International Journal of Mine Water, VoL 6, No. 3, September 1987, pp.

1-24 Printed in Budapest, Hungary

LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH UNCONSOLIDATED PACKED BEDS OF SPHERICAL AND N O N - S P H E R I C A L MATERIAL

by

G . M a l c o l m Bish Department of M i n l n E EnEineerlnE University of NottlnEham University Park RottlnEham NGZ 2RD United K i n E d o m

ABSTRACT

This paper p~esents ~ revised form of the Kozeny equation fop laminar fluid flow throuEh packed beds in t e ~ m s of paPZlcle shape factor and surface mean d l a m e t e ~ , r a t h e r than speelflc surface. T h e equation is based upon a model of pore formation which takes into account the IntePlocklnE of I P r e z u l a r p a r t i c l e 8 . It Is concluded that fop compaPatlve p u r p o s e s the 'effective' specific suPfac e is a quantity which can be derived exactly from peln~eabillty and porosity measurement. The effective specific surface affords a ready means of control in compa~InE one packln E with another, pPovlded that a standard, conventional method is adopted fop the a s s e s m e n t of surface mean dlameteP.

INTRODUCTION

For well o v e r f o r t y years the accepted equation of fluid flow in p e r m e a m e t ~ in the laminar ranEe has been the Kozeny-Car~nan(l.2) equatlon. Cal'~an(3) and DaIlavalle(4) suzEested independently in 1938 that the deter~nlnation of speeiflc surface should be earrled out by m e a n s of permeability measurement, and by 1941CalT~an bad elaborated upon the appropPlate m e t h o d s for doinE so. The importance of Kozeny-Ca1~nan in p e r ~ e a m e t r y has been recoEnized in the literature, and In International symposia on Particle Size Analysis, since that time.

The d r a w b a c k s of the K o z e n y - C a m m a n e q u a t i o n h a v e b e e n a p p ~ e c l a t e d f ~ o m an e a r l y s t a g e a n d d l s c u s s e d in a n u m b e ~ of texts. One s I E n l f i c a n t p r o b l e m h a s b e e n the f a i l u r e of the e q u a t i o n to d e a l p r o p e r l y w i t h f l o w t h r o u g h m a t e r l a l d e p a r t l n E r a d i c a l l y f r o m the s p h e r i c a l or n e a r - s p h e r l c a l . It t h e r e f o r e f a i l s to m a k e a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n s of p e r m e a b i l i t y f o ~ m a t e r i a l s s u b j e c t to I n t e r l o c k l n E r a t h e r than p o i n t contact. Another p ~ o b l e m is K o z e n y t s u s e of the s p e e l f l c s u r f a c e to d e s c r i b e m a t e P l a l size. C l e a r l y , it is p o s s i b l e for m a t e r i a l s of the s a m e 'diameter' to h a v e d l f f e r l n E v a l u e s of s p e c i f i c surface. In t h i s paper, s h a p e and d i a m e t e r ape s e p a r a t e l y i d e n t i f i e d , a n d h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s Is d e v e l o p e d w i t h e s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to the i n t e r l o c k i n E of p a r t i c l e s . I~ i s c o n s i d e r e d that the r e v i s e d e q u a t i o n of f l o w w o r k e d OUt r e p r e s e n t s a m o r e E e n e r a l and a m o r e a c c u r a t e d e s c m l p t l o n of the f a c t o r s a f f e c t l n E h y d r a u l i c c o n d u c t i v i t y , and m a k e s a c l e a ~ e r s t a t e m e n t of the n a t u m e of f l o w in the l a m i n a r range. T h e m o s t i n t e r e s t l n E c o n c l u s i o n to be d r a w n f r o m the a n a l y s l s is not o n l y to s o n f i ~ that the K o z e n y c o n s t a n t is m e r e l y a c o n s e q u e n c e of the n a t u r e of the p a c k l n E of the m a t e m l a l , but a l s o that it v a r i e s b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s at the same p o r o s i t y , e v e n w h e r e t h e y h a v e i d e n t i c a l s h a p e f a c t o r s and d i a m e t e r s and, t h e r e f o r e , i d e n t i c a l s p e c i f i c surfaces. This m a k e s p r e d i c t i o n Of the c o n s t a n t for p a r t i c u l a r pOrOSity v a l u e s in a E i v e n m a t e r i a l an i m p o s s i b l e task; the v a l u e of the c o n s t a n t is u n i q u e to the s h a p e of the ~ t e r l a l a n d its OWn u n i q u e m o d e Of packlnE. F o r this ~eason, it is a c o n c l u s i o n Of the t h e s l s ( 5 ) in w h i c h the n e w e q u a t i o n is d e r i v e d that the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u r f a c e a r e a for q u a l i t y c o n t r o l p u r p o s e s w o u l d be m o r e s o u n d l y b a s e d on the ' e f f e c t i v e ' s p e c i f i c surface, as d e f i n e d in t h i s paper. The n e w e q u a t i o n p r o p o s e d is a n a l o E o u e to the K o z e n y e q u a t i o n but is c o n s i d e r e d to be m o r e E e n e ~ a l in its c o n c e p t a n d in its application. T h e n e w e q u a t i o n o f f e r s an e x p l a n a t i o n of the mechanlm of f l o w t h r o u E h s p h e r i c a l a n d n o n - s p h e r i c a l p a r t i c l e s , and s u g z e s t s a t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s f o r the a p p ~ o x l m a t e v a l u e of the K o z e n y c o n s t a n t in s p h e r i c a l m a t e r i a l o v e r the r a n l e of p o r o s i t i e s InvestiEated. T H E U N I T C E L L AND P O R O S I T Y

Introduction
E q u a t i o n s so f a r d e v e l o p e d to d e s c r i b e f l o w t h r o u E h p a c k e d p o r o u s b e d s do not i n c l u d e an e f f e c t i v e p a r a m e t e r to a c c o u n t for the s h a p e of the p a r t i c l e : the a n a l y s i s w h i c h n o w f o l l o w s r e s u l t s in an e q u a t i o n w h i c h t a k e s the e f f e c t of p a ~ t l c l e s h a p e into a c c o u n t as an i n t e E r a l p a m t of the i n i t i a l m o d e l of f l o w d e v i s e d .

Unit cell The f a i l u r e of S l i c h t e r ' s ( 6 ) a n a l y s l s d i v e r t e d a t t e n t i o n f r o m h l s basic approach. In a n y i n v e s t l E a t i o n of the s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s

i
"; '~ '.) '*,
'*,,, '.. z 'x,.. /

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/

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./"
b-,

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t r i a n g u l a r

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"x

Side
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, lengb~/
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2R

section
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R2

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".,'V~. //.' T r i a n g l e '~))",/"~/ equivalent ~ I\' / t ~ ansml - ss

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InscPibed tPiangulaP
a)'ea 8, 1247 R

os
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FiEure 1

Sllchter minimum pope erose 8eetion

of p a r t i c l e s w i t h i n a p a c k e d bed, however, it is still a p p r o p r i a t e to start w h e r e he s t a r t e d - w i t h the unit cell b a s e d on s p h e r l c a l arrays. FIE. 1 s h o w s t h e typical p o r e c r o s s s e c t i o n I n v e s ~ i E a t e d by Sllcbter." Clearly, the c r o s s - s e c t l o n shape of p o r e - t u b e to be o b s e r v e d in this dlaErara is that at the p l a n e of m l n l m u m p o r e cross-seetlon, c a l l e d by G r e t o n and F r a s e r ( Z ) the throat plane. To d e s c r i b e the p a c k l n E s , for f l o w a s s u m e d to take p l a c e n o r m a l to the c ~ o s s - s e e t i o n of the thmoat p l a n e (at the t h r o a t p l a n e s themselves), the r a t i o s n o w d e s c r i b e d b e l o w a r e employed.

.Volume

porosity

It is p o s s i b l e to o b t a i n the v o l u m e of the unit cell in t e ~ m s of an e q u i v a l e n t s p h e r e dlaumeter. Let the d l a m e t e r of the e q u i v a l e n t s p h e r e be ' a ' . T h e u n l t - e e l l v o l u m e I s c m a a w h e r e c~ is a c o e f f i c i e n t v a r y l n E a c c o r d l n E to the g e o m e t r y Of the cell. F o l l o w l n E S l l c h t e r , a n d G r a t o n and Fraser, it Is c l e a r that e a c h cell, of w h a t e v e r shape, m u s t c o n t a i n p a r t s of a s p h e r e w h i c h all t o E e t h e r m a k e up a unlt sphere. T h e r e f o r e , the total v o l u m e of the s p h e r e s c o n t a l n e d in unit v o l u m e of the p a c k l n z m u s t be

x c~a s

X.a"
6

Z
6cs

(1)

and

this quantity

must

equal

l-n w h e r e

n is the p o r o s i t y ,

so that

~_

(2)

6c~

for packlnEs

of

spheres.

Area

poroslty

T h e a r e a p o r o s i t y n' is d e f i n e d for a n y p l a n e t h r o u E h the unit cell a s the r a t i o of the p o r e a r e a to the a r e a of c r o s s - s e c t l o n the cell at that plane.

of

Porosity r a t i o
The porosity ratio iS d e f i n e d as for any chosen plane throuEh the the ratio unit cell of to the the area porosity volume porosity

~' n

(3)

Tortuoslty In all cases, the t h i c k n e s s L i s t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two f a c e s of the unit cell and p e r p e n d l e u l a r to them. The. t o r t u o u s l e n E t h L, ~s c o n s i d e r e d to be the d i s t a n c e , i n s i d e the unit cell, a l o n e the locus Of the c e n t r o l d of the p o r e e r o s s - s e c t l o n b e t w e e n o n e throat p l a n e and the next. T h e path d e s c r i b e d in thls w a y by the c e n t r o l d is a s s u m e d to c o n f o r m w i t h the shape Of the s u ~ r o u n d l n E s p h e r e s and to f o l l o w the s h o r t e s t p o s s i b l e t o r t u o u s r o u ~ e from throat p l a n e to s u c c e e d i n E throat plan~.

AN O R I G I N A L

ANALYSIS

OF F L O W

An

idealized

model

packinE

It is a r E u e d that f l o w m u s t be c o n d i t i o n e d by the shape and a ~ e a of the c r o s s - s e c t l o n at the throat plane. P o r o s i t y Is r e p r e s e n t e d by e q u a t i n E the n u m b e r of I m a g i n a r ~ s p h e r e s of d i a m e t e r 'a' in an i d e a l i z e d model p a c k l n E to the n u m b e r of I r m e E u l a r p a r t i c l e s a c t u a l l y p r e s e n t in the packlnE. F o r unit v o l u m e of the packln~, the f o l l o w l n E e x p r e s s i o n is o b t a i n e d

I_!c~a 0

l-n ---~v(qx)"

(4)

from which

a"

(q~)"

(5)

c~(?-n)

w h e r e v and (qx) a r e the H e y w o o d ( 8 ) v o l u m e c o e f f i c i e n t , statistical mean volume diameter, respectively.

and

the

In e q u a t i o n (4), the n u m b e r of s p h e r e s is I/(c~a~). Clearly, the same n u m b e r can be o b t a i n e d e i t h e r by m a l n t a i n l n E cz c o n s t a n t and v a r y l n E 'a', or by m a l n t a l n l n E la' c o n s t a n t ~ n d v a r y l n z c~, w h i c h is what w a s d o n e in the p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n oH s p h e r i c a l porosity. F r o m n o w on. it is m o r e c o n v e n i e n t to r e p r e s e n t any p a c k e d - b e d m a t e r i a l by a unit cell b a s e d on a c o n s t a n t y a l u e Of c~. On this basis, the c o n c e p t u n d e r l y l n E e q u a t i o n (5) is of 'a' as an a r b l t r ~ r y d i a m e t e r of an i m a E i n a r y s p h e r e d e f i n e d in t e r m s of the m e a n v o l u m e dlau~eter of the p a r t i c l e s in the bed, and v a r y l n ~ in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h e q u a t i o n (5! to d e s c r i b e p o r o s i t y chanEe. In e q u a t i o n (5), e~, v a n d (qx) a r e c o n s t a n t for a E i v e n m a t e r i a l and e~ is c o n s t a n t for all m a t e m l a l s .

/ . /

.I

/COnF igurat ion li~it of half or o~s-seot i on

x,

/j,i., (.,,
/,
.

\~,

// 1//
t

'\

po,-~

\~

\.'~"I..T
\,,"

'x. / /

I
L_.
J~

~
2

T I
2

9 igu~e 2

Idealized r~pPesentatlon Of lntePlockin~ ~oP lrre~lar particles

Deec~iptlon

of

idealized

cross

section

of p o r e

T h e h y d r a u l i c P a d l u s can a l s o be e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of 'a' and n. In o r d e r to j u s t i f y a r e l a t i o n s h i p , consider a unlt-cell section b a s e d on the t h r o a t - p l a n e c r o s s - s e c t l o n a r e a shown in FIE.2. The s e c t i o n is i d e a l i z e d tO P e p r e s e n t the a v e r a E e c r o s s - e e c t l o n w h i c h Is reEarded as b e l n E c o n t i n u o u s t h r o u E h O u t the bed. IN o r d e r to a c c o u n t for a v a r i a t i o n in p o r o s i t y in n o n - s p h e r i c a l m a t e r i a l , the I m a E i n a P y m o d e l s p h e r e s of d i a m e t e r tat a p e c o n s i d e r e d to be i n t e r l o c k e d to a c e r t a i n extent, the comznon l e n E t h b e t w e e n e o n t I E u o u s p a r t l c l e e h e i n e 2.a.a. F o r such a section, the a r E u m e n t then r u n s as f o l l o w s

heIEht

half

unlt

cell

45 a 2 area

(6)

half

unlt-cell

cross-sectlon

d~ a"
4

(7)

slde

len~'th of p o r e

a_ 2 "

2 d ~ cI a 2 ] a J 043 I J 9 (8)

f ! - 043 IZ 3 [ ~ LZ . a 2
-

pore

perimeter

(9)

helEht

of p o r e a r e a

J~ 2 = J~ z 1 J
1 =

~.a

~.___aa 2 a (10)

f ! I z a 45 z
a =

043

] 1

pore area

! z
= J~

r ! i 2
r

o43

F i I z

or3

1 J

!
z

0,.,'3

(ll)

and

this area must

be t l v e n

by

"~ .

41.
4

a=

so

that r ! Lz ~,,/3 1= J (iz)

Analysis The

of h y d r a u l i c radius

radius is

hydraulic

Jm
m =

r ~-

or31=

a=

4 L 2 J ............... 3 r!oq3 l t2 J r!L 2

c,,/31 J

(13)

4,,'3
and

m=

! 48
1

r 1_ L2
. T . n

c,43 I" J
.

a=

az

48
c,
. v . n ~ a ~ (14)

where

c=

is a c o n s t a n t

havinE

the v a l u e

1/48.

F r o m e q u a t i o n (5). it can be s e e n that a r e d u c t i o n in p o r o s i t y , n, r e s u l t s in a r e d u c t i o n in 'a'. T h i s m e a n s that r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r p o r o s i t i e s ave r e p r e s e n t e d in the m o d e l by s~aller spheres packlnE toEether. It s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e to s u p p o s e that the % h r e e - d l m e n s l o n a l meehanie~a i n v o l v e d is such that the p o r o e l t y r a t i o i t s e l f ie p r o p o r t i o n a l to p o r o s i t y , that is to say

constant

. n

(15)

a n d that, p o r e e l t y.

therefore, p o r e a r e a l e a function If cm is the c o n s t a n t in e q u a t i o n

of the s q u a r e (15), then

of

the

mz

c=

c=

n*

a z

#(nZ.a" )

The Graton since

same

kind

of case

relationship 1 maximum are extreme

can fo~s

be It

demonstrated seems

for

the and to take

and these

Fraser sections

concave-square

cross-section, reasonable

e q u a t i o n (16) a s h a v i n E E e n e r a l a p p l l c a t i o n w i t h ez a n d ca v a r y l n g w l t h a v e r a E e c r o s s - s e e t l o n shape, b u t a s s u m e d c o n s t a n t f o p a n y o n e packed-bed material. From equation (5),

az

1 (e~) =''

v ~'"

1 (l-n)'''

(qx) z

(17)

and

if t h i s v a l u e of a z is s u b s t i t u t e d

in e q u a t i o n

(16)

m z

f c~.e~ ] L(eL)z"J

v ~'"

nz (l-n) z,,

(qx) ~

(18)

AN ORIGINAL

EQUATION

OF FLOW

S u b s t i t u t i o n of h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s in b a s l e c a p i l l a r y - t u b e e q u a t i o n Kozeny showed Eiven by that the actual veloelty throuEh the p o r e s ue m u s t be

u.

R n

&Q L

(19)

where

u is the a v e r a g e

veloelty

of

f l o w and,

from Polseuille(9)

u,

i ko

& u

m~

E LI

(Zo)

w h e r e ko Is a c o n s t a n t d e f l n l n E p o r e shape, E t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n c a u s e d b y f o r c e of E r a v l t y , u t h e k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y , a n d H t h e r e s u l t a n t d r i v i n E h e a d a c r o s s t h e p a c k e d bed. FollowinE Kozeny, it is n o w p o s s i b l e to e x p a n d e q u a t i o n (20) b y s u b s t i t u t l n E f o p m 2 f r o m e q u a t i o n (i~) to o b t a i n

u,

[ c~.e~ ] . I - g - v''" l(e~)'"J ko ~

n" (l-n) ~'"

(qx) ~ .

H_ L,

(21)

In e q u a t i o n (19). K o z e n y a s s u m e d that the a r e a p o r o s l t y e q u a l l e d the v o l u m e p o P o s l t y ; that is. he a s s u m e d that the p o r e a r e a took up all the a v a i l a b l e v o l u m e p o P o s l t y n ( t h o u g h t of h e r e a s an a r e a p o r o s i t y ) . H o w e v e r , in the a r g u m e n t n o w b e l n g pursued, the a r e a p o r o s l t M n' m u s t be s u b e t l t u t e d f o r the v o l u m e p o r o s i t y n In the K o z e n y s t a t e m e n t , so that

uQ

u , n~ ! ca

i_o L u . nz L. L (2Z)

If the r i ~ h t - h a n d (21). then

slde

of e q u a t i o n

(22)

is s u b s t i t u t e d

in e q u a t i o n

r oz.(c,) z 1 t (c~)'" J

1 rkor~.]']

. ~ . ~

v ~,,

n~ (l-n)""

. (qx) z.

IL J J

r s
L ~

] . K 9 v*'" J ~

n* (l-n) ~ "

. (qx)"

. i

(Z3)

where

k~

is the K o z e n y

constant

and

co

Is a c o e f f l c l e n %

c,.(c,)" (c~)'''

w h i c h v a r i e s w l t h p a r t i c l e shape a n d is c o n s t a n t c h a n E e in the same m a t e r i a l . F r o m e q u a t i o n (23)

for porosity

k_~

[ s ] t k~ J

. v z'"

n* (l-n)''"

. (q

(24)

w h e r e k is the c o e f f i c i e n t D a r e y ' s ( 1 0 ) law.

of e f f e c t i v e

permeability

derived

from

Comparison w i t h If

Kozeny equation is v~itten in terms of k~/~, then

t h e Kozenu e q u a t i o n

i0

k_~ g

1 k~

f Z l" [ f ]

n./'
(l-n) z

x,"

(25)

V a l u e s of (co/k,) can be d e r i v e d by m e a n s of e q u a t i o n (24) and v a l u e s of (I/k~) from e q u a t i o n (25) f o r the same g i v e n s h a p e s a n d porosltlee. F r o m the two e q u a t i o n s

eo

F v ~'" [ f

l"

1 n. (l-n) 4''

( x, l" --[qx]

(26)

a n d if co (26) then

is s u b s t i t u t e d

in e q u a t i o n

(24) a c c o r d l n g

to e q u a t i o n

k_~v g

[ ! [ k~

I n(l-n) "t"

] . [[]-' J Lv]

s* (l-n) z/*

. x,"

(27)

w h i c h is to e q u a t e the e q u a t i o n (24) to the K o z e n y equation, the shape f a c t o r q u o t e d in r e c i p r o c a l f o r m f o p e a s e Of calculation. The r e s u l t i n g g e n e r a l e x p ~ e s s l o n can be s t a t e d

wlt5 as

k__~ Z where r

F #(n~) L k~

f [ l-" t v J

x,"

(28)

I n.(l-n)*''

and

~(n)

n* (l-n) zt"

It can be d e m o n s t r a t e d that ~(nt) is s e n s i b l y c o n s t a n t o v e r a large r a n z e in p o r o s i t y . It h a s a v a l u e w h i c h is e x a c t l y 4 . 9 4 at a p o r o s i t y of 0.400, w h i l e b e i n g w i t h i n iX of this v a l u e for a r a n g e of p o r o s i t y from 0 . 3 7 5 to 0.480, and still w i t h i n 5% for a r a n g e of p o r o s i t y f r o m 0.330 to 0.530. In o t h e r words, o v e r the P a n E s of p o r o s i t y r e g a r d e d as a p p l i c a b l e to f o r m a t i o n s of n a t u r a l sands, @(nx) can be P e ~ a r d e d as c o n s t a n t .

ii

,,e-, r.,r,,..

X v

era

J ....J

tea

.,-4

x~

/rlEure

Plo~

of

k~ ~:

n_._~* ( l - n ) z/~

12

C O N F I R M A T I O N OF A N A L Y S I S BY T E S T I N G O N P U B L I S H E D D A T A

B o t h C o u l s o n ( l l ) a n d W y l l l e and G r e E o r y ( 1 2 ) h a v e p u b l i s h e d p e P m e a b i l l t y a n d p o r o s i t y d a t a f o r b e d s of r e E u l a r p a r t i c l e s of k n o w n shape. T h e p o r o s i t y f u n c t i o n n 4 / ( l - n ) zI" can be tested f o r the C o u l s o n d a t a by p l o t t l n E ku/E as o r d i n a t e a E a l n s t n ~ / ( l - n ) z," as abscissa. In Eeneral, the plots, an e x a m p l e of w h i c h is shown In FIE. 3, a r e s t r a I E h t lines. T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p is f s r t h e r c o m P o h o r a t e d by p l o t s of the W y l l l e a n d G r e E o r y d a t a w i t h s i m i l a r results.

OrIEinal

equation

and x,*

T h e next staEe in v e r i f i c a t i o n is to s h o w that k ~ / E is p r o p o r t i o n a l to the s q u a r e of the p a m t l c l e size. To do this, it is n e c e s s a r y to d e f i n e a q u a n t i t y A w h i c h is the k ~ - v a l u e fom unit p o m o s l t y E funetlonl F o r if

kv .

% $(n)

(zg)

then
A

~(s~)

rs -~ I

(30)

In c o n s l d e r l n E the r I E h t - h a n d side of this e x p r e s s i o n , it can be seen that, for m a t e r i a l of the same shape, a c u b e f o r example, the m a t e r i a l w i l l h a v e a c o n s t a n t s h a p e f e e % o r (f/v) -z, a l t h o u E h it m a y h a v e d i f f e r e n t size f r a c t i o n s w i t h dlaJmezers x, v a r y l n E w i t h size. The f u n c t i o n 0(n~) is s e n s i b l y c o n s t a n t and it w i l l be a s s u m e d for the p u r p o s e of this e x e r c i s e that k~ can be r e ~ a r d e d as c o n s t a n t for a r a n g e of dla~lete~ s q u a r e d xw* i n a m a t e r i a l of the same shape a n d all at the same p o r o s i t y . The foreEolnE has b e e n u n d e r l i n e d to e m p h a s i z e the I m p o r t a n c e of the c o n d i t l o n s under w h i c h the test m u s t be applied. Then, for constant 0(nx), (f/v)-" and kx

x, ~

(31)

a n d s t r a I E h t - l l n e p l o t s r e s u l t f r o m p l o t s Of A - x, z f o r m a t e r i a l s of the same shape at t h e same p o P o s l t y . The surface mean dlamegeP x, Is a s s e s s e d by the m e t h o d s of H e y w o o d . u s l n E the e q u a t i o n s 13

C~4

OD

---4

i "
Cr~

~co

o~

e~

oD

Fl~u~e

Plot

o~

- x~ z

fo~

BphereB

14

derived

by Hatch

and Choate(13).

S p h e r e s p r e s e n t a l l t t l e d l f f i e u l t y in %hat, a l t h o u E h ( f / v ) - Z - v a l u e e a r e common, p o P o s l t y v a r i a t i o n is l i m i t e d in the C o u l s o n series. O n l y s l n E l e p o r o s i t i e s w e r e I n v e s t I E a t e d fn three s i z e s a n d o n l y two p o r o s i t i e s in the o t h e r two. T h e W y l l l e and G r e E o r y e e r l e s F o r a s l n E l e s p h e r e Is b e t t e r w i t h f o u r v a l u e s E I v l n E e x c e l l e n t c o r r e l a t i o n f o r the (k~/Z) - ~(n) plot. This m a k e s it p o s s l h l e to c o m p a r e two s i z e s of C o u l ~ o n s p h e r e at a p o r o s i t y of 0.393~ f o r k u / E v a l u e s a c t u a l l y o b s e r v e d , w i t h o n e d e r i v e d v a l u e of ku/E From C o u l s o n a n d o n e f r o m W y l l l e and G r e E o r y at that p o r o s i t y u s l n E the a p p r o p r i a t e r e E r e e e l o n e q u a t i o n s f r o m p l o t s of k~/E - n. F o r the v a l u e s d e t a i l e d in T a b l e 1, w h i c h h a v e b e e n c a l c u l a t e d for a p o r o s i t y of 0.393, A a s o r d i n a t e is p l o t t e d

TABLE

VALUES

OF A A N D xt ~ F O R

SPHERES

n = 0.393

~(n)

= 0.03327

Sphe~-e

E xl0000

A xl0000

x,

x, z

Coulson Couleon CoulBon

2 3 4

3.72907 1.52954 0.90843

112.09 45.9? 27.30

0.635 0.397 0. 317

0.40323 0.15761 0.10049

Wyllle and GreEo~

0.8?040

26.16

0.300

0.09000

aEalnst fiEure.

xl z as a b e c i s a a in FIE.4. The reEresslon T h e r e Is a hiEh d e E r e e of c o ~ e l a t l o n .

is shown

on

the

MOW, if the s p h e r e plot, u s l n E the ~ame d a t a d e t a i l e d in T a b l e 1, is f o r c e d t h r o u E h the o r I E i n as theol-y demandB, the r e s u l t is m o s t i n t e r e s t l n E . T h e p l o t of F I E . 4 s h o w s no chanEe, but the r e E r e s s l o n is c h a n E e d SllEhtly. Now, the slope of the p l o t t h P o u E h the o ~ I E i n is 0 . 0 2 ? 7 ? 5 , w h i c h is e x a c t l y the v a l u e (f/v)-Z F o r a sphere. T h e r e f o r e , T ~ o m e q u a t i o n (30)

of

elope of plot 15

~(nx)

o-oz7777 0.027775

that is tO say, kx is d e m o n s t r a b l y e q u a l to ~(nL). as t h e o r y d e m a n d s s h o u l d be the e a s e f o r a s p h e r l e a l p a r t i c l e . T h i s is a h i E h l y e n e o u r a E i n E r e s u l t a n d e x p l a i n s w h y so m a n y w o r k e r s h a v e a d o p t e d a v a l u e of the o r d e r of 4 . 9 4 f o r k, in s p h e r i c a l a r r a y s at or c l o s e to a p o ~ o s l t y of 0.400. S i m i l a r r e s u l t s a r e o D t a i n e d f o r a s e r i e s of p l o t s at d i f f e r e n t p o r o s i t y v a l u e s f o r o t h e r shapes. T h e e v i d e n c e is that f o r w h a t e v e r s h a p e t h e ~ e is a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p t h r o u E h the o r i E i n of the f o r m

A where the c o n s t a n t is

constant

. x, z

(32)

~(n~)
k~

rtl-" Iv{

a n d this, of course, is f u l l y in a c c o r d w i t h h y d r a u l i c - r a d l u 8 theory, in w h i c h p e r m e a b i l i t y is r e z a r d e d as b e i n ~ p r o p o r t i o n a l the r e c i p r o c a l s q u a r e of the s p e c i f i c surface.

to

Permeability
The

and

the

ehape

factor

final stage in v e r i f i c a t i o n is to r e l a t e p e r m e a b i l i t y to the s h a p e f a c t o r for the m a t e r i a l b e l n ~ i n v e s t l z a t e d . To do this, it IS n e c e s s a r y t o d e f i n e a q u a n t i t y Ao w h i c h is the A - v a l u e for unit diameter-squared. For, if

Ao

! xs m

(33)

then

Ao

~(n~)
k~

rtl-"
[vJ

(34)

and

Ao

k~

#(n~)

(f/v)

"z

(35)

If A o k L i s p l o t t e d a s o r d i n a t e a g a i n s t (f/v) -z as a b s c i s s a , then the s l o p e of the plot m u s t be g i y e n b y the @ ( n ~ ) - v a l u e for the particular porosity value beinr InvestJEated.

16

A g a i n u s i n g v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the Coulson. a n d W y l l i e a n d G r e g o r y , data, Aok, a n d (f/v) "z h a v e b e e n p l o t t e d w i t h AQkz as o r d i n a t e a n d (f/v) "z as a b s c i s s a f o r a s i n g l e p o r o s i t y v a l u e in FIE. 5. S i m i l a r m e e u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d t h r o u E h o u t a s e p i a s Of p l o t s o v e ~ a r a n g e of p o m 0 s l t y f r o m 0.32 to 0.50. F o p each v a l u e Of p o r o s i t y there is a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p thr.Dugh the o r i g i n of the form

Ao

k~

constant

(f/v)

"z

(36)

w h e r e the c o n s t a n t p o r o s i t y involved.

is the a p p r o p r i a t e

value

of W(n~)

fop

the

FLOW MECHANISM

AND

SPECIFIC

SURFACE

Nature

of

flow mechanism

T h e I n t e r e s t l n ~ t h i n g to be n o t e d f r o m the m o d e l of f l o w n o w f u l l y d e f i n e d is that, f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p o r o s i t y value, a r a n g e of k~ v a l u e s w i l l s a t i s f y ~he f r a m e w o r k of r e l a t i o n s h i p s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r A - a n d Ao.kL - (f/v) -~ plots. F o r e a c h p o P o s l t y v a l u e in r e s p e o t of e g i v e n shape, Ao.k~ is e a s i l y d e t e r m i n e d . It is the v a l u e of the p o ~ o s l t y f u n c t i o n ~(n,) m u l t i p l i e d by the r e c i p r o c a l s q u a r e of the shape f a c t o r for the p a r t l e l e . But Ao a n d k~ a p e i n t e r d e p e n d e n t a n d Ao w i l l a s s u m e d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s for d i f f e r i n g k~, w h i l e p r e s e r v l n E an I d e n t i c a l v a l u e f o p Ao.ki w h i c h will r e m a i n the same as k~ varies. SO, it is p o s s i b l e to think in t e r ~ s of two or m o r e p a r t i c l e s h a v i n g i d e n t i c a l s h a p e f a c t o r s and the sa~e d i a m e t e r , t h e r e f o r e the same s p e c i f i c surface, but w i t h d i f f e r e n t k~ v a l u e s f o r the same p o r o s i t y i n e a c h m a t e m i a l , and c o n s e q u e n t l M d i f f e P i n ~ permeabilltles f o m that same p o r o s i t y . It seems, in theory, that e v e n t h o u g h m a t e r i a l s can h a v e the same s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e w h i l e h a v i n g s l i z h t l M d i f f e r e n t shapes, t h e s l l g h t e s t v a r i a t i o n in shape C a u s e s the m a t e r i a l s to pack t o g e t h e r ~n w a y s w h i c h c ~ e a t e d i f f e r e n t p a c k i n g f o r m a t i o n s so that the c o n f i ~ u r e t l o n of the p o r e s is not the same. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e in c o n f l E u r a t l o n is r e f l e c t e d in the v a r i a t i o n of k ~ - v a l u e s c a p a b l e of s a t i s f y i n g all the b a s l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s defined. ~n these c i r c u m s t a n c e s , it w o u l d be m o s t u n l i k e l y that it c o u l d be p o s s i b l e to p r e d i c t in a d v a n c e the v a l u e of k~ a p p l y i n ~ to a p a r t l e u l a m shape of u n k n o w n shape factor for a given porosity. It can be said, then. that it is p o s s i b l e to d e m o n s t r a t e f o r k n o w n s h a p e s the r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h i c h m u s t o b t a i n b e t w e e n the p a r a m e t e r s of the m a i n e q u a t i o n (28). but that no u n i q u e r e l a t i o n s h i p s e e m s a t t a i n a b l e f o r the e s t i m a t i o n of a k~ v a l u e a p p l i c a b l e to a g i v e n p a r t i c u l a r shape.

17

T h e e v l d e n s e f r o m an e x e ~ i n a t l o n of the d a t a p r o v i d e d by C o u l s o n , and W y l l l e a n d G r e g o r y , f o r r e E u l a r p a r t ' a l e s c l e a r l y s u p p o r t s a t h e o r e t l e a l m o d e l f r a m e w o m k w h i c h san be sum~narlzed follows:-

as

Main

equation:

~(n~) k~

. rs LvJ

. r

. x, 9

(37)

FOr

the

same

shape

at the

same

porosity:

kv

rfl

"=

(3a)

~(n)

k=

LvJ

For

uniC

diameter

Of m a t e r i a l :

! x= =

Ao

~(n~) kz

rf]-, tvj

(39)

and Ao . k~ ~(n~) . rs LvJ (40)

w i t h p l o t s of A o . k L - (f/v) -z t h r o u E h the oriEin. This r e l a t i o n s h l p h o l d s for the w h o l e r a n E e of s h a p e s a n d for the w h o l e r a n E e of p o r o s i t i e s exh'iblted by s l n E l e - v a l u e o r m u l t l - v a l u e plots. So, we m a y take the t h e o ~ J a n d the r a n g e of e q u a t i o n s (57) to (40) as an a c c u r a t e e x p r e s s i o n of the m e c h a n i s m of f l o w t h r o u E h an e x t e n d e d r a n g e of s h a p e s a n d s i z e s of p a c k e d - b e d m a t e r i a l o v e r an e x t e n d e d P a n E s of p o r o s i t y .

The

k~/#(nl)

ra%io

T h e K o z e n y c o n s t a n % k~ is t h e n u m e r a t o r of the s q u a r e of w h a t m a y be t e ~ m e d an i n t e r l o c k l n E factor, a n d the d e n o m i n a t o r is ~(n~). In the e a s e of a sphere, i t h a s b e e n c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d that k~ = ~(nl) ~ 4 . 9 4 o v e r a l i m i t e d ranEe~ a n d so k ~ / ~ ( n ~ ) is unity. In whleh ease 18

--4

--4

=o

L~ h') --4 --4

F I E u14e

Plo~

of

AokL

( f / v ) -z

for

various

shapes

19

k__~ g

[~]-* LvJ

. ~(n)

. x,"

~ So"

. ~(n)

(41)

and t h l s is an e x p r e s s i o n w h i c h c~n he taken t O h o l d for a s p h e m e w h i c h is e q u i v a l e n t to a p a r t i c l e w i t h a s h a p e f a c t o r f/v and a s u r f a c e m e a n d i a m e t e r x,, hut w h i c h is not s p h e r i c a l in shape. T h i s Weffective' So w i l l be r e f e r r e d to as So effective F r o m e q u a t i o n (41)

effective

[k__~]

(42)

and

so
So

A -~ effective

(43)

The dlametem

of

the e f f e e t l v e

spheme

must

be

X, effective

6 A -~

(44)

Azain, f r o m e q u a t i o n s (39) a n d s u r f a c e m e a n d i a m e t e r of the a c t u a l

(41), in w h i c h particle

x,

Is the

Ao

A x, ~ act

[fl -z lvJ elf

slope

of

A - X, ~

plot

(45)

and

since,

fmom equations

(39)

and

(45)

~(n~) k,

f~l -" LvJ ac~

Ao

f~l "z LvJ elf

(46)

then

20

k& ~(n~)

(f/v)'" (f/v) z (f/v)" x," act elf elf act ............................. (f/v) -= (f/v)" (f/v)= x~" elf act act act

So Z elf
so ~

(47)

act

f m o m w h i c h it can be seen that k l / ~ ( n ~ ) is the r a t i o w h i c h d e f i n e s the e f f e c t i v e surface p r e s e n t e d to f l o w for a n y a c t u a l p a r t i c l e s u r f a c e by m e a n s of

So" elf

k~ W(n~)

So z act

(48)

CONCLUSIONS

In s p h e r i c a l or n e a P - s p h e r i c a l sands, k~ is equal to ~(nL), that is kx = ~(n~) ~ 4.94. That has b e e n confilnmed in t h i s p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s and Is a result Of the fact that s p h e r e s pack t o E e t h e ~ w l t h an a b s e n c e of I n t e r l o c k l n z . S t r i c t l y speaklnE, the v a l u e of the ~(n~) p o ~ o s l t y f u n c t i o n will be 4 . 9 4 o n l y at a p o r o s i t y of 0.400. but it r e m B l n s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l to 4 . 9 4 o v e r an e x t e n d e d r a n E e of p o r o s i t y e i t h e r slde Of 0.400. T h a t is w h y w i t h i n the r a n E e of p o r o s i t i e s a p p l i c a b l e to s p h e r i c a l p a e k l n E s a K o z e n y c o n s t a n t v a l u e of ~(nl) w o u l d be the m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e a s s u m p t i o n in the K o z e n y e q u a t i o n

H i s t o r i c a l l y , the i n t e r e s t in t r y i n r to e s t a b l i s h k~ v a l u e s E e n e r a l l y for v a r y i n E p a r t i c l e s h a p e h a s b e e n to e s t i m a t e in turn the p e r m e a b l l l t l e s for g i v e n p o r o s i t i e s and a b s o l u t e v a l u e s of the a c t u a l s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e So of the p a c k e d - b e d m a t e r i a l . actual However, it d o e s a p p e a ~ that there is no p r a c t i c a b l e w a y to dete~ine k, v a l u e s for p a r t i c l e s of I r r e E u l a r shape and u n k n o w n s h a p e factor. T h i s is b e c a u s e p a c k l n E s of p a r t i c l e s h a v i n E the same s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e and at the same p o r o s i t y n e v e r t h e l e s s e x h i b i t d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s of per~neabllity. The pelnmeabillty of a p a c k i n E is u n i q u e to the p a r t i c u l a r s h a p e of of the c o n s t i t u e n t p a r t f c l e s and the p o r e s p a c e s they create, and It s e e m s u n l i k e l y that a n y w a y can be f o u n d to p r e d i c t the K o z e n y c o n s t a n t in a d v a n c e for a n y p a c k l n E m a t e r i a l o [ u n k n o W n shape factor.

Given

that

x,

can

be assessed

fr<,m tmate

analysis

or

by

other

means, then since e f f e e t l v e s p e o l f l o s u r f a c e A "~ is e a s i l y d e t e r m i n e d for k n o w n p e r m e a b i l i t y and p o r o s i t y , e f f e e t l v e s p e o l f l e s u r f a c e can be used as a c o n t r o l for o o m p a r a t l v e p u r p o s e s , r a t h e r

Zl

than the m o r e p r o b l e m a t i c a l a c t u a l s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e w h i c h is so d i f f i c u l t to e s t i m a t e for I r ~ e E u l a r p a m ~ I c l e s . The effective s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e can be deter~nlned e x a c t l y f r o m p e ~ m e a b i l l t y t e s t l n E and o f f e r s an e n t i r e l y a e c u m a t e m e a n s Of c o m p a r i s o n between diffement pacMinEs. T h e use of e f f e c t i v e s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e m e a n s that the s u r f a c e m e a n d i a m e t e r m u s t be a s s e s s e d as a c c u r a t e l y as p o s s i b l e and by m e a n s of a standard, c o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d of c a l c u l a t i o n , if c o m p a r i s o n is to be p o s s i b l e b e t w e e n the r e s u l t s of v a r i o u s w o r k e r s in t h i s field. W o r k d o n e by the a u t h o r ( 5 ) r e s t e d u p o n the H e y w o o d a p p r o a c h to p a r t i c l e m e a s u m e m e n t a n d e m p l o M e d the H a t c h a n d C h o a t e e q u a t i o n s to detelnnlne s % a t l s t l c a l a v e ~ a z e d i a m e t e r s . T h i s p r o c e d u r e , or an e q u i v a l e n t s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e , m u s t be u s e d to e n s u r e t r u e c o m p a r a b i l i t y .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T h e a u t h o r w o u l d lime to thank P o f e s s o r T . A t k i n s o n , H e a d of D e p a r t m e n t of M i n l n E E n E i n e e r l n E , N o t t i n E h a m U n i v e r s i t y , for h i s k i n d n e s s and e n c o u r a E e m e n t , a n d D ~ R.N. S I n E h in the D e p a r t m e n t of M i n i n g E n E i n e e r l n E for h i s w i l l l n E c o - o p e r a t l o n and support.

L I S T OF N O T A T I O N S (in o r d e r of a p p e a r a n c e )

Dimensions a d i a m e t e r of e q u i v a l e n t s p h e m e in i d e a l i z e d m o d e l p a c k l n E cQefflclent pI n n' T volume area porosity for unit cell volume

m n.d n.d n.d n.d

cz

poroslty ratio [ = ~' ]

porosity

n.d

[
L Lr v qx thickness actual Heywood of bed

n]
m m n.d diameter m

lenzth volume

of p o r e coefficient uolume (mass)

statistical

mean

22

2.~

e x t e n t of i n t e r l o c k l n E b e t w e e n non-sphePleal paPtlcles hydPeullc Padlus constant constant in e q u a t i o n in e q u a t i o n m z = e~.T.n.a z T = ca.n

n.d
m
n.d n.d m_ see

m cz c~ Ua

actual velocity

thmouEh pope

avePaEe

v e l o e l t y Of f l o w

m_ sec

ko r

constant deflnlnE poPe shape accelePetlon c a u s e d by f o r c e of E P a v l t y

n.d

_m
sec z

k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y of f l u i d

(s~oke)

r ~ ~ ]

m_z sec

v i s c o s i t y of f l u i d

(poise)
m. sec

d e n s i t y Of f l u i d
m9

H rL, l"

P e s u l t a n t d P l v l n E h e a d a c P o s s bed t h i c k n e s s tomtuoslty

13.d

LL J
i
Co

hydPaulle EPadlent ovePall

( = H/L

) r = cz(e~) z l

n~ nod

shape coefficient

L
kz Kozeny constant [ kor~e] z ] [ [L J J

(c~)''"

J
u~

D a P c y c o e f f i c i e n t of e f f e c t s p e r m e a b i l i t y ( = u/i ) Heywood sumface coefficient statlstl0al suPface mean dlameteP ( : ~ x'/ [ X z ) (Heywood) s u m m a t i o n symbol s t a t l s t l c a l d l a m e t e P Of p a m t l c l e in a p a m t i c u l a t e s y s Z e m

m see n.d

f x.

[ x

23

[s LvJ

shape factor CHes, wood)

n.d

denotes ~(n~) r

tfunctlon of t ( = 4.94 ) n.d

porosity function

porosity function exp~esslnE effect of chanEe in pol'oslty (ku/E)-value for unit porosity function A-value for unit dlamete~-squamed specific surface of 'effective' elf sphere

n.d mz n.d m-i

A Ao So

So act

speclflc surface of actual non-spherlcal particle

m-i

REFERENCES (1) KOZENY, J . S . , U b e m kaptllame lel~un~ Sl~zb. Akad. Wlss. Wein. Math-natu~.Kl., 136(Abt. IIa),271-306.192Z des wassers lm boden,

(2)

C A P MAN,P.C..Fluld , flow throuEh ~ranular beds. Trans. Inst. Cbem. En~.,15,150.1937 CARMAN,P.C.,The determlnatlon of the speclflc of powders. I.J.Soc. Chem. Ind.,S7,225.1938 surface

(3)

(4)

DALLAVALLE, J.M.,Surfaee a~ea in packed columns, Chem.& Met. EnE.,45,688-691,19~8 BISH,G.M.,Lamlnar fluid flow th~ouEh unconsolidated spherical and non-spherlcal partlcles, Ph.D.Thesls, University of MotzlnEham, 1987 beds of

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(6)

SLICHTER.C.S.,Theo~etlcal investIEatlon of the motion of Eround waters, U.S.Geol. Surv.,19th Ann. Rept.,Pt. II,301,1898 GRATON,L.C..and FRASER,H.J.,Systematlc packlnE of spheres: with particular relation to porosity and permeability, Journal of GeoloEy,xllii,?85,1935 HEYWOOD,H.,Calculatlon of the specific surface of a powder. P~oc. Inst. Mech. EnE.,125,383,1933

(7)

(8)

24

(9)

POISEUILLE. J.,Reehe~ches exp&Plmentalem sur le mouvement des llquldes dans les tubes de tP~s-petlt dlam&tPe, Ins~.de F~anae,Acad.de Scl.,M&moIPes pP~sent~s pa~ dlvePs savants, 9,433-543.1845 DARCY, H.G.P.0Les fontalnes publlque de la rills de Dijon VictoP Dalmont,PaPis, 1856 COULSONoJ.M.,The Flow Of fiulds thPOUEh EPanulaP beds: effect of paP~icle shape and voids In streamline Flow, TPans. lnst. Chem. EnE.,27,237.1949 WYLLIE,M.R.J~ GREGORYoA. R.,Effect of poPoslty and paP~Icle shape on Kozeny-CaPman constants, Ind. EnE. Chem.,4?~ HATCH.T.~ CHOATE. S.P.~ descPlptlon of the size pPopePtles of non-unlfoPm paPtlculate substances, J.F~anklln Inst.0207,369.1929

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

2~