Biotech Cuisines

Group 1 July 19, 2011

Biotech Food

Traditional

Modern

Traditional Biotech Cheese

USES ENZYME FROM LIVING ORGANISM FOR MILK CURDLING AND BACTERIA FOR CHEESE FLAVORING

Traditional Biotech Bread

USES LIVE BAKERS YEAST, A MICROORGANISM THAT PRODUCES CO2 WHICH ALLOWS THE DOUGH TO RISE BEFORE BAKING

Traditional Biotech Beer and Wine

ALCOHOL IS SYNTHESIZED BY YEAST

Traditional Biotech And Many more!

Modern Biotech GMOs

What are GMOs

Genetically Modified Crops

GM CORN (INSECT / HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

GM SOYBEAN

(HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

Genetically Modified Crops

GM TOMATO

GM POTATO

(DELAYED RIPRENING)

(INSECT / HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

Genetically Modified Crops

PAPAYA
(DELAYED RIPENING/ VIRAL RESISTANCE)

SQUASH
(HERBICIDE RESISTANCE)

Genetically Modified Crops

EGG PLANT ( INSECT RESISTANCE)

Food

Properties of the genetically modified variety Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides

Modification Herbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria inserted into soybean

Soybeans

Corn, field

Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides. Insect resistance via producing Bt proteins, some previously used as pesticides in organic crop New genes, some from the bacterium Bacillus production. Vitamin-enriched corn derived from thuringiensis, added/transferred into plant South African white corn variety M37W has genome. bright orange kernels, with 169x increase in beta carotene, 6x the vitamin C and 2x folate.[18] Bt crystal protein gene added/transferred into plant genome New genes added/transferred into plant Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicides genome. Variety is resistant to the papaya ringspot New gene added/transferred into plant genome virus.[19] Pest-resistant cotton Variety in which the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) is suppressed, retarding fruit softening after harvesting.[20] Resistance to herbicides (glyphosate or glufosinate), high laurate canola[21] Resistance to certain pesticides, high sucrose content. Resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate herbicides A reverse copy (anantisense gene) of the gene responsible for the production of PG enzyme added into plant genome New genes added/transferred into plant genome New genes added/transferred into plant genome New genes added/transferred into plant genome

Cotton (cottonseed oil) Alfalfa Hawaiian papaya Tomatoes Rapeseed (Canola) Sugar cane Sugar beet Rice Squash (Zucchini) Sweet Peppers

Genetically modified to contain high amounts of "Golden rice" Three new genes implanted: two Vitamin A (beta-carotene) fromdaffodils and the third from a bacterium Resistance to watermelon, cucumber and zucchini yellow mosaic viruses[23][24] Resistance to virus[25] Contains coat protein genes of viruses. Contains coat protein genes of the virus.

How GMOs are made?

Recombinant Technology

Recombinant Technology
The process of combining a gene from one organism to the gene of another to form the desired characteristic. This technology involves transfer of the gene of interest to the gene of the organism to be modified and all these processes happens in vitro.

Process Flow
Cutting of the gene using the restriction enzymes

Combination of the two genes through the sticky ends

The DNA ligase connect the gene of interest with the original gene

New gene is replicated through the use of bacteria

How is DNA TRANFERRED into a plant CELL?

Agrobacterium Plant tissues are exposed to Agrobacterium carrying the plasmid with gene of interest Gene gun or biolistics particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and then shot into young plants or plant embryos http://croptechnology.unl.edu/animation/GeneGun.swf

Golden Rice

A variety of Oryza sativa rice produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene.

This product improves the Vitamin A content of the rice because beta-carotenes are precursors of Vitamin A.

Golden Rice

The rice plant can naturally produce beta-carotene but it is found in the leaves and not in the endosperm. To place the beta-carotene in the endosperm, these biosynthesis genes are needed: psy (phytoene synthase) from daffodil crt1 from the soil bacterium

Golden Rice
Preliminary results of field tests showed that field-grown golden rice produce four to five times beta-carotenes than the ones in the greenhouse condition Hopefully, the golden rice will be out in the market on 2012

BT Corn

Resistant to certain insects Not available to home-growers

First GM food to be granted license for human consumption Slow ripening but still have same flavor and color to non-GM tomato +antisense gene (interfere with the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase) Polygalacturonase (PG) breaks down pectin on cell wall NO PG, NO softening of tomato

FLVR SAVR Tomato

GM Papaya
Papaya with ringspot virus Resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) inserting virus-derived sequences that encode the PRSV coat protein (CP) by microparticle bombardment of plant tissues

Genetically Modified Animals

Genetically Modified Animals

A genetically engineered or transgenic animal is an animal that carries a known sequence of recombinant DNA in its cells, and which passes that DNA onto its offspring. In genetic engineering, part of the genetic code or DNA is added to, deleted from or substituted with the genes of interest.

Genetically Modified Animals

For specific economic traits As disease models For research and testing To save endangered species To create more productive farm animals

Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals

DNA MICROINJECTION
desired gene construct

pronucleus of a reproductive cell

recipient female

Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals

EMBRYONIC STEM CELL-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
totipotent stem cells desired gene hosts embryo

Basic Methods of Producing GM Animals

RETROVIRUS-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
retroviruses

chimera

transgenic offspring

Examples of GM Animals

ENVIROPIG

FUEL EXCRETING GENETICALLY MODIFIED BUGS

Examples of GM Animals

RUPPY

JAKE THE ALLIGATOR MAN

Examples
SEE-THROUGH FROG SUDDEN DEATH MOSQUITO

Examples
UMBUKU LIZARD DOLION

Examples
FERN SPIDER LEMURAT

Benefits
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS a) breeding b) quality c) disease resistance MEDICAL APPLICATIONS a) xenotransplantation b) nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals c) human gene therapy INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Animal Cloning

Animal Cloning

Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. It has been used for many years to produce plants (even growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning).

Animal Cloning
Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific experiments for years, but garnered little attention until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, a sheep named Dolly. Since Dolly, several scientists have cloned other animals, including cows and mice. The recent success in cloning animals has sparked fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the general public about the use and morality of cloning plants, animals and possibly humans.

Animal Cloning
In the 1970s, a scientist named John Gurdon successfully cloned tadpoles. He transplanted the nucleus from a specialized cell of one frog (B) into an unfertilized egg of another frog (A) in which the nucleus had been destroyed by ultraviolet light. The egg with the transplanted nucleus developed into a tadpole that was genetically identical to frog B. While Gurdon's tadpoles did not survive to grow into adult frogs, his experiment showed that the process of specialization in animal cells was reversible, and his technique of nuclear transfer paved the way for later cloning successes.

Top Five Clones

Dolly the sheep

Tetra the rhesus monkey

Copycat the cat

Idaho Gem the mule

Snuppy the dog

Questions on Genetically Modified Foods

1. Why are GM foods produced?

GM foods are developed and marketed because there is some perceived advantage either to the producer or consumer of these foods. This is meant to translate into a product with a lower price, greater benefit (in terms of durability or nutritional value) or both.

2. Are GM foods assessed differently from traditional foods?

Generally, consumers consider that traditional foods are safe. When new foods are developed by natural methods, some of the existing characteristics of foods can be altered, either in a positive or a negative way. Indeed, new plants developed through traditional breeding techniques may not be evaluated rigorously using risk assessment techniques.

3. How are the potential risks to human health determined?

Direct health effects (toxicity) Tendencies to provoke allergic reaction (allergenicity) Specific components thought to have nutritional or toxic properties The stability of the inserted gene Nutritional effects Any unintended effects

4. What are the main issues of concern for human health?

Allergenicity - As a matter of principle, the transfer of genes from commonly allergenic foods is discouraged unless it can be demonstrated that the protein product of the transferred gene is not allergenic. Gene transfer - Gene transfer from GM foods to cells of the body or to bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract would cause concern if the transferred genetic material adversely affects human health. Outcrossing - The movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops or related species in the wild (referred to as outcrossing ), as well as the mixing of crops derived from conventional seeds with those grown using GM crops, may have an indirect effect on food safety and food security.

5. How is a risk assessment for the environment performed?

The assesment process includes the evaluation of the characteristics of the GMO and its effect and stability in the environment, combined with ecological characteristics of the environment in which the introduction will take place. The assessment also includes unintended effects which could result from the insertion of the new gene.

6. What are the issues of concern for the environment?

Issues of concern include: the capability of the GMO to escape and potentially introduce the engineered genes into wild populations; the persistence of the gene after the GMO has been harvested; the susceptibility of non-target organisms (e.g. insects which are not pests) to the gene product; the stability of the gene; the reduction in the spectrum of other plants including loss of biodiversity; and increased use of chemicals in agriculture. The environmental safety aspects of GM crops vary considerably according to local conditions. Current investigations focus on: the potentially detrimental effect on beneficial insects or a faster induction of resistant insects; the potential generation of new plant pathogens; the potential detrimental consequences for plant biodiversity and wildlife, and a decreased use of the important practice of crop rotation in certain local situations; and the movement of herbicide resistance genes to other plants.

7. Are GM foods safe?

Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM foods.