Long Term Evolution: Instructor - Graham Whyley

Long Term Evolution Instructor Graham Whyley
1
2012 AIRCOM International Ltd
LTE for Managers

Code K037
Duration
5 hours
At the end of the course delegate will understand :
The motivation for LTE LTE cost reduction Roadmap of LTE (Rel 8,9 &10) The important of SON
Technology Evaluation
Long Term Evolution (LTE) REL 8300Mbps Downlink (4x4) 75Mbps Uplink ALL IP NETWORK
Up to 56 Mbit/s on the downlink and 22 Mbit/s on the uplink

HSUPA-UP Link(5.76 Mbps)
3G REL 7HSPA+ 3G REL 6HSUPA 3G REL 5HSDPA 3G REL 99
HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 3G Max 2 Mb/s Typical 384 kb/s EDGE-48kb/s
Edge -About 48 kb/s per timeslot
GPRS-21.4 Kb/s per Timeslot GSM HSCSD 14.4kbit/s GSM CSD 9.6Kbps
3
GPRS-21kb/s HSCSD-Uses multiple GSM channel coding schemes to give 4.8 kb/s, 9.6 kb/s or 14.4 kb/s per timeslot
The Motivation for LTE

Need to ensure the continuity of
competitiveness of the 3G system for the future
User demand for higher data rates and quality

of service
TCP
UDP
Packet Switch optimised system All IP Continued demand for cost reduction Introduction of Self-Organizing Networks LTEs IP architecture and greater use of
Ethernet backhaul could significantly reduce transport costs per Megabit
IP LAYER 3 Ethernet-LAYER 2 PHYSICAL LAYER
KPIs that Need to be Monitored

If there are problems on the network they will most likely fall into one of the following ve categories:
Subscribers are not able to register to the network. Subscribers are not able to set up calls.(CSSR) Poor information transmission speed is measured especially
for data calls, e.g. by le transfer software.
The quality of transmitted information is bad, which
especially has an impact on conversation calls (voice, videotelephony).

party hangs up.
The calls made are dropped before the calling or the called
5

Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) Reference signal received power (RSRP) identifies the signal level of the Reference Signal. It is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth.. Design KPI for RSRP: -98 dBm /-103 dBm
A minimum of 95% of the weighted average of the LTE design service area (Cluster or Polygon) must meet the RSRP targets specified above.

Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) identifies the quality of the Reference Signal. It is defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RB"s of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear average of the total received power observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources, including co channel serving and non-serving cells,adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc.
Design KPI for RSRQ: 2 Transmit Paths: 50% Load: -15 dB 100% Load: - 18 dB
A minimum of 95% of the weighted average of the LTE design service area (Cluster or Polygon) must meet the RSRQ targets specified above.
Lightly Loaded
Heavily Loaded
Items that Need to be Planned

Subscribers are not able to register to the network could mean the following have not been planned correctly:
Root Sequence Index PRACH Configuration Index PRACH Capacity
Zero Correlation Zone

High Speed Flag Cell Selection Parameters
Poor PCI / Frequency shift planning

10
Self-Organizing Networks
SON solutions can be divided into three categories:
Self-Configuration Self-Optimisation Self-Healing
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Self Organizing Networks (SON)

PM counters/KPIs drive tests, UE call based traces PM counters/KPIs
UE measurements UE location info
Trouble Shooting Expert Driven
root cause analysis partly automated Expert driven
planning) tool based re-planning. Expert know how
automatic measurement configuration, data evaluation optimization algorithm
parameter adaptation Expert know how
parameter adaptation
Expert know how Algorithm design
Vision: Plug and Play Fully automatic / autonomous optimization in eNB: antenna tilt, TxPower, parameters Replacement of drive tests
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LTE Evolution
Long Term Evolution Release 8
LTE, marketed as 4G LTE
LTE work item started in 2006

Release 8 was frozen in December 2008 Initial deployments of LTE began in late 2009. Long Term Evolution Release 9 Core Release 10 Specs will be Frozen in Dec 2010
Long Term Evolution Release 10 -
The world's first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14 2009
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3GPP Release 8
Features:
4x4 MIMO in the Downlink 1x1 MIMO in the Uplink Repeaters Inter Cell Interference
Coordination(ICIC) eNodeB
SON Self Establishment of SON Automatic Neighbour

Relations
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LTE Capabilities (3GPP Release 8)

Downlink peak data rates around 300 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth Uplink peak data rates around 75 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz
Operation in both TDD and FDD modes Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by two to four times Reduced latency,
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Release 8 of SON
The scope of Release 8 of SON:
Automatic inventory Automatic software download Automatic Neighbour Relation Automatic Physical Cell ID (PCI) assignment
Physical Cell ID
physical cell id is 0-503
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3GPP Release 9
Features:
Long Term Evolution Release 9 -
Enhanced Home eNode B Positioning Support SON Mobility Load

Balancing
SON Mobility Optimisation

SON RACH Optimisation SON Energy Saving
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3GPP Release 10
Features:
Carrier Aggregation 8x8 MIMO in the Downlink 4x4 MIMO in the Uplink Relays Enhanced ICIC Minimisation of Drive Tests SON Enhancements
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LTE Advanced (Rel10)

Significantly higher network capacity
Improves cell edge user performance

Extends range of nodes
Relays extend coverage and improve capacity without

backhaul expense
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LTE Release 10
Advanced - LTE Release10 is set to provide higher bitrates in a cost efficient way it will support some of the features are:
Carrier Aggregation Contiguous non-contiguous allocation MIMO, Multiple Input Multiple Output LTE-Advanced is the introduction of higher order MIMO; 8x8 in the DL and 4x4 in the UL.
LTE Relay Nodes The Relay Nodes are low power base stations that will provide enhanced coverage and capacity at cell edges and it can also be used to connect to remote areas without fibre connection.
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LTE Advanced (Rel10)
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Relays Extend Coverage and Improve Capacity without Backhaul Expenses

Evolved Packet Core
Donor cell allocates subframes to the Relay during which data can be transferred across the Un interface
PDN Gateway Serving Gateway
MME
Un Interface
Wide Area eNode B (Macro)
Radio Access Network - E-UTRAN
Relay
Specified by 3GPP within TS 36.116 and TS 36.216

22
Average Revenue per User (ARPU)

ARPU has been trending flat to down in recent years LTE promises to reverse these declines by accelerating adoption of highspeed data services and innovative new content and applications Higher-bandwidth and lower-latency will significantly improve the user experience for bandwidth-hungry content and applications.
Release 8
Jumpy, stuttering YouTube videos and waiting for things to buffer will be consigned to the pass. Application and content developers will need to create services that take advantage of LTEs capabilities. Applications such as real-time multi-user video gaming and multi-media remote health monitoring are just two examples.
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SERVICES
LTEs all-IP architecture. Improved Browsing Providing download speeds of up to and beyond 300Mbps. This will make for a vastly improved mobile browsing experience, so no more waiting for images to load
Smartphone users to stream music, videos and other multimedia content directly from the internet faster than ever before.
SERVICES SERVICES
LTE is really important to people who want to stay connected at excellent browsing speeds
TCP
UDP
IP
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SERVICES
Deployment of wideband codecs and higher resolution video conferencing for the mass market will be much more feasible and widespread.
In addition, the high bandwidth and low latency will drive the development and uptake of real-time services with added mobility yet to be conceived.
Seamless mobility experience Thanks to LTEs access agnostic core and centralised application layer, service providers will have the ability to offer full seamless mobility services. This will allow their subscribers to remain connected via any access technology (WiFi, WiMAX, xDSL, FTTx) wherever they are, ensuring that their applications, contents, streams will follow them through their journey whatever device (laptop, mobile, tablet PC, TV, etc) they feel is the most appropriate to use at any given time.
25
Global Appeal
Because LTE devices will be backward compatible with GSM and UMTS, even at early stage of LTE deployment, LTE subscribers will be able to roam worldwide irrespective of the country they are in.
850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz
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SERVICES
Gaming The increased connectivity brought into the equation by 4G will hopefully be a boon to gamers as true multiplayer online gaming will finally be enabled.
Watch TV, play live multiplayer games or stream a film on the move
NRT SERVICES
RT SERVICES
TCP
UDP
IP
Waiting for things to buffer will be 27 consigned to the pass.
This means that gamers will be able to enjoy the benefits of real-time multiplayer action without having to worry about disconnection, no matter where they are.
CS Voice over 3G DCH
SERVICES
The LTE standard only supports packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched. VoIP over LTE
(without header compression)
Speech
12.2 kbps
244 bits every 20 ms

RLC Transparent Transparent 244 bits every 20 ms L1 12.2 kbps
MAC
Speech
12.2 kbps 256 bits every 20 ms
Different approaches:
RTP
12 Bytes Header 8 Bytes Header 20 Bytes Header 1 Byte Header 1 Byte Header 1 Byte Header 600 bits every 20 ms
VoIP over LTE (with header compression)

12.2 kbps 256 bits every 20 ms 4 Bytes Header PDCP 1 Byte Header 1 Byte Header 1 Byte Header 312 bits every 20 ms L1 15.6 kbps
VoLTE (Voice Over LTE): This approach is based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network
UDP IPv4 PDCP RLC MAC
Speech
L1
30 kbps
CSFB (Circuit Switched Fallback): In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the CS domain. When using this solution, operators just need to upgrade the MSC instead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, can provide services quickly. However, the disadvantage is longer call setup delay
28
RLC MAC
Voice over LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA)

Uses the LTE network in
combination with a VoLGA Access Network Controller (VANC) to generate a tunnel between the UE and CS core network services while connected to the LTE network
VoLGA architecture
Core Network VANC
Iu-cs
Iu-cs
MSC
SGi MME S-GW / P-GW S1-MME S1-U
It allows access to CS
RNC
Retains the revenue
UE
Iub eNode B Node B UTRAN
stream from CS voice services
GAN (E-UTRAN & EPC)
29
SERVICES
Mobile VoIP for LTE
Given its ability to effectively carry VoIP, LTE provides mobile carriers with a single network infrastructure for all services, including voice, short message service (SMS), and broadband data. Finally, mobile operators can migrate voice and SMS from their congested and costly circuit switched core networks to a more efficient IP-based core Key technical requirements for One Voice include: 3GPP IP Multimedia System (IMS) Release 8 Multimedia Telephony Short Message Service (SMS) over IP IMS Media support for AMR CODECs
broadband data
VoIP
NRT SERVICES
RT SERVICES
TCP
UDP
IP
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Capacity and Voice Quality

The lower AMR rates provide higher capacity than the
higher AMR rates.
The AMR codec data rate can be defined by the
operator allowing a trade off between the capacity and the voice quality. dynamic scheduling due to the control channel limitation.
The lower AMR rates do not increase the capacity with
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VoIP Capacity in LTE at 5 MHz

VoIP packets are small (< 40 bytes), they can easily fit into 1 ms TTI. VoIP capacity in LTE at 5 MHz
Uplink capacity
Dynamic scheduler Semi-persistent scheduler
AMR 5.9
230 410
AMR 12.2
210 240
The CS capacity with Release 99 is estimated to be 6070 users VoIP capacity with HSPA Release 7 is up to two times higher, at 120 users. VoIP capacity with LTE Release 8 at 240 users
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Persistent Scheduling
Persistent scheduling enables radio resources to be semi-statically configured and allocated to a UE for a longer time period than one subframe, avoiding the need for specific downlink assignment messages or uplink grant messages over the PDCCH for each subframe.
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
One Sub-FrameTTI 1 ms
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VoIP
The system simulations show that LTE can support about
5080
simultaneous voice users per MHz per cell in the macro

cellular environment
5Mhz bandwith 200 400 users The lower AMR rates offer the highest capacity (AMR 5.9) The highest capacity is achieved using semi-persistent
packet scheduling (410 users AMR rate 5.9)
The capacity with fully dynamic scheduling is limited by
control channel capacity since each voice packet needs to be scheduled separately. (AMR 5.9 - 230 USERS)
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SERVICES
Multicast, Broadcast lowered and more efficient control overhead frequency selective scheduling for additional flexibility and efficiency
Uncast Traffic
Single cell PMCH is designed for single-frequency network operation.
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Phased Service Deployment

A service provider may choose to deploy
LTE for selected geographical areas to serve high traffic hot zones.
high traffic zones
LTE mobile terminals will also leverage
existing 2G and 3G networks, thus allowing service to be offered in a phased deployment. high density urban areas and strategic indoor locations (e.g. airports, business parks etc.).
LTE may at first be deployed to serve

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Increased Spectral Eefficiency

LTEs greater spectral efficiency, bandwidth flexibility, and use of 700 MHz spectrum, should reduce the number of cell sites and related costs required to serve subscribers.
Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by two to four times 6 BITS
64QAM
2 BITS 4 BITS
16 QAM
QPSK
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Spectrum Efficiency
Spectrum efficiency is 1.7-2.7bps/Hz/cell in the downlink and 0.7bps/Hz/cell in the uplinkwhen inter-site distance (ISD) is 500m.
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The Next Significant Performance Leap

Increasing spectral efficiency per coverage area
Femtocells
Designing high capacity Pico cells
Operator Deployed Relays
Remote Radio heads
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Scalable Bandwidth
Singapore mobile operator StarHub starts to refarm its 2G 1800MHz spectrum for 4G long-term evolution (LTE), and says will be the first to do so in Southeast Asia.
Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz
850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz);
Existing 2G and 3G spectrum can gradually be re-farmed to LTE, providing a means to efficiently and cost effectively assimilate the ever increasing demand for both voice and data traffic .Because of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to easily migrate their networks and users from GSM,HSPA to LTE over time
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Refarming
Re-using existing 2G and 3G spectrum for LTE, operators
can make significant cost savings, extend the lifespan of existing spectrum assets
While significant, these benefits can only be realised if
operators follow a careful planning process to minimise service degradation for existing 2G and 3G services. America and Europe, AIRCOM International believes that existing 2G and 3G spectrum (5MHz) could be re-allocated to LTE deployment for less than 0.5% of the cost of buying new spectrum at auction.
After calculating prices paid for new LTE spectrum in North
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Refarming GSM 900 MHz

The 900 MHz band is the most ubiquitous and the most harmonized worldwide
wireless telecommunication spectrum band available today.
It also has the benefit of increased coverage and subsequent reduction in 900MHz offers improved building penetration
network deployment costs compared to deployments at higher frequencies.
UMTS deployments require a full 5 MHz of spectrum to be freed up before

being deployed in that band.
LTE will be able to be deployed in spectrum bands as small as 1.25MHz and it

provides good initial deployment scalability as it can be literally squeezed in as the GSM spectrum is freed-up, and grow as more spectrum becomes available and also provide operators the ability to deploy an LTE network with greater coverage at a much reduced cost compared to higher frequency spectrum hence provide a good mobile broadband data countrywide layer.
LTE deployment in the 900 MHz band would bring the highest capacity benefit
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LTE1800: LTE Deployments in 1800MHz Band

LTE to be deployed in this spectrum enables the possibility to provide networks for fast mobile broadband services with a substantially wider coverage at a lower cost than when using 2.6 GHz, which requires a considerably larger number of base stations . 1800 MHz band widely available throughout Europe, APAC, MEA, and some regions of South America For many operators, its also a way to launch next-gen mobile broadband services without having to waiting for local governments to allocate 4G spectrum
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UK
In the fractious world of UK mobile broadband, the launch of
the iPhone 5 on the 1.8GHz band has only exacerbated tension
The UK has fallen behind many European economies in LTE

deployment as regulator Ofcom has repeatedly delayed auctions of 2.6GHz and 800MHz spectrum
However, auctions are now set for early 2013 and the
regulator recently said that it will make 800MHz spectrum usable for mobile broadband earlier than expected, once it is sold off, by speeding up refarming.
GSM1800 band
EE will be allowed to switch on LTE services in its refarmed
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THE END
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Long Term Evolution: Instructor - Graham Whyley

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Long Term Evolution Instructor Graham Whyley

LTE for Managers

At the end of the course delegate will understand :

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Up to 56 Mbit/s on the downlink and 22 Mbit/s on the uplink

3G REL 7HSPA+ 3G REL 6HSUPA 3G REL 5HSDPA 3G REL 99

HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 3G Max 2 Mb/s Typical 384 kb/s EDGE-48kb/s

Edge -About 48 kb/s per timeslot

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

The Motivation for LTE

User demand for higher data rates and quality

IP LAYER 3 Ethernet-LAYER 2 PHYSICAL LAYER

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

KPIs that Need to be Monitored

The quality of transmitted information is bad, which

especially has an impact on conversation calls (voice, videotelephony).

KPIs that Need to be Monitored

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

KPIs that Need to be Monitored

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

KPIs that Need to be Monitored

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

KPIs that Need to be Monitored

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Items that Need to be Planned

Root Sequence Index PRACH Configuration Index PRACH Capacity

Zero Correlation Zone

Poor PCI / Frequency shift planning

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Self-Configuration Self-Optimisation Self-Healing

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Self Organizing Networks (SON)

UE measurements UE location info

Trouble Shooting Expert Driven

root cause analysis partly automated Expert driven

planning) tool based re-planning. Expert know how

automatic measurement configuration, data evaluation optimization algorithm

parameter adaptation Expert know how

Expert know how Algorithm design

LTE, marketed as 4G LTE

LTE work item started in 2006

Long Term Evolution Release 10 -

Long Term Evolution Release 8

SON Self Establishment of SON Automatic Neighbour

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

LTE Capabilities (3GPP Release 8)

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

physical cell id is 0-503

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Long Term Evolution Release 9 -

Enhanced Home eNode B Positioning Support SON Mobility Load

SON Mobility Optimisation

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Long Term Evolution Release 10

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

LTE Advanced (Rel10)

Improves cell edge user performance

Relays extend coverage and improve capacity without

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

LTE Advanced (Rel10)

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Relays Extend Coverage and Improve Capacity without Backhaul Expenses