / 398 9.2.1 Thermal and Physical Properties / 398 9.2.2 Monolithic Refractories / 400 9.2.3 Furnace Construction with Monolithic Refractories / 403 9.2.4 Fiber Refractories / 403 Ways in Which Refractories Fail / 404 Insulations / 405 Installation, Drying, Warm-Up, Repairs / 406 Coatings, Mortars, Cements / 407 Hearths, Skid Pipes, Hangers, Anchors / 407 9.7.1 Hearths / 408 9.7.2 Skid Pipe Protection / 408 9.7.3 Hangers and Anchors / 411 Water-Cooled Support Systems / 414 Metals for Furnace Components / 416 9.9.1 Cast Irons / 417 9.9.2 Carbon Steels / 418 9.9.3 Alloy Steels / 420 Review Questions, Problem, Project / 421

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GLOSSARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING INDEX

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EXCERPTS FROM THE PREFACE TO THE 5TH EDITION

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Industrial Furnaces, Volume I, has been on the market for 40 years. The book, which Lines: 0 together with Volume II, is known as the furnace-mans bible, was originally written to rationalize furnace design and to dispel the mysteries (almost superstitions) that once surrounded it. Both volumes have been translated into four foreign languages * 115.79 and are used on every continent of this globe. The 5th Edition of Volume I is the result of the combined efforts of the original Normal author, W. Trinks, and of M. H. Mawhinney, who has brought to the book a wealth * PgEnds: of personal experience with furnaces of many different types. While retaining the fundamental features of the earlier editions, the authors made many changes and [-15], (1 improvements. We acknowledge with thanks the contributions of A. F. Robbins for many of the calculations and of A. S. Sobek for his assistance in the collection of operating data. W. Trinks
Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania

M. H. Mawhinney
Salem, Ohio April 15, 1961

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PREFACE

There has not been a new text/reference book on industrial furnaces and industrial process heating in the past 30 years. Three retired engineers have given much time and effort to update a revered classic book, and to add many facets of their long experience with industrial heating processesfor the benet of the industrys future and as a contribution to humanity. The sizes, shapes, and properties of the variety of furnace loads in the world should encourage furnace engineers to apply their imagination and ingenuity to their own particular situations. Few industrial furnaces are duplicates. Most are custom-made, so their designs present many unique and enjoyable challenges to engineers. As Professors Borman and Ragland imply in Chapter 1 of their 1998 textbook, Combustion Engineering, improving industrial furnaces requires understanding chemistry, mathematics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and uid dynamics. They cite, as an example, that a detailed understanding of even the simplest turbulent ame requires a knowledge of turbulence and chemical kinetics, which are at the frontiers of current science. They conclude that the engineer cannot wait for such an understanding to evolve, but must use a combination of science, experiment, and experience to nd practical solutions. This 6th Edition of Trinks Industrial Furnaces, Volume I deals primarily with the practical aspects of furnaces as a whole. Such discussions must necessarily touch on combustion, loading practice, controls, sensors and their positioning, in-furnace ow patterns, electric heating, heat recovery, and use of oxygen. The content of Professor Trinks Volume II is largely covered by Volumes I and II of the North American Combustion Handbook. While Professor Trinks stated objective of his book was to rationalize furnace design, he also helped operators and managers to better understand how best to load and operate furnaces. Readers of this 6th Edition will realize that the current authors have greatly extended the coverage of how to best use furnaces, providing valuable insight in areas where experience counts as much as analytical skills. Coauthors Shannon, Reed, and Garvey have lived through many tough years, dealing with furnace problems that may occur again and again. If others can nd help with their furnace problems by reading this book, our goal will be reached. The lifetime of most furnaces extends through a variety of sizes and types of loads, through a number of managers and operators, and through a number of reworks with
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newly developed burners and controls, and sometimes changed fuels; so it is essential that everyone involved with furnaces have the know-how to adjust to changing modes of furnace operation. In this edition, particular emphasis has been given to a very thorough Glossary and an extensive Index. The Glossary is a schoolbook in itself. For the benet of readers from many lands, a host of abbreviations are included. Thanks to John Wiley and Sons, Inc. for assistance in making the Index very complete so that this book can be an easily usable reference. The authors thank Pauline Maurice, John Hes, Sandra Bilewski, and many others who helped make possible this modern continuation of a proud tradition dating from 1923 in Germany. Robert A. Shannon Richard J. Reed J. R. Vernon Garvey

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BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF THE AUTHORS

Professor W. Trinks was born Charles Leopold Willibald Trinks on December 10, 1874 in Berlin, Germany. He was educated in Germany, and graduated with honors from Charlottenburg Technical Institute in 1897. After two years as a Mechanical Engineer at Schuchstermann & Kremen, he emigrated to the United States of America, where he was an engineer at Cramps Shipyard, at Southwark Foundry and Machine Company, and then Chief Engineer at Westinghouse Machine Co. One of the rst appointments to the faculty of Carnegie Institute of Technology, Professor Trinks organized the Mechanical Engineering Department, and headed that department for 38 years, in what became Carnegie-Mellon University. During that time, he was in touch with most of his departments 1500 graduates. A witty philosopher, he kept his students thinking with admonitions such as: A college degree seldom hurts a chap, if he is willing to learn something after graduation. If a college student is right 85 percent of the time, he gets a B, may be on the honor roll. In industry, if a man is wrong 15 percent of the time, he gets red. During his long academic career, Professor Trinks was a Consulting Engineer for many companies and Associated Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the U.S. Government. An authority on steel mill roll pass design, governors, and industrial furnaces, he published three, two, and two books on each subject, respectively, some translated from English into German, French, Spanish, and Russian. Professor Trinks died in 1966 at the age of 92, an eminent engineer and the world authority on industrial furnaces. Matthew Holmes Mawhinney was a graduate of Peabody High School near Pittsburgh. While attending Carnegie Tech (now Carnegie-Mellon University), he became a member of Sigma Nu, an invitational honorary scientic fraternity. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering, in 1921 and 1925, respectively, both from Carnegie Tech. Mr. Mawhinney became a Senior Design Engineer with Salem Furnace Company, Salem, Ohio (later Salem-Brosius). He authored Practical Industrial Furnace Design (316 pages) in 1928. He also wrote a famous technical paper on heating steel that he presented before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Association of Iron and Steel Engineers.
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Mr. Mawhinney formed and led his own consulting engineering company. He collaborated with Professor Trinks on his Industrial Furnaces, Volume I, 5th Edition, published in 1961, and on Volume II, and 4th Edition published in 1967. Robert A. Shannon has more than 50 years experience with engineering work. He has been North American Mfg. Co.s authority on steel reheat furnaces, soaking pits, and forging furnaces. He continues private consulting relative to his extensive experience with steel reheat, pelletizing, forging, heat treating, catenary furnaces, and industrial boilers. Mr. Shannon was previously a world-wide consultant for USSteel Engineers and Consultants. Before that, he was Superintendent of Utilities at USSteels Lorain Works (now USS-Kobe). Mr. Shannon has a B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University) in Pittsburgh and is a registered [-19], (5 Professional Engineer. He has several patents relating to industrial heating processes. Mr. Shannon served in the U.S. Merchant Marines during World War II. Richard J. Reed is a Consulting Engineer, recently retired after 47 years at North Lines: 8 American Mfg. Co. as the Technical Information Director. Prior to that, he served on the Engineering faculties of Case-Western Reserve University and Cleveland State University teaching Fuels, Combustion, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics, and Fluid * 21.83p Dynamics. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Ohio and was an ofcer in the U.S. Navy. He has an M.S. degree from Case-Western Reserve University and a B.S. Short Pa degree in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University. * PgEnds: Mr. Reed was the second of six persons Leaders in Thermal Technology listed by Industrial Heating Journal in February 1991. He is the author of both volumes [-19], (5 of the North American Combustion Handbook, technical papers on heat transfer and combustion in industrial heating, four chapters for the Mechanical Engineers Handbook (by John Wiley & Sons), and a chapter for McGraw-Hills Handbook of Applied Thermal Design. At the Center for Professional Advancement, Mr. Reed was director of courses in Applied Combustion Technology and Moving Air and Flue Gas (United States and Europe). At the University of Wisconsin, Mr. Reed has been involved with three courses, and led Optimizing Industrial Heating Processes. J. R. Vern Garvey is a Consultant, retired from Director of Steelmaking Projects at H. K. Ferguson Company. His responsibilities included supervision, coordination, and technical quality of steel plant design and construction projects. Mr. Garveys technical experience involved upgrading many facilitiesbasic oxygen processes, electric furnaces, continuous casting, waste disposal, reheat furnaces, bar mill, rolling practice, cooling beds, gauging, and material handling. He planned a Cascade Steel plant reported by the International Trade Commission to be the nest mini-mill in operation at that time. Mr. Garvey served in the Air Force Corps of Engineers and is a registered Professional Engineer. He has degrees in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Business Administration from the University of Wisconsin.

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NO-LIABILITY STATEMENT

This is a textbook and reference book of engineering practice and suggestions all subject to local, state, and federal codes, to insurance requirements, and to good common sense. No patent liability may be assumed with respect to the use of information herein. While every precaution has been taken in preparing this book, neither the publisher nor the authors assume responsibility for errors, omissions, or misjudgments. No liability can be assumed for damages incurred from use of this information.

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WARNING: Situations dangerous to personnel and property can develop from incorrect operation of furnaces and combustion equipment. The publisher and the authors urge compliance with all safety standards and insurance underwriters recommendations. With all industrial equipment, think twice, and consider every operation and situation.

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